1
|
Wall BJ, Sharma KK, O’Brien EA, Donovan A, VanVeller B. General Installation of (4 H)-Imidazolone cis-Amide Bioisosteres Along the Peptide Backbone. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:11648-11656. [PMID: 38629317 PMCID: PMC11062833 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Imidazolones represent an important class of heterocycles present in a wide range of pharmaceuticals, metabolites, and bioactive natural products and serve as the active chromophore in green fluorescent protein. Recently, imidazolones have received attention for their ability to act as a nonaromatic amide bond bioisotere which improves pharmacological properties. Herein, we present a tandem amidine installation and cyclization with an adjacent ester to yield (4H)-imidazolone products. Using amino acid building blocks, we can access the first examples of α-chiral imidazolones that have been previously inaccessible. Additionally, our method is amenable to on-resin installation which can be seamlessly integrated into existing solid-phase peptide synthesis protocols. Finally, we show that peptide imidazolones are potent cis-amide bond surrogates that preorganize linear peptides for head-to-tail macrocyclization. This work represents the first general approach to the backbone and side-chain insertion of imidazolone bioisosteres at various positions in linear and cyclic peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brendan J. Wall
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | | | | | - Aaron Donovan
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Brett VanVeller
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Saha M, Das AR. Nanocrystalline ZnO: A Competent and Reusable Catalyst for the Preparation of Pharmacology Relevant Heterocycles in the Aqueous Medium. CURRENT GREEN CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/2213346107666200218122718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
:Nanoparticle catalyzed synthesis is a green and convenient method to achieve most of the chemical transformations in water or other green solvents. Nanoparticle ensures an easy isolation process of catalyst as well as products from the reaction mixture avoiding the hectic work up procedure. Zinc oxide is a biocompatible, environmentally benign and economically viable nanocatalyst with effectivity comparable to the other metal nanocatalyst employed in several reaction strategies. This review mainly focuses on the recent applications of zinc oxide in the synthesis of biologically important heterocyclic molecules under sustainable reaction conditions.:Application of zinc oxide in organic synthesis: Considering the achievable advantages of this nanocatalyst, presently several research groups are paying attention in anchoring zincoxide or its modified structure in several types of organic conversions e.g. multicomponent reactions, ligand-free coupling reactions, cycloaddition reaction, etc. The advantages and limitations of this nanocatalyst are also demonstrated. The present study aims to highlight the recent multifaceted applications of ZnO towards the synthesis of diverse heterocyclic motifs. Being a promising biocompatible nanoparticle, this catalyst has an important contribution in the fields of synthetic chemistry and medicinal chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Saha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata-700009, India
| | - Asish R. Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata-700009, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mariyam A, Shahid M, I. M, Khan MS, Ahmad MS. Tetrazole Based Porous Metal Organic Framework (MOF): Topological Analysis and Dye Adsorption Properties. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-019-01334-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
4
|
Salahi S, Ghandi M, Abbasi A. An Efficient Ugi‐Azide Four‐Component Approach for the Preparation of Novel 1‐(1
H
‐tetrazol‐5‐yl)‐10‐chloro‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydropyrazino[1,2‐
a
] Indoles. J Heterocycl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Salahi
- School of Chemistry, College of Science University of Tehran P.O. Box 14155 6455 Tehran Iran
| | - Mehdi Ghandi
- School of Chemistry, College of Science University of Tehran P.O. Box 14155 6455 Tehran Iran
| | - Alireza Abbasi
- School of Chemistry, College of Science University of Tehran P.O. Box 14155 6455 Tehran Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hamdan F, Tahoori F, Balalaie S. Synthesis of novel cyclopeptides containing heterocyclic skeletons. RSC Adv 2018; 8:33893-33926. [PMID: 35548835 PMCID: PMC9086729 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03899f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclopeptides can be considered as naturally biologically active compounds. Over the last several decades, many attempts have been made to synthesize complex naturally occurring cyclopeptides, and great progress has been achieved to advance the field of total synthesis. Moreover, cyclopeptides containing heterocyclic skeletons have been recently developed into powerful reactions and approaches. This review aims to highlight recent advances in the synthesis of cyclopeptides containing heterocyclic skeletons such as triazole, oxazole, thiazole, and tetrazole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Hamdan
- Peptide Chemistry Research Center, K. N. Toosi University of Technology P. O. Box 15875-4416 Tehran Iran
| | - Fatemeh Tahoori
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) Karaj Iran
| | - Saeed Balalaie
- Peptide Chemistry Research Center, K. N. Toosi University of Technology P. O. Box 15875-4416 Tehran Iran
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Clarina T, Rama V. [3 + 2] Cycloaddition promoted by zinc oxide nanoparticles anchored on reduced graphene oxide using green solvent. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2017.1393086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thanaraj Clarina
- Sarah Tucker College, Manonmaniam Sundarnar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Velladurai Rama
- Sarah Tucker College, Manonmaniam Sundarnar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
One-pot synthesis of novel 1-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine derivatives via an Ugi-azide 4CR process. Mol Divers 2017; 22:291-303. [PMID: 29230611 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-017-9801-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A facile one-pot method has been developed for the synthesis of novel pyrrolo[2,1-a]pyrazine scaffolds. A variety of 1-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine derivatives were obtained in moderate to high yields in methanol using a one-pot four-component condensation of 1-(2-bromoethyl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde, amine, isocyanide and sodium azide at room temperature. These reactions presumably proceed via a domino imine formation, intramolecular annulation and Ugi-azide reaction. Unambiguous assignment of the molecular structures was carried out by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
Collapse
|
8
|
Collet JW, Foley C, Shaw AY, Orru RVA, Ruijter E, Hulme C. Copper(i) catalyzed oxidative hydrolysis of Ugi 3-component and Ugi-azide reaction products towards 2° α-ketoamides and α-ketotetrazoles. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:6132-6135. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00881c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic Cu(i) mediated C–N oxidation of Ugi-3-component and Ugi-azide reaction products affords 2° α-ketoamides 1 and α-ketotetrazoles 2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jurriën W. Collet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- The University of Arizona
- Tucson
- USA
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Christopher Foley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- The University of Arizona
- Tucson
- USA
| | - Arthur Y. Shaw
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- The University of Arizona
- Tucson
- USA
| | - Romano V. A. Orru
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- VU University Amsterdam
- Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Eelco Ruijter
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- VU University Amsterdam
- Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Christopher Hulme
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- The University of Arizona
- Tucson
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kant R, Singh V, Agarwal A. An efficient and economical synthesis of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles via Pb(II) salt catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition of nitriles and sodium azide. CR CHIM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
10
|
Prabhu G, Nagendra G, Sagar NR, Pal R, Guru Row TN, Sureshbabu VV. A Facile Synthesis of 1,5-Disubstituted Tetrazole Peptidomimetics by Desulfurization/Electrocyclization of Thiopeptides. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201500384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Girish Prabhu
- #109, Peptide Research Laboratory; Department of Studies in Chemistry; Central College Campus, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Veedhi; Bangalore University; Bangalore 560001 India
| | - Govindappa Nagendra
- #109, Peptide Research Laboratory; Department of Studies in Chemistry; Central College Campus, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Veedhi; Bangalore University; Bangalore 560001 India
| | - N. R. Sagar
- #109, Peptide Research Laboratory; Department of Studies in Chemistry; Central College Campus, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Veedhi; Bangalore University; Bangalore 560001 India
| | - Rumpa Pal
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560 012 India
| | - Tayur N. Guru Row
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560 012 India
| | - Vommina V. Sureshbabu
- #109, Peptide Research Laboratory; Department of Studies in Chemistry; Central College Campus, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Veedhi; Bangalore University; Bangalore 560001 India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Singh P, Samanta K, Das SK, Panda G. Amino acid chirons: a tool for asymmetric synthesis of heterocycles. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 12:6297-339. [PMID: 24989176 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00943f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As a result of their easy availability in enantiomerically enriched form and their possession of synthetically transformable diverse functional groups, amino acids have been extensively used by synthetic organic and medicinal chemists as a chiral pool for access to heterocycles (monocycles, bicycles or polycycles, either bridged or fused). This review describes the syntheses of diverse asymmetric heterocycles with various membered rings (n = 3-9) followed by benzo or heteroannulated ones, for the period from 1996 to Dec. 2013. It details solution phase synthetic methodologies in which the naturally occurring α-amino acid is incorporated, totally or partially, into the final product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Singh
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ghodsinia SSE, Akhlaghinia B. A rapid metal free synthesis of 5-substituted-1H-tetrazoles using cuttlebone as a natural high effective and low cost heterogeneous catalyst. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra08147e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A convenient, rapid and metal free synthesis of 5-substituted-1H-tetrazoles by [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of nitriles with sodium azide. Cuttlebone as a natural low cost heterogeneous catalyst affords 5-substituted-1H-tetrazoles rapidly with high efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara S. E. Ghodsinia
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
- Mashhad 9177948974
- Iran
| | - Batool Akhlaghinia
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
- Mashhad 9177948974
- Iran
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Coca A, Turek E, Feinn L. Preparation of 5-Substituted 1H-Tetrazoles Catalyzed by Scandium Triflate in Water. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2014.957775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adiel Coca
- a Chemistry Department , Southern Connecticut State University , New Haven , Connecticut , USA
| | - Evan Turek
- a Chemistry Department , Southern Connecticut State University , New Haven , Connecticut , USA
| | - Liana Feinn
- a Chemistry Department , Southern Connecticut State University , New Haven , Connecticut , USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sivaguru P, Bhuvaneswari K, Ramkumar R, Lalitha A. Synthesis of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles catalyzed by ceric ammonium nitrate supported HY-zeolite. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
15
|
Xiao D, Zhu X, Sofolarides M, Degrado S, Shao N, Rao A, Chen X, Aslanian R, Fossetta J, Tian F, Trivedi P, Lundell D, Palani A. Discovery of a novel series of potent MK2 non-ATP competitive inhibitors using 1,2-substituted azoles as cis-amide isosteres. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3609-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
16
|
|
17
|
Facile, efficient and diastereoselective synthesis of α-hydrazine tetrazoles through a novel one-pot four-component reaction. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
18
|
Reddy DN, Thirupathi R, Tumminakatti S, Prabhakaran EN. A method for stabilizing the cis prolyl peptide bond: influence of an unusual n→π∗ interaction in 1,3-oxazine and 1,3-thiazine containing peptidomimetics. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
19
|
Krause MR, Goddard R, Kubik S. Anion-Binding Properties of a Cyclic Pseudohexapeptide Containing 1,5-Disubstituted 1,2,3-Triazole Subunits. J Org Chem 2011; 76:7084-95. [DOI: 10.1021/jo201024r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin R. Krause
- Fachbereich Chemie - Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany,
| | - Richard Goddard
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Stefan Kubik
- Fachbereich Chemie - Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany,
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
|
21
|
|
22
|
Taylor CM, Rockweiler NB, Liu C, Rikimaru L, Tunemalm AK, Kisselev OG, Marshall GR. Using ligand-based virtual screening to allosterically stabilize the activated state of a GPCR. Chem Biol Drug Des 2010; 75:325-32. [PMID: 20659113 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2009.00944.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors play an essential role in many biological processes. Despite an increase in the number of solved X-ray crystal structures of G-protein coupled receptors, capturing a G-protein coupled receptor in its activated state for structural analysis has proven to be difficult. An unexplored paradigm is stabilization of one or more conformational states of a G-protein coupled receptor via binding a small molecule to the intracellular loops. A short tetrazole peptidomimetic based on the photoactivated state of rhodopsin-bound structure of Gt(alpha)(340-350) was previously designed and shown to stabilize the photoactivated state of rhodopsin, the G-protein coupled receptor involved in vision. A pharmacophore model derived from the designed tetrazole tetrapeptide was used for ligand-based virtual screening to enhance the possible discovery of novel scaffolds. Maybridge Hitfinder and National Cancer Institute diversity libraries were screened for compounds containing the pharmacophore. Forty-seven compounds resulted from virtually screening the Maybridge library, whereas no hits resulted with the National Cancer Institute library. Three of the 47 Maybridge compounds were found to stabilize the MII state. As these compounds did not inhibit binding of transducin to photoactivated state of rhodopsin, they were assumed to be allosteric ligands. These compounds are potentially useful for crystallographic studies where complexes with these compounds might capture rhodopsin in its activated conformational state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
During molecular recognition of proteins in biological systems, helices, reverse turns, and beta-sheets are dominant motifs. Often there are therapeutic reasons for blocking such recognition sites, and significant progress has been made by medicinal chemists in the design and synthesis of semirigid molecular scaffolds on which to display amino acid side chains. The basic premise is that preorganization of the competing ligand enhances the binding affinity and potential selectivity of the inhibitor. In this chapter, current progress in these efforts is reviewed.
Collapse
|
24
|
Marcos CF, Marcaccini S, Menchi G, Pepino R, Torroba T. Studies on isocyanides: synthesis of tetrazolyl-isoindolinones via tandem Ugi four-component condensation/intramolecular amidation. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.10.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
25
|
Li J, Chen SY, Li JJ, Wang H, Hernandez AS, Tao S, Musial CM, Qu F, Swartz S, Chao ST, Flynn N, Murphy BJ, Slusarchyk DA, Seethala R, Yan M, Sleph P, Grover G, Smith MA, Beehler B, Giupponi L, Dickinson KE, Zhang H, Humphreys WG, Patel BP, Schwinden M, Stouch T, Cheng PTW, Biller SA, Ewing WR, Gordon D, Robl JA, Tino JA. Discovery of a Tetrazole-Based Growth Hormone Secretagogue: 4-(Hydroxybutyl)carbamic Acid 2-{5-[1-(2-Amino-2-methylpropionylamino)-2- benzyloxyethyl]tetrazol-1-yl}ethyl Ester (BMS-317180). J Med Chem 2007; 50:5890-3. [DOI: 10.1021/jm7010595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Metabolic Diease, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Building 13, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton New Jersey 08543
| | - Stephanie Y. Chen
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Metabolic Diease, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Building 13, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton New Jersey 08543
| | - James J. Li
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Metabolic Diease, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Building 13, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton New Jersey 08543
| | - Haixia Wang
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Metabolic Diease, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Building 13, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton New Jersey 08543
| | - Andres S. Hernandez
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Metabolic Diease, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Building 13, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton New Jersey 08543
| | - Shiwei Tao
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Metabolic Diease, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Building 13, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton New Jersey 08543
| | - Christa M. Musial
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Metabolic Diease, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Building 13, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton New Jersey 08543
| | - Fucheng Qu
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Metabolic Diease, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Building 13, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton New Jersey 08543
| | - Stephen Swartz
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Metabolic Diease, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Building 13, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton New Jersey 08543
| | - Sam T. Chao
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Metabolic Diease, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Building 13, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton New Jersey 08543
| | - Neil Flynn
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Metabolic Diease, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Building 13, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton New Jersey 08543
| | - Brian J. Murphy
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Metabolic Diease, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Building 13, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton New Jersey 08543
| | - Dorothy A. Slusarchyk
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Metabolic Diease, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Building 13, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton New Jersey 08543
| | - Ramakrishna Seethala
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Metabolic Diease, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Building 13, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton New Jersey 08543
| | - Mujing Yan
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Metabolic Diease, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Building 13, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton New Jersey 08543
| | - Paul Sleph
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Metabolic Diease, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Building 13, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton New Jersey 08543
| | - Gary Grover
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Metabolic Diease, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Building 13, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton New Jersey 08543
| | - Mark A. Smith
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Metabolic Diease, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Building 13, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton New Jersey 08543
| | - Blake Beehler
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Metabolic Diease, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Building 13, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton New Jersey 08543
| | - Leah Giupponi
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Metabolic Diease, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Building 13, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton New Jersey 08543
| | - Kenneth E. Dickinson
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Metabolic Diease, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Building 13, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton New Jersey 08543
| | - Hongjian Zhang
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Metabolic Diease, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Building 13, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton New Jersey 08543
| | - William G. Humphreys
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Metabolic Diease, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Building 13, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton New Jersey 08543
| | - Bharat P. Patel
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Metabolic Diease, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Building 13, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton New Jersey 08543
| | - Mark Schwinden
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Metabolic Diease, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Building 13, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton New Jersey 08543
| | - Terry Stouch
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Metabolic Diease, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Building 13, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton New Jersey 08543
| | - Peter T. W. Cheng
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Metabolic Diease, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Building 13, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton New Jersey 08543
| | - Scott A. Biller
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Metabolic Diease, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Building 13, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton New Jersey 08543
| | - William R. Ewing
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Metabolic Diease, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Building 13, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton New Jersey 08543
| | - David Gordon
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Metabolic Diease, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Building 13, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton New Jersey 08543
| | - Jeffrey A. Robl
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Metabolic Diease, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Building 13, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton New Jersey 08543
| | - Joseph A. Tino
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Metabolic Diease, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Building 13, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton New Jersey 08543
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Pancreatic ribonuclease A (EC 3.1.27.5, RNase) is, perhaps, the best-studied enzyme of the 20th century. It was isolated by René Dubos, crystallized by Moses Kunitz, sequenced by Stanford Moore and William Stein, and synthesized in the laboratory of Bruce Merrifield, all at the Rockefeller Institute/University. It has proven to be an excellent model system for many different types of experiments, both as an enzyme and as a well-characterized protein for biophysical studies. Of major significance was the demonstration by Chris Anfinsen at NIH that the primary sequence of RNase encoded the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme. Many other prominent protein chemists/enzymologists have utilized RNase as a dominant theme in their research. In this review, the history of RNase and its offspring, RNase S (S-protein/S-peptide), will be considered, especially the work in the Merrifield group, as a preface to preliminary data and proposed experiments addressing topics of current interest. These include entropy-enthalpy compensation, entropy of ligand binding, the impact of protein modification on thermal stability, and the role of protein dynamics in enzyme action. In continuing to use RNase as a prototypical enzyme, we stand on the shoulders of the giants of protein chemistry to survey the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garland R Marshall
- Center for Computational Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sureshbabu VV, Venkataramanarao R, Naik SA, Chennakrishnareddy G. Synthesis of tetrazole analogues of amino acids using Fmoc chemistry: isolation of amino free tetrazoles and their incorporation into peptides. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.07.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
28
|
Abstract
The beta-turn is a common motif in both proteins and peptides and often a recognition site in protein interactions. A beta-turn of four sequential residues reverses the direction of the peptide chain and is classified by the phi and psi backbone torsional angles of residues i + 1 and i + 2. The type VI turn usually contains a proline with a cis-amide bond at residue i + 2. Cis-proline analogs that constrain the peptide to adopt a type VI turn led to peptidomimetics with enhanced activity or metabolic stability. To compare the impact of different analogs on amide cis-trans isomerism and peptide conformation, the conformational preference for the cis-amide bond and the type VI turn was investigated at the MP2/6-31+G** level of theory in water (polarizable continuum water model). Analogs stabilize the cis-amide conformations through different mechanisms: (1) 5-alkylproline, with bulky hydrocarbon substituent on the C(delta) of proline, increases the cis-amide population through steric hindrance between the alkyl substituent and the N-terminal residues; (2) oxaproline or thioproline, the oxazolidine- or thiazolidine-derived proline analog, favors interactions between the dipole of the heterocyclic ring and the preceding carbonyl oxygen; and (3) azaproline, containing a nitrogen atom in place of the C(alpha) of proline, prefers the cis-amide bond by lone-pair repulsion between the alpha-nitrogen and the preceding carbonyl oxygen. Preference for the cis conformation was augmented by combining different modifications within a single proline. Azaproline and its derivatives are most effective in stabilizing cis-amide bonds without introducing additional steric bulk to compromise receptor interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Che
- Center for Computational Biology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Meng HY, Thomas KM, Lee AE, Zondlo NJ. Effects of i and i+3 residue identity on cis-trans isomerism of the aromatic(i+1)-prolyl(i+2) amide bond: implications for type VI beta-turn formation. Biopolymers 2006; 84:192-204. [PMID: 16208767 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cis-trans isomerization of amide bonds plays critical roles in protein molecular recognition, protein folding, protein misfolding, and disease. Aromatic-proline sequences are particularly prone to exhibit cis amide bonds. The roles of residues adjacent to a tyrosine-proline residue pair on cis-trans isomerism were examined. A short series of peptides XYPZ was synthesized and cis-trans isomerism was analyzed. Based on these initial studies, a series of peptides XYPN, X = all 20 canonical amino acids, was synthesized and analyzed by NMR for i residue effects on cis-trans isomerization. The following effects were observed: (a) aromatic residues immediately preceding Tyr-Pro disfavor cis amide bonds, with K(trans/cis)= 5.7-8.0, W > Y > F; (b) proline residues preceding Tyr-Pro lead to multiple species, exhibiting cis-trans isomerization of either or both X-Pro amide bonds; and (c) other residues exhibit similar values of K(trans/cis) (= 2.9-4.2), with Thr and protonated His exhibiting the highest fraction cis. beta-Branched and short polar residues were somewhat more favorable in stabilizing the cis conformation. Phosphorylation of serine at the i position modestly increases the stability of the cis conformer. In addition, the effect of the i+3 residue was examined in a limited series of peptides TYPZ. NMR data indicated that aromatic residues, Pro, Asn, Ala, and Val at the i+3 residue all favor cis amide bonds, with aromatic residues and Asn favoring more compact phi at Tyr(cis) and Ala and Pro favoring more extended phi at Tyr(cis). D-Alanine at the i+3 position particularly disfavors cis amide bonds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Yun Meng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
The amino acid analog azaproline (azPro) contains a nitrogen atom in place of the C(alpha) of proline. Peptides containing azPro were shown to stabilize the cis-amide conformer for the acyl-azPro bond and prefer type VI beta-turns both in crystals and in organic solvents by NMR. The increased stability for cis-amide conformers was relatively minor with respect to the trans-conformers. Further, their conformational preferences were depended on solvent. To elucidate the impact of azPro substitution on amide cis-trans isomerism and peptide conformation, this paper reports ab initio studies on azPro derivatives and a comparison with their cognate Pro derivatives: 1-acetyl-2-methyl pyrrolidine (1), 1-acetyl-2-methyl pyrazolidine (2), Ac-Pro-NHMe (3), Ac-azPro-NHMe (4), Ac-azPro-NMe(2) (5), Ac-azAzc-NHMe (6), and Ac-azPip-NHMe (7). Conformational preferences were explored at the MP2/6-31+G** level of theory in vacuo. Solvation effects for 1 and 2 were studied implicitly using the polarizable continuum model and explicitly represented by interactions with a single water molecule. An increase in the conformational preference for the cis-amide conformer of azPro was clearly seen. An intramolecular hydrogen bond occurred solely in the trans-amide conformer that reduced the preference for the cis-conformer by 2.2 kcal/mol. The larger ring homolog aza-pipecolic acid (azPip), in which this internal hydrogen bond was diminished, significantly augmented stabilization of the cis-amide conformer. In aqueous solution, the preference for the cis-amide conformers was greatly reduced, mainly as a result of interaction between water and the lone pair of the alpha-nitrogen in the trans-amide conformer that was 3.8 kcal/mol greater than that in the cis-conformer. In the azPro analog, the energy barrier for cis-trans amide isomerization was 6 kcal/mol less than that in the cognate Pro derivative. Because the azPro derivatives can stabilize the cis-amide bond and mimic a type VI beta-turn without incorporation of additional steric bulk, such a simple chemical modification of the peptide backbone provides a useful conformational constraint when incorporated into the structure of selected bioactive peptides. Such modifications can scan receptors for biological recognition of reverse turns containing cis-amide bonds by the incorporation of type VI beta-turn scaffolds with oriented appended side chains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Che
- Center for Computational Biology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Otaka A, Katagiri F, Kinoshita T, Odagaki Y, Oishi S, Tamamura H, Hamanaka N, Fujii N. Regio- and stereoselective synthesis of (E)-alkene trans-Xaa-Pro dipeptide mimetics utilizing organocopper-mediated anti-S(N)2' reactions. J Org Chem 2002; 67:6152-61. [PMID: 12182656 DOI: 10.1021/jo025922u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Proline dipeptides (Xaa-Pro) exist as an equilibrium mixture of cis- and trans-rotamers, which depends on the energy barriers for imide isomerization. This conformation mixture contributes to both structure and function of proline-containing peptides and proteins. Structural motifs resembling these cis- or trans-conformers have served as useful tools for elucidating contributions of proline residues in the physicochemical and biological profiles of structures which contain them. Among such motifs are alkene dipeptide isosteres which mimic cis- or trans-imide using (Z)- or (E)-alkene, respectively. In this report, the first regio- and stereoselective syntheses of (E)-alkene dipeptide isosteres (20, 31, and 35) corresponding to trans-proline dipeptides are described. Key to the synthesis of these mimetics is the anti-S(N)2' reaction of vinyl aziridines such as 15 or vinyl oxazolidinones such as 28 and 32 with organocopper reagents "RCu" (R = CH(2)SiMe(2)(Oi-Pr)). Reaction of cis-vinylaziridine 15 derived from L-serine with organocopper reagent gave a precursor of the trans-L-Ser-D-Pro type alkene isosteres 20, accompanied by an S(N)2 side product. One limitation with the use of such aziridine-mediated methodology is formation of the corresponding trans-aziridine 22, which leads to L-L type isosteres, that is unstable and obtainable only in low yield. On the other hand, both isomers of oxazolidinone derivatives can be easily obtained from N-Boc-protected amino alcohols. The reaction of trans- 28 or cis-oxazolidinone derivative 32 with organocopper reagents proceeds quantitatively with high regio- and diastereoselectivities in anti-S(N)2' fashion. Subsequent oxidative treatment of the newly introduced isopropoxydimethylsilylmethyl group yields trans-L-Ser-L-Pro 31 or trans-L-Ser-D-Pro type isosteres 35, respectively. Of note, synthesized isostere 31 can also be converted to trans-phosphoSer-Pro 42 and trans-Cys-Pro mimetics 44. The present synthetic methodology affords trans-Xaa-Pro alkene-type dipeptide isosteres in high yield with relatively simple manipulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Otaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hitotsuyanagi Y, Motegi S, Fukaya H, Takeya K. A cis amide bond surrogate incorporating 1,2,4-triazole. J Org Chem 2002; 67:3266-71. [PMID: 12003534 DOI: 10.1021/jo010904i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel cis amide bond surrogate incorporating 1,2,4-triazole was designed and synthesized by the reaction of a thionotripeptide, formic hydrazide, and mercury(II) acetate. This method of surrogate formation was also applicable to a cyclic thionopeptide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Hitotsuyanagi
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kaczmarek K, Jankowski S, Siemion IZ, Wieczorek Z, Benedetti E, Di Lello P, Isernia C, Saviano M, Zabrocki J. Tetrazole analogues of cyclolinopeptide A: synthesis, conformation, and biology. Biopolymers 2002; 63:343-57. [PMID: 11920436 DOI: 10.1002/bip.10078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Linear and cyclic analogues of cyclolinopeptide A (CLA) with two dipeptide segments (Val(5)-Pro(6) and Pro(6)-Pro(7)) replaced by their tetrazole derivatives were synthesized by the SPPS technique and cyclized using TBTU (O-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate) reagent. The conformational properties of the c(Leu(1)-Ile(2)-Ile(3)-Leu(4)-Val(5)-Pro(6)-psi[CN(4)]-Ala(7)-Phe(8)-Phe(9)) were investigated by NMR and computational techniques. The overall solution structure of this cyclic peptide resembles that observed for the CLA in the solid state. These studies of cyclic tetrazole CLA analogue confirm that the 1,5-disubstituted tetrazole ring functions as an effective, well-tolerated cis-amide bond mimic in solution. The peptides were examined for their immunosuppressive activity in the humoral response test. For cyclic analogues the immunosuppressive activity, at low doses, is equal in magnitude to the activity presented by cyclosporin A and native CLA. The conformational and biological data seem indicate that the Pro-Pro-Phe-Phe moiety and the preservation of the CLA backbone conformation are important for immunosuppressive activity.
Collapse
|
34
|
Halab L, Lubell WD. Effect of sequence on peptide geometry in 5-tert-butylprolyl type VI beta-turn mimics. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:2474-84. [PMID: 11890796 DOI: 10.1021/ja012442w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The influence of sequence on turn geometry was examined by incorporating (2S,5R)-5-tert-butylproline (5-(t)BuPro) into a series of dipeptides and tetrapeptides. (2S,5R)-5-tert-Butylproline and proline were respectively introduced at the C-terminal residue of N-acetyl dipeptide N'-methylamides 1 and 2. The conformational analysis of these analogues was performed using NMR and CD spectroscopy as well as X-ray diffraction to examine the factors that control the prolyl amide (in this text, the term "prolyl amide" refers to the tertiary amide composed of the pyrrolidine nitrogen of the prolyl residue and the carbonyl of the N-terminal residue) equilibrium and stabilize type VI beta-turn conformation. The high cis-isomer population with aromatic residues N-terminal to proline was shown to result from a stacking interaction between the partial positive charged prolyl amide nitrogen and the aromatic pi-system as seen in the crystal structure of 1c. The effect of sequence on the prolyl amide equilibrium of 5-(t)BuPro-tetrapeptides (Ac-Xaa-Yaa-5-(t)BuPro-Zaa-XMe, 13 and 14) was studied by varying the amino acids at the Xaa, Yaa, and Zaa positions. High (>80%) cis-isomer populations were obtained with alkyl groups at the Xaa position, an aromatic residue at the Yaa position, and either an alanine or a lysine residue at the Zaa position of the 5-(t)BuPro-tetrapeptide methyl esters in water. Tetrapeptides Ac-Ala-Phe-5-(t)BuPro-Zaa-OMe (Zaa = Ala, Lys), 14d and 14f, with high cis-isomer content adopted type VIa beta-turn conformations as shown by their NMR and CD spectra. Although a pattern of amide proton temperature coefficient values indicative of a hairpin geometry was observed in peptides 14d and 14f, the value magnitudes did not indicate strong hydrogen bonding in water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliane Halab
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, Succursale Centre Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
Batey RA, Powell DA. A general synthetic method for the formation of substituted 5-aminotetrazoles from thioureas: a strategy for diversity amplification. Org Lett 2000; 2:3237-40. [PMID: 11009390 DOI: 10.1021/ol006465b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A general method for the synthesis of 5-aminotetrazoles is outlined using the mercury(II)-promoted attack of azide anion on a thiourea. The reaction proceeds through a guanyl azide intermediate, which undergoes electrocyclization to the tetrazole. The method is high yielding and provides access to mono-, di-, and trisubstituted 5-aminotetrazoles, targets of potential interest for combinatorial library development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R A Batey
- Department of Chemistry, Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3H6.
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Rodziewicz-Motowidło S, Legowska A, Qi XF, Czaplewski C, Liwo A, Sowiński P, Mozga W, Olczak J, Zabrocki J, Rolka K. Solution conformational study of Scyliorhinin I analogues with conformational constraints by two-dimensional NMR and theoretical conformational analysis. THE JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PEPTIDE SOCIETY 2000; 56:132-46. [PMID: 11007270 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3011.2000.00697.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Two analogues of Scyliorhinin I (Scyl), a tachykinin with N-MeLeu in position 8 and a 1,5-disubstituted tetrazole ring between positions 7 and 8, introduced in order to generate local conformational constraints, were synthesized using the solid-phase method. Conformational studies in water and DMSO-d6 were performed on these peptides using a combination of the two-dimensional NMR technique and theoretical conformational analysis. The algorithm of conformational search consisted of the following three stages: (i) extensive global conformational analysis in order to find all low-energy conformations; (ii) calculation of the NOE effects and vicinal coupling constants for each of the low energy conformations; (iii) determining the statistical weights of these conformations by means of a nonlinear least-squares procedure, in order to obtain the best fit of the averaged simulated spectrum to the experimental one. In both solvents the three-dimensional structure of the analogues studied can be interpreted only in terms of an ensemble of multiple conformations. For [MeLeu8]Scyl, the C-terminal 6-10 fragment adopts more rigid structure than the N-terminal one. In the case of the analogue with the tetrazole ring in DMSO-d6 the three-dimensional structure is characterized by two dominant conformers with similar geometry of their backbones. They superimpose especially well (RMSD = 0.28 A) in the 6-9 fragments. All conformers calculated in both solvents superimpose in their C-terminal fragments much better than those of the first analogue. The results obtained indicate that the introduction of the tetrazole ring into the Scyl molecule rigidifies its structure significantly more than that of MeLeu.
Collapse
|
38
|
Halab L, Lubell WD. Use of Steric Interactions To Control Peptide Turn Geometry. Synthesis of Type VI beta-Turn Mimics with 5-tert-Butylproline. J Org Chem 1999; 64:3312-3321. [PMID: 11674436 DOI: 10.1021/jo990294a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The influences of steric interactions on peptide geometry were studied to develop a novel means for generating type VIa beta-turn mimics. (2S,5R)-5-tert-Butylproline and L-proline were respectively introduced at the C-terminal residue of N-(acetyl)dipeptide N'-methylamides 1 and 2. The relative populations of prolyl cis- and trans-amide isomers in dipeptides 1 and 2 were measured in chloroform, DMSO, and water by proton NMR spectroscopy. Although the trans-amide isomer was favored in prolyl peptide 2, the Xaa-Pro peptide bond adopted preferably the cis-amide isomer in the case of 5-tert-butylprolyl peptide 1. Measurements of the influence of solvent and temperature on the chemical shift values for the amide proton signals of 1 in the cis-amide conformer indicated that the N'-methylamide was engaged in a hydrogen bond with the acetamide carbonyl in a type VIa beta-turn conformation. Analysis of N-(acetyl)leucyl-5-tert-butylproline N'-methylamide (1d) in the solid state by X-ray diffraction showed the cis-amide conformer which adopted a geometry characteristic of the central, i + 1 and i + 2 residues of an ideal type VIa beta-turn. In contrast to prolyl peptides 2b and 2d, N-(acetyl)alanyl- and N-(acetyl)leucyl-5-tert-butylproline N'-methylamides (1b and 1d) maintained ordered beta-turn conformations in solution that were shown to be independent of solvent composition by a comparison of their circular dichroism spectra obtained in water and acetonitrile. The NMR, X-ray, and CD data all confirm that the steric interactions of the 5-tert-butylprolyl residue induced dipeptide 1 to adopt a type VIa beta-turn conformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliane Halab
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, Succursale Centre Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Etzkorn FA, Travins JM, Hart SA. Rare protein turns: γ-turn, helix-turn-helix, and cis-proline mimics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5113(99)80006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
|
40
|
Lohof E, Burkhart F, Born MA, Planker E, Kessler H. Sugar amino acids and carbohydrates as scaffolds and peptidomimetics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5113(99)80011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
|
41
|
Satoh Y, De Lombaert S, Marcopulos N, Moliterni J, Moskal M, Tan J, Wallace E. Synthesis of tetrazole analogs of α-amino acids by alkylation of a Schiff base of α-aminomethyltetrazole. Tetrahedron Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(98)00492-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
42
|
Duncia JV, Santella JB, Higley CA, VanAtten MK, Weber PC, Alexander RS, Kettner CA, Pruitt JR, Liauw AY, Quan ML, Knabb RM, Wexler RR. Pyrazoles, 1,2,4-triazoles, and tetrazoles as surrogates for cis-amide bonds in boronate ester thrombin inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:775-80. [PMID: 9871540 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Substituted pyrazoles, 1,2,4-triazoles, and tetrazoles are good surrogates for cis-amide bonds in a series of boronate ester thrombin inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J V Duncia
- DuPont Merck Pharmaceutical Company, Wilmington, DE 19880-0500, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Peptidomimetics are one set of probes used in the transition pathway of small molecule drug design. Cyclization of the peptide backbone and its modification with aromatic residues constitutes an effective approach to mimetic drug design and circumvents obstacles associated with delivery and formulation of peptides and peptidomimetics. In the past year, examples of mimicking beta-turn structures has led to combining design strategies with molecular libraries, demonstrating that peptidomimetics can provide valuable clues about receptor similarities not revealed by their endogenous ligands. This information can lead to the development of dual inhibitors. In addition, this work suggests that the use of libraries and rational design need not be mutually exclusive approaches to lead discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Kieber-Emmons
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Beusen DD, Berkley Shands E, Karasek S, Marshall GR, Dammkoehler RA. Systematic search in conformational analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1280(96)04565-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
45
|
Buono RA, Kucharczyk N, Neuenschwander M, Kemmink J, Hwang LY, Fauchère JL, Venanzi CA. Synthesis and conformational analysis by 1H NMR and restrained molecular dynamics simulations of the cyclic decapeptide [Ser-Tyr-Ser-Met-Glu-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly]. J Comput Aided Mol Des 1996; 10:213-32. [PMID: 8808738 DOI: 10.1007/bf00355044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The design of enzyme mimics with therapeutic and industrial applications has interested both experimental and computational chemists for several decades. Recent advances in the computational methodology of restrained molecular dynamics, used in conjunction with data obtained from two-dimensional 1H NMR spectroscopy, make it a promising method to study peptide and protein structure and function. Several issues, however, need to be addressed in order to assess the validity of this method for its explanatory and predictive value. Among the issues addressed in this study are: the accuracy and generizability of the GROMOS peptide molecular mechanics force field; the effect of inclusion of solvent on the simulations; and the effect of different types of restraining algorithms on the computational results. The decapeptide Ser-Tyr-Ser-Met-Glu-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly, which corresponds to the sequence of ACTH1-10, has been synthesized, cyclized, and studied by two-dimensional 1H NMR spectroscopy. Restrained molecular dynamics (RMD) and time-averaged restrained molecular dynamics (TARMD) simulations were carried out on four different distance-geometry starting structures in order to determine and contrast the behavior of cyclic ACTH1-10 in vacuum and in solution. For the RMD simulations, the structures did not fit the NOE data well, even at high values of the restraining potential. The TARMD simulation method, however, was able to give structures that fit the NOE data at high values of the restraining potential. In both cases, inclusion of explicit solvent molecules in the simulation had little effect on the quality of the fit, although it was found to dampen the motion of the cyclic peptide. For both simulation techniques, the number and size of the NOE violations increased as the restraining potential approached zero. This is due, presumably, to inadequacies in the force field. Additional TARMD vacuum-phase simulations, run with a larger memory length or with a larger sampling size (16 additional distance-geometry structures), yielded no significantly different results. The computed data were then analyzed to help explain the sparse NOE data and poor chymotryptic activity of the cyclic peptide. Cyclic ACTH1-10, which contains the functional moieties of the catalytic triad of chymotrypsin, was evaluated as a potential mimic of chymotrypsin by measurement of the rate of hydrolysis of esters of L- and D-phenylalanine. The poor rate of hydrolysis is attributed to the flexibility of the decapeptide, the motion of the side chains, which result in the absence of long-range NOEs, the small size of the macrocycle relative to that of the substrate, and the inappropriate orientation of the Gly, His, and Ser residues. The results demonstrate the utility of this method in computer-aided molecular design of cyclic peptides and suggest structural modifications for future work based on a larger and more rigid peptide framework.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R A Buono
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark 07102, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Beausoleil E, Lubell WD. Steric Effects on the Amide Isomer Equilibrium of Prolyl Peptides. Synthesis and Conformational Analysis ofN-Acetyl-5-tert-butylprolineN‘-Methylamides. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja962013b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|