1
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Zhang W, Ran Q, Zhao L, Ye Q, Tan WS. Characterization of cellular responses and cell lysis to elevated hydrodynamic stress from benchtop perfusion bioreactors. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2400063. [PMID: 38528344 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202400063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The effective design of perfusion cell culture is currently challenging regarding balancing the operating parameters associated with the hydrodynamic conditions due to increased system complexity. To address this issue, cellular responses of an industrial CHO cell line to different types of hydrodynamic stress in benchtop perfusion bioreactors originating from agitation, sparging, and hollow fibers (HF) in the cell retention devices were systematically investigated here with the analysis of cell lysis. It was found that cell lysis was very common and most associated with the sparging stress, followed by the HF and lastly the agitation, consequently heavily impacting the estimation of process descriptors related to biomass. The results indicated that the agitation stress led to a reduced cell growth with a shift toward a more productive phenotype, suggesting an energy redirection from biomass formation to product synthesis, whereas the sparging stress had a small impact on the intracellular metabolic flux distribution but increased the cell death rate drastically. For HF stress, a similar cell maintenance profile was found as the sparging while the activity of glycolysis and the TCA cycle was significantly impeded, potentially leading to the lack of energy and thus a substantial decrease in cell-specific productivity. Moreover, a novel concept of volume average shear stress was developed to further understand the relations of different types of stress and the observed responses for an improved insight for the perfusion cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijian Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingyuan Ran
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Ye
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Song Tan
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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2
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McRae O, Walls PLL, Natarajan V, Antoniou C, Bird JC. Elucidating the effects of microbubble pinch-off dynamics on mammalian cell viability. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:524-534. [PMID: 37902645 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
In the biotechnology industry, ensuring the health and viability of mammalian cells, especially Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, plays a significant role in the successful production of therapeutic agents. These cells are typically cultivated in aerated bioreactors, where they encounter fluid stressors from rapidly deforming bubbles. These stressors can disrupt essential biological processes and potentially lead to cell death. However, the impact of these transient, elevated stressors on cell viability remains elusive. In this study, we first employ /cgqamicrofluidics to expose CHO cells near to bubbles undergoing pinch-off, subsequently collecting and assaying the cells to quantify the reduction in viability. Observing a significant impact, we set out to understand this phenomenon. We leverage computational fluid dynamics and numerical particle tracking to map the stressor field history surrounding a rapidly deforming bubble. Separately, we expose CHO cells to a known stressor level in a flow constriction device, collecting and assaying the cells to quantify the reduction in viability. By integrating the numerical data and results from the flow constriction device experiments, we develop a predictive model for cell viability reduction. We validate this model by comparing its predictions to the earlier microfluidic results, observing good agreement. Our findings provide critical insights into the relationship between bubble-induced fluid stressors and mammalian cell viability, with implications for bioreactor design and cell culture protocol optimization in the biotechnology sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver McRae
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter L L Walls
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dunwoody College of Technology, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Chris Antoniou
- Global Processing Engineering, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James C Bird
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Lu J, Zhu D, Li L. Evaluation of hydromechanical and functional properties of diversion-type microcapsule-suspension bioreactor for bioartificial liver. Int J Artif Organs 2022; 45:309-321. [PMID: 35034506 DOI: 10.1177/03913988211066502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the performance of a diversion-type microcapsulesuspension fluidized bed bioreactor and a choanoid fluidized bed bioreactor as bioartificial liver support systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated the performance between the modified fluidized bed bioreactor based on diversion-type microcapsule suspension (DMFBB) and choanoid fluidized bed bioreactor (CFBB). The fluidization performance, fluidized height, bed expansion, and the mechanical stability and strength of microcapsule were determined. The viability, synthetic, metabolism, and apoptosis of microcapsulated HepLi5 cells were evaluated. Finally, samples were collected for measurement of alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and albumin concentrations. RESULTS Uniform fluidization was established in both DMFBB and CFBB. The bed expansion, shear force, retention rate, swelling rate, and breakage rate of microcapsules differed significantly between two bioreactors over 3 days. The viability of microencapsulated HepLi5 cells and the activities of cytochrome P450 1A2 and 3A4 increased on each day in DMFBB compared to the control. The albumin and urea concentrations in the DMFBB displayed obvious improvements compared to the control. Caspase3/7 activities in the DMFBB decreased compared to those in the CFBB. At 24 h, the alanine aminotransferase concentration in the DMFBB declined significantly compared to the control. The total and direct bilirubin concentrations within plasma perfusion were decreased and albumin was increased in the DMFBB at 24 h than in the CFBB. CONCLUSION The DMFBB shows a promising alternative bioreactor for use in bioartificial liver support systems for application of clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Lu
- Zhejiang University First Affiliated Hospital State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Danhua Zhu
- Zhejiang University First Affiliated Hospital State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- Zhejiang University First Affiliated Hospital State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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4
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The challenges of hydrodynamic forces on cells used in cell manufacturing and therapy. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2021.100357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Foster KM, Papavassiliou DV, O’Rear EA. Elongational Stresses and Cells. Cells 2021; 10:2352. [PMID: 34572002 PMCID: PMC8471242 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluid forces and their effects on cells have been researched for quite some time, especially in the realm of biology and medicine. Shear forces have been the primary emphasis, often attributed as being the main source of cell deformation/damage in devices like prosthetic heart valves and artificial organs. Less well understood and studied are extensional stresses which are often found in such devices, in bioreactors, and in normal blood circulation. Several microfluidic channels utilizing hyperbolic, abrupt, or tapered constrictions and cross-flow geometries, have been used to isolate the effects of extensional flow. Under such flow cell deformations, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and a variety of other cell types have been examined. Results suggest that extensional stresses cause larger deformation than shear stresses of the same magnitude. This has further implications in assessing cell injury from mechanical forces in artificial organs and bioreactors. The cells' greater sensitivity to extensional stress has found utility in mechanophenotyping devices, which have been successfully used to identify pathologies that affect cell deformability. Further application outside of biology includes disrupting cells for increased food product stability and harvesting macromolecules for biofuel. The effects of extensional stresses on cells remains an area meriting further study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Edgar A. O’Rear
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA; (K.M.F.); (D.V.P.)
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6
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Structural and Biochemical Features of Human Serum Albumin Essential for Eukaryotic Cell Culture. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168411. [PMID: 34445120 PMCID: PMC8395139 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum albumin physically interacts with fatty acids, small molecules, metal ions, and several other proteins. Binding with a plethora of bioactive substances makes it a critical transport molecule. Albumin also scavenges the reactive oxygen species that are harmful to cell survival. These properties make albumin an excellent choice to promote cell growth and maintain a variety of eukaryotic cells under in vitro culture environment. Furthermore, purified recombinant human serum albumin is mostly free from impurities and modifications, providing a perfect choice as an additive in cell and tissue culture media while avoiding any regulatory constraints. This review discusses key features of human serum albumin implicated in cell growth and survival under in vitro conditions.
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7
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Strobl F, Duerkop M, Palmberger D, Striedner G. High shear resistance of insect cells: the basis for substantial improvements in cell culture process design. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9413. [PMID: 33941799 PMCID: PMC8093278 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88813-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicellular organisms cultivated in continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) are more sensitive to environmental conditions in the suspension culture than microbial cells. The hypothesis, that stirring induced shear stress is the main problem, persists, although it has been shown that these cells are not so sensitive to shear. As these results are largely based on Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell experiments the question remains if similar behavior is valid for insect cells with a higher specific oxygen demand. The requirement of higher oxygen transfer rates is associated with higher shear forces in the process. Consequently, we focused on the shear resistance of insect cells, using CHO cells as reference system. We applied a microfluidic device that allowed defined variations in shear rates. Both cell lines displayed high resistance to shear rates up to 8.73 × 105 s−1. Based on these results we used microbial CSTRs, operated at high revolution speeds and low aeration rates and found no negative impact on cell viability. Further, this cultivation approach led to substantially reduced gas flow rates, gas bubble and foam formation, while addition of pure oxygen was no longer necessary. Therefore, this study contributes to the development of more robust insect cell culture processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Duerkop
- Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Novasign GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Gerald Striedner
- ACIB GmbH, Vienna, Austria. .,Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria. .,Novasign GmbH, Vienna, Austria.
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8
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Vitelli M, Budman H, Pritzker M, Tamer M. Applications of flow cytometry sorting in the pharmaceutical industry: A review. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3146. [PMID: 33749147 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The article reviews applications of flow cytometry sorting in manufacturing of pharmaceuticals. Flow cytometry sorting is an extremely powerful tool for monitoring, screening and separating single cells based on any property that can be measured by flow cytometry. Different applications of flow cytometry sorting are classified into groups and discussed in separate sections as follows: (a) isolation of cell types, (b) high throughput screening, (c) cell surface display, (d) droplet fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS). Future opportunities are identified including: (a) sorting of particular fractions of the cell population based on a property of interest for generating inoculum that will result in improved outcomes of cell cultures and (b) the use of population balance models in combination with FACS to design and optimize cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Vitelli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Hector Budman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Mark Pritzker
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Melih Tamer
- Department of Manufacturing Technology, Sanofi Pasteur, Toronto, Canada
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9
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McRae O, Mead KR, Bird JC. Aerosol agitation: Quantifying the hydrodynamic stressors on particulates encapsulated in small droplets. PHYSICAL REVIEW FLUIDS 2021; 6:10.1103/physrevfluids.6.l031601. [PMID: 37309535 PMCID: PMC10259374 DOI: 10.1103/physrevfluids.6.l031601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lower respiratory tract infections originate from multiple aerosol sources, varying from droplets erupting from bursting bubbles in a toilet or those produced by human speech. A key component of the aerosol-based infection pathway-from source to potential host-is the survival of the pathogen during aerosolization. Due to their finite-time instability, pinch-off processes occurring during aerosolization have the potential to rapidly accelerate the fluid into focused regions of these droplets, stress objects therein, and if powerful enough, disrupt biological life. However, the extent that a pathogen will be exposed to damaging hydrodynamic stressors during the aerosolization process is unknown. Here we compute the probability that particulates will be exposed to a hydrodynamic stressor during the generation of droplets that range in size from one to 100 microns. For example, particulates in water droplets less than 5 μm have a 50% chance of being subjected to an energy dissipation rate in excess of 1011 W/m3, hydrodynamic stresses in excess of 104 Pa, and strain rates in excess of 107 s-1, values known to damage certain biological cells. Using a combination of numerical simulations and self-similar dynamics, we show how the exposure within a droplet can be generally predicted from its size, surface tension, and density, even across different aerosolization mechanisms. Collectively, these results introduce aerosol agitation as a potential factor in pathogen transmission and implicate the pinch-off singularity flow as setting the distribution of hydrodynamic stressors experienced within the droplet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver McRae
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Kenneth R. Mead
- Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, USA
| | - James C. Bird
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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10
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Zhan C, Bidkhori G, Schwarz H, Malm M, Mebrahtu A, Field R, Sellick C, Hatton D, Varley P, Mardinoglu A, Rockberg J, Chotteau V. Low Shear Stress Increases Recombinant Protein Production and High Shear Stress Increases Apoptosis in Human Cells. iScience 2020; 23:101653. [PMID: 33145483 PMCID: PMC7593556 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic kidney cells HEK293 can be used for the production of therapeutic glycoproteins requiring human post-translational modifications. High cell density perfusion processes are advantageous for such production but are challenging due to the shear sensitivity of HEK293 cells. To understand the impact of hollow filter cell separation devices, cells were cultured in bioreactors operated with tangential flow filtration (TFF) or alternating tangential flow filtration (ATF) at various flow rates. The average theoretical velocity profile in these devices showed a lower shear stress for ATF by a factor 0.637 compared to TFF. This was experimentally validated and, furthermore, transcriptomic evaluation provided insights into the underlying cellular processes. High shear caused cellular stress leading to apoptosis by three pathways, i.e. endoplasmic reticulum stress, cytoskeleton reorganization, and extrinsic signaling pathways. Positive effects of mild shear stress were observed, with increased recombinant erythropoietin production and increased gene expression associated with transcription and protein phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caijuan Zhan
- KTH - Cell Technology Group (CETEG), Department of Industrial Biotechnology, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Protein Research (WCPR), 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- AdBIOPRO, Competence Centre for Advanced Bioproduction by Continuous Processing, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gholamreza Bidkhori
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, 171 21, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hubert Schwarz
- KTH - Cell Technology Group (CETEG), Department of Industrial Biotechnology, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Protein Research (WCPR), 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- AdBIOPRO, Competence Centre for Advanced Bioproduction by Continuous Processing, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magdalena Malm
- KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Protein Science, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Protein Research (WCPR), 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aman Mebrahtu
- KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Protein Science, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Protein Research (WCPR), 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ray Field
- BioPharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Diane Hatton
- BioPharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul Varley
- BioPharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adil Mardinoglu
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, 171 21, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Rockberg
- KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Protein Science, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Protein Research (WCPR), 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- AdBIOPRO, Competence Centre for Advanced Bioproduction by Continuous Processing, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Veronique Chotteau
- KTH - Cell Technology Group (CETEG), Department of Industrial Biotechnology, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Protein Research (WCPR), 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- AdBIOPRO, Competence Centre for Advanced Bioproduction by Continuous Processing, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Chaudhary G, Luo R, George M, Tescione L, Khetan A, Lin H. Understanding the effect of high gas entrance velocity on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture performance and its implications on bioreactor scale-up and sparger design. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:1684-1695. [PMID: 32086806 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
There are three main potential sources for cell shear damage existing in stirred tank bioreactors. One is the potential high energy dissipation in the immediate impeller zones; another from small gas bubble burst; and third is from high gas entrance velocity (GEV) emitting from the sparger. While the first two have been thoroughly addressed for the scale-up of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture knowing that a wide tolerable agitation range with non-damaging energy dissipation exists and the use of shear protectants like Pluronic F68 guard against cell damage caused by bubble burst, GEV remains a potential scale-up problem across scales for the drilled hole or open pipe sparger designs. GEV as high as 170 m/s due to high gas flow rates and relatively small sparger hole diameters was observed to be significantly detrimental to cell culture performance in a 12,000 L bioreactor when compared to a satellite 2 L bioreactor run with GEV of <1 m/s. Small scale study of GEV as high as 265 m/s confirmed this. Based on the results of this study, a critical GEV of >60 m/s for CHO cells is proposed, whereas previously 30 m/s has been reported for NS0 cells by Zhu, Cuenca, Zhou, and Varma (2008. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 101, 751-760). Implementation of new large scale spargers with larger diameter and more holes lowered GEV and helped improve the cell culture performance, closing the scale-up gap. Design of such new spargers was even more critical when hole plugging was discovered during large scale cultivation hence exacerbating the GEV impact. Furthermore, development of a scale down model based on mimicry of the large scale GEV profile as a function of time was proven to be beneficial for reproducing large scale results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Chaudhary
- Cell Culture, Process Science, Boehringer Ingelheim Fremont, Inc., 6701 Kaiser Drive, Fremont, California
| | - Robin Luo
- Cell Culture, Process Science, Boehringer Ingelheim Fremont, Inc., 6701 Kaiser Drive, Fremont, California
| | - Meena George
- Cell Culture, Process Science, Boehringer Ingelheim Fremont, Inc., 6701 Kaiser Drive, Fremont, California
| | - Lia Tescione
- Cell Culture, Process Science, Boehringer Ingelheim Fremont, Inc., 6701 Kaiser Drive, Fremont, California
| | - Anurag Khetan
- Cell Culture, Process Science, Boehringer Ingelheim Fremont, Inc., 6701 Kaiser Drive, Fremont, California
| | - Henry Lin
- Cell Culture, Process Science, Boehringer Ingelheim Fremont, Inc., 6701 Kaiser Drive, Fremont, California
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12
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Li C, Teng X, Peng H, Yi X, Zhuang Y, Zhang S, Xia J. Novel scale-up strategy based on three-dimensional shear space for animal cell culture. Chem Eng Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.115329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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13
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Liu Y, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Zhou L. Effects of Sparger Holes on Gas‐Liquid Hydrodynamics in Bubble Columns. Chem Eng Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201900129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Taizhou UniversityCollege of Aerospace Engineering 1139 Shifu Road 318000 Taizhou Zhejiang China
| | - Li Zhang
- Taizhou UniversityCollege of Aerospace Engineering 1139 Shifu Road 318000 Taizhou Zhejiang China
| | - Yongju Zhang
- Taizhou UniversityCollege of Aerospace Engineering 1139 Shifu Road 318000 Taizhou Zhejiang China
| | - Lixing Zhou
- Tsinghua UniversityDepartment of Engineering Mechanics Shuangqing Road 10084 Beijing China
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14
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Abstract
Bioreactors for large-scale culture of mammalian cells are playing vital roles in biotechnology and bioengineering. Various bioreactors have been developed, but their capacity and efficiency are often limited by insufficient mass transfer rate and high shear stress. A rolled scaffold (RS) is a fully defined scaffold for high-density adherent culture of mammalian cells. The RS is a polymer film with spacers, that is rolled into a cylinder with a pre-determined gap between each turn. Cells are cultured on its inner surfaces, while media flows through the gap. The RS exhibits high surface-area-to-volume ratio over 100 cm2/mL and can transport nutrients and gases with significantly reduced shear stress via convection in a unidirectional laminar flow, rather than diffusion and random turbulent flow as in stirred-tank bioreactors. In this paper, we expanded Chinese Hamster Ovary cells with RS bioreactors and demonstrated cell culture density over 60 million cells/mL with a growth rate higher than conventional suspension culture. Besides, murine embryonic stem cells were successfully expanded without losing their pluripotency. The RS will provide an affordable, scalable, and reliable platform for large-scale culture of recombinant cells in biopharmaceutical industries and shear-sensitive stem cells for tissue engineering.
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15
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Chen P, Demirji J, Ivleva VB, Horwitz J, Schwartz R, Arnold F. The transient expression of CHIKV VLP in large stirred tank bioreactors. Cytotechnology 2019; 71:1079-1093. [PMID: 31560090 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-019-00346-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient gene expression (TGE) bioprocesses have been difficult to scale up in large stirred tank bioreactors with volumes of more than 1.5 L. Low production levels are often observed, but the causes have not been investigated (Gutierrez-Granados et al. in Crit Rev Biotechnol 38:918-940, 2018). Chikungunya Virus-like particle (VLP), expressed by DNA-PEI transient transfection, is a representative case study for these difficulties. Clinical materials were produced in shake flasks, but the process suffered when transferred to large stirred tank bioreactors. The resulting process was not operationally friendly nor cost effective. In this study, a systematic approach was used to investigate the root causes of the poor scale up performance. The transfection conditions were first screened in ambr® 15 high throughput mini bioreactors then examined in 3 L stirred-tank systems. The studies found that production level was negatively correlated with inoculum cell growth status (P < 0.05). The pH range, DNA and PEI levels, order of the reagent addition, and gas-sparging systems were also studied and found to affect process performance. Further hydromechanical characterizations (Re, energy dissipation rates, and P/V, etc.) of shake flasks, ambr® 15, and 3-L stirred tank systems were performed. Overall, the study discovered that the shear stress (caused by a microsparger) and PEI toxicity together were the root causes of scale-up failure. Once the microsparger was replaced by a macrosparger, the scale-up was successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peifeng Chen
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA.
| | - Jacob Demirji
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Vera B Ivleva
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Joe Horwitz
- Amicus Therapeutics, 1 Cedarbrook Dr, Cranbury, NJ, 08512, USA
| | | | - Frank Arnold
- Tunnell Consulting, 900 E. 8th Ave, King of Prussia, PA, 19406, USA
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16
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Arena TA, Chou B, Harms PD, Wong AW. An anti-apoptotic HEK293 cell line provides a robust and high titer platform for transient protein expression in bioreactors. MAbs 2019; 11:977-986. [PMID: 30907238 PMCID: PMC6601552 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1598230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
HEK293 transient expression systems are used to quickly generate proteins for research and pre-clinical studies. With the aim of engineering a high-producing host that grows and transfects robustly in bioreactors, we deleted the pro-apoptotic genes Bax and Bak in an HEK293 cell line. The HEK293 Bax Bak double knock-out (HEK293 DKO) cell line exhibited resistance to apoptosis and shear stress. HEK293 DKO cells sourced from 2 L seed train bioreactors were most productive when a pH setpoint of 7.0, a narrow pH deadband of ±0.03, and a DO setpoint of 30% were used. HEK293 DKO seed train cells cultivated for up to 60 days in a 35 L bioreactor showed similar productivities to cells cultivated in shake flasks. To optimize HEK293 DKO transfection cultures, we first evaluated different pH and agitation parameters in ambr15 microbioreactors before scaling up to 10 L wavebag bioreactors. In ambr15 microbioreactors with a pH setpoint of 7.0, a wide pH deadband of ±0.3, and an agitation of 630 rpm, HEK293 DKO transient cultures yielded antibody titers up to 650 mg/L in 7 days. The optimal ambr15 conditions prompted us to operate the 10 L wavebag transfection without direct pH control to mimic the wide pH deadband ranges. The HEK293 DKO transfection process produces high titers at all scales tested. Combined, our optimized HEK293 DKO 35 L bioreactor seed train and 10 L high titer transient processes support efficient, large-scale recombinant protein production for research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tia A Arena
- Department of Cell Culture, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bernice Chou
- Department of Cell Culture, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter D. Harms
- Department of Cell Culture, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Athena W. Wong
- Department of Cell Culture, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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17
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Numerical Simulation of Bubble-Liquid Two-Phase Turbulent Flows in Shallow Bioreactor. ENERGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/en12122269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An improved second-order moment bubble-liquid two-phase turbulent model is developed to predict the hydrodynamic characteristics of the shallow bioreactor using two height-to-diameter ratios of H/D = 1.4 and H/D = 2.9. The two-phase hydrodynamic parameters, the bubble normal and shear stress, the bubble energy dissipation rate, the bubble turbulent kinetic energy, etc. were numerically simulated. These parameters increased along with flow direction and constituted a threat to cells living at far distance away from the gas jetting inlet regions, rather than a finding of higher cell damage at near the jetting inlet region, as reported by Babosa et al. 2003. A new correlation named the turbulent energy production of bubble-liquid two-phase flow was proposed to successfully verify this experimental observation. A smaller H/D ratio makes more contributions to the generation of lower turbulent energy productions, which are in favor of the alleviation of cell damage. The extremely long and narrow shape of the bioreactor is deteriorative for cell living.
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18
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Urbina A, Godoy-Silva R, Hoyos M, Camacho M. Morphological and electrical disturbances after split-flow fractionation in murine macrophages. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1590:104-112. [PMID: 30630618 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Split-flow fractionation (SPLITT) is a family of techniques that separates in the absence of labeling using very low flow rates and force fields, and is therefore expected to minimize cell damage. Although it has been documented that separation methods cause physiological changes in immune cells that are attributable to mechanical stress and antibody labeling, SPLITT has not yet been examined for possible damaging effects of hydrodynamic stress, partly because it is assumed that the low flow rates and weak forces used in this technique do not generate significant mechanical stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of SPLITT on cell function of a murine macrophage cell, and to compare these effects with those induced by centrifugation. Macrophages J774.2 were cultured in RPMI-enriched media, then detached from the culture flask and resuspended for 12 h. Cell suspensions were diluted in a buffered saline solution and exposed to SPLITT (flow rates 1-10 ml/min) or centrifugation (100-1500g) for 10 min. Cell viability, diameter, membrane potential, and nitric oxide production were measured. Under the operating conditions employed, cell viability was above 98% after SPLITT and centrifugation but cells suffered immediate hydrodynamic cell damage, including decreased cell diameter and membrane hyperpolarization which was inhibitable by 4-aminopyridine; nitric oxide production was not affected. Pressure values during SPLITT and centrifugation correlated with diameter and membrane potential. Our data do not support the assumption that SPLITT is innocuous to cell function. Some changes in SPLITT channel design are suggested to minimize cell damage. Membrane potential and cell diameter are sensitive indicators for the evaluation of sublethal damage in different cell models, and allow identification of optimal operating conditions on different scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Urbina
- Universidad del Rosario, Biomedical Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bogotá DC, Colombia; Biotechnology Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá DC, Colombia; Centro Internacional de Física (CIF), Laboratorio de Biofísica, Bogotá DC, Colombia.
| | - Ruben Godoy-Silva
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, Chemical and Biochemical Processes Research Group, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Mauricio Hoyos
- École Supérieure de Physique et Chimie Industrielles, Laboratoire de Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes (PMMH), UMR 7636 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Marcela Camacho
- Centro Internacional de Física (CIF), Laboratorio de Biofísica, Bogotá DC, Colombia; Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Department of Biology, Bogotá DC, Colombia
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19
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Study of hydrodynamics in wave bioreactors by computational fluid dynamics reveals a resonance phenomenon. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Wang H, Xia J, Zheng Z, Zhuang YP, Yi X, Zhang D, Wang P. Hydrodynamic investigation of a novel shear-generating device for the measurement of anchorage-dependent cell adhesion intensity. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2018; 41:1371-1382. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-018-1964-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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21
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Zhu L, Monteil DT, Wang Y, Song B, Hacker DL, Wurm MJ, Li X, Wang Z, Wurm FM. Fluid dynamics of flow fields in a disposable 600-mL orbitally shaken bioreactor. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Quantifying the potential for bursting bubbles to damage suspended cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15102. [PMID: 29118382 PMCID: PMC5678173 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14531-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bubbles that rise to the surface of a cell suspension can damage cells when they pop. This phenomenon is particularly problematic in the biotechnology industry, as production scale bioreactors require continuous injection of oxygen bubbles to maintain cell growth. Previous studies have linked cell damage to high energy dissipation rates (EDR) and have predicted that for small bubbles the EDR could exceed values that would kill many cells used in bioreactors, including Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. However, it’s unclear how many cells would be damaged by a particular bursting bubble, or more precisely how much volume around the bubble experiences these large energy dissipation rates. Here we quantify these volumes using numerical simulations and demonstrate that even though the volume exceeding a particular EDR increases with bubble size, on a volume-to-volume basis smaller bubbles have a more significant impact. We validate our model with high-speed experiments and present our results in a non-dimensionalized framework, enabling predictions for a variety of liquids and bubble sizes. The results are not restricted to bubbles in bioreactors and may be relevant to a variety of applications ranging from fermentation processes to characterizing the stress levels experienced by microorganisms within the sea surface microlayer.
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23
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Kent JA, Bommaraju TV, Barnicki SD, Kyung YS, Zhang GG. Industrial Production of Therapeutic Proteins: Cell Lines, Cell Culture, and Purification. HANDBOOK OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [PMCID: PMC7121293 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-52287-6_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A central pillar of the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries continues to be the development of biological drug products manufactured from engineered mammalian cell lines. Since the hugely successful launch of human tissue plasminogen activator in 1987 and erythropoietin in 1988, the biopharmaceutical market has grown immensely. In 2014, biotherapeutics made up a significant portion of global drug sales as 7 of the top 10 and 21 of top 50 selling pharmaceuticals in the world were biologics with over US$100 billion in global sales (Table 1, [1]).
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24
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Joseph A, Goldrick S, Mollet M, Turner R, Bender J, Gruber D, Farid SS, Titchener-Hooker N. An automated laboratory-scale methodology for the generation of sheared mammalian cell culture samples. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Joseph
- The Advanced Centre of Biochemical Engineering; Department of Biochemical Engineering; University College London; London UK
| | - Stephen Goldrick
- The Advanced Centre of Biochemical Engineering; Department of Biochemical Engineering; University College London; London UK
| | - Michael Mollet
- MedImmune; Gaithersburg Headquarters; Gaithersburg MD USA
| | | | - Jean Bender
- MedImmune; Gaithersburg Headquarters; Gaithersburg MD USA
| | - David Gruber
- MedImmune; Milstein Building, Granta Park; Cambridge UK
| | - Suzanne S. Farid
- The Advanced Centre of Biochemical Engineering; Department of Biochemical Engineering; University College London; London UK
| | - Nigel Titchener-Hooker
- The Advanced Centre of Biochemical Engineering; Department of Biochemical Engineering; University College London; London UK
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25
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Kelly W, Rubin J, Scully J, Kamaraju H, Wnukowski P, Bhatia R. Understanding and modeling retention of mammalian cells in fluidized bed centrifuges. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:1520-1530. [PMID: 27603018 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Within the last decade, fully disposable centrifuge technologies, fluidized-bed centrifuges (FBC), have been introduced to the biologics industry. The FBC has found a niche in cell therapy where it is used to collect, concentrate, and then wash mammalian cell product while continuously discarding centrate. The goal of this research was to determine optimum FBC conditions for recovery of live cells, and to develop a mathematical model that can assist with process scaleup. Cell losses can occur during bed formation via flow channels within the bed. Experimental results with the kSep400 centrifuge indicate that, for a given volume processed: the bed height (a bed compactness indicator) is affected by RPM and flowrate, and dead cells are selectively removed during operation. To explain these results, two modeling approaches were used: (i) equating the centrifugal and inertial forces on the cells (i.e., a force balance model or FBM) and (ii) a two-phase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to predict liquid flow patterns and cell retention in the bowl. Both models predicted bed height vs. time reasonably well, though the CFD model proved more accurate. The flow patterns predicted by CFD indicate a Coriolis-driven flow that enhances uniformity of cells in the bed and may lead to cell losses in the outflow over time. The CFD-predicted loss of viable cells and selective removal of the dead cells generally agreed with experimental trends, but did over-predict dead cell loss by up to 3-fold for some of the conditions. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:1520-1530, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Kelly
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA
| | - Jonathan Rubin
- Cell Technology Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen R&D, Spring House, PA
| | - Jennifer Scully
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA
| | - Hari Kamaraju
- Cell Technology Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen R&D, Spring House, PA
| | - Piotr Wnukowski
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Leiden, 2333, CN, the Netherlands
| | - Ravinder Bhatia
- Cell Technology Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen R&D, Spring House, PA
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26
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Application of EulerLagrange CFD for quantitative evaluating the effect of shear force on Carthamus tinctorius L. cell in a stirred tank bioreactor. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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27
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Quantitative evaluation of the shear threshold on Carthamus tinctorius L. cell growth with computational fluid dynamics in shaken flask bioreactors. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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Xu S, Chen H. High-density mammalian cell cultures in stirred-tank bioreactor without external pH control. J Biotechnol 2016; 231:149-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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29
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Urbina A, Godoy-Silva R, Hoyos M, Camacho M. Acute hydrodynamic damage induced by SPLITT fractionation and centrifugation in red blood cells. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1020:53-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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30
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Joseph A, Kenty B, Mollet M, Hwang K, Rose S, Goldrick S, Bender J, Farid SS, Titchener-Hooker N. A scale-down mimic for mapping the process performance of centrifugation, depth and sterile filtration. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:1934-41. [PMID: 26927621 PMCID: PMC4999036 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the production of biopharmaceuticals disk‐stack centrifugation is widely used as a harvest step for the removal of cells and cellular debris. Depth filters followed by sterile filters are often then employed to remove residual solids remaining in the centrate. Process development of centrifugation is usually conducted at pilot‐scale so as to mimic the commercial scale equipment but this method requires large quantities of cell culture and significant levels of effort for successful characterization. A scale‐down approach based upon the use of a shear device and a bench‐top centrifuge has been extended in this work towards a preparative methodology that successfully predicts the performance of the continuous centrifuge and polishing filters. The use of this methodology allows the effects of cell culture conditions and large‐scale centrifugal process parameters on subsequent filtration performance to be assessed at an early stage of process development where material availability is limited. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1934–1941. © 2016 The Authors. Biotechnology and Bioengineering Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Joseph
- The Advanced Centre of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Kenty
- MedImmune LLC Gaithersburg Headquarters, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Michael Mollet
- MedImmune LLC Gaithersburg Headquarters, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Kenneth Hwang
- MedImmune LLC Gaithersburg Headquarters, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Steven Rose
- MedImmune LLC Gaithersburg Headquarters, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Stephen Goldrick
- The Advanced Centre of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Jean Bender
- MedImmune LLC Gaithersburg Headquarters, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Suzanne S Farid
- The Advanced Centre of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Titchener-Hooker
- The Advanced Centre of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
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31
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Gallardo-Rodríguez JJ, López-Rosales L, Sánchez-Mirón A, García-Camacho F, Molina-Grima E, Chalmers JJ. New insights into shear-sensitivity in dinoflagellate microalgae. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 200:699-705. [PMID: 26556404 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.10.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A modification of a flow contraction device was used to subject shear-sensitive microalgae to well-defined hydrodynamic forces. The aim of the study was to elucidate if the inhibition of shear-induced growth commonly observed in dinoflagellate microalgae is in effect due to cell fragility that results in cell breakage even at low levels of turbulence. The microalgae assayed did not show any cell breakage even at energy dissipation rates (EDR) around 10(12)Wm(-3), implausible in culture devices. Conversely, animal cells, tested for comparison purposes, showed high physical cell damage at average EDR levels of 10(7)Wm(-3). Besides, very short exposures to high levels of EDR promoted variations in the membrane fluidity of the microalgae assayed, which might trigger mechanosensory cellular mechanisms. Average EDR values of only about 4·10(5)Wm(-3) increased cell membrane fluidity in microalgae whereas, in animal cells, they did not.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L López-Rosales
- Chemical Engineering Area, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - A Sánchez-Mirón
- Chemical Engineering Area, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - F García-Camacho
- Chemical Engineering Area, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - E Molina-Grima
- Chemical Engineering Area, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - J J Chalmers
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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32
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Neunstoecklin B, Villiger TK, Lucas E, Stettler M, Broly H, Morbidelli M, Soos M. Pilot-scale verification of maximum tolerable hydrodynamic stress for mammalian cell culture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:3489-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7193-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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33
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Kaiser SC, Kraume M, Eibl D. Development of the Travelling Wave Bioreactor. Part I: Design Studies Based on Numerical Models. CHEM-ING-TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201500092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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34
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Chalmers JJ. Mixing, aeration and cell damage, 30+ years later: what we learned, how it affected the cell culture industry and what we would like to know more about. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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35
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Wu Y, Kanna MS, Liu C, Zhou Y, Chan CK. Generation of Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma by the Ultrasonic Standing Waves. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2015; 63:1642-52. [PMID: 26126268 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2015.2449832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a volume of autologous plasma that has a higher platelet concentration above baseline. It has already been approved as a new therapeutic modality and investigated in clinics, such as bone repair and regeneration, and oral surgery, with low cost-effectiveness ratio. At present, PRP is mostly prepared using a centrifuge. However, this method has several shortcomings, such as long preparation time (30 min), complexity in operation, and contamination of red blood cells (RBCs). In this paper, a new PRP preparation approach was proposed and tested. Ultrasound waves (4.5 MHz) generated from piezoelectric ceramics can establish standing waves inside a syringe filled with the whole blood. Subsequently, RBCs would accumulate at the locations of pressure nodes in response to acoustic radiation force, and the formed clusters would have a high speed of sedimentation. It is found that the PRP prepared by the proposed device can achieve higher platelet concentration and less RBCs contamination than a commercial centrifugal device, but similar growth factor (i.e., PDGF-ββ). In addition, the sedimentation process under centrifugation and sonication was simulated using the Mason-Weaver equation and compared with each other to illustrate the differences between these two technologies and to optimize the design in the future. Altogether, ultrasound method is an effective method of PRP preparation with comparable outcomes as the commercially available centrifugal products.
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36
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Delahaye M, Lawrence K, Ward SJ, Hoare M. An ultra scale-down analysis of the recovery by dead-end centrifugation of human cells for therapy. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:997-1011. [PMID: 25545057 PMCID: PMC4402021 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
An ultra scale-down method is described to determine the response of cells to recovery by dead-end (batch) centrifugation under commercially defined manufacturing conditions. The key variables studied are the cell suspension hold time prior to centrifugation, the relative centrifugal force (RCF), time of centrifugation, cell pellet resuspension velocities, and number of resuspension passes. The cell critical quality attributes studied are the cell membrane integrity and the presence of selected surface markers. Greater hold times and higher RCF values for longer spin times all led to the increased loss of cell membrane integrity. However, this loss was found to occur during intense cell resuspension rather than the preceding centrifugation stage. Controlled resuspension at low stress conditions below a possible critical stress point led to essentially complete cell recovery even at conditions of extreme centrifugation (e.g., RCF of 10000 g for 30 mins) and long (∼2 h) holding times before centrifugation. The susceptibility to cell loss during resuspension under conditions of high stress depended on cell type and the age of cells before centrifugation and the level of matrix crosslinking within the cell pellet as determined by the presence of detachment enzymes or possibly the nature of the resuspension medium. Changes in cell surface markers were significant in some cases but to a lower extent than loss of cell membrane integrity. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 997–1011. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Delahaye
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
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37
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38
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Adaptation for survival: Phenotype and transcriptome response of CHO cells to elevated stress induced by agitation and sparging. J Biotechnol 2014; 189:94-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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Ducci A, Weheliye WH. Orbitally shaken bioreactors-viscosity effects on flow characteristics. AIChE J 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.14608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ducci
- Mechanical Engineering Dept.; University College London; Torrington Place London WC1E 7JE U.K
| | - Weheliye Hashi Weheliye
- Mechanical Engineering Dept.; University College London; Torrington Place London WC1E 7JE U.K
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40
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Odeleye AOO, Marsh DTJ, Osborne MD, Lye GJ, Micheletti M. On the fluid dynamics of a laboratory scale single-use stirred bioreactor. Chem Eng Sci 2014; 111:299-312. [PMID: 24864128 PMCID: PMC4015722 DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2014.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The commercial success of mammalian cell-derived recombinant proteins has fostered an increase in demand for novel single-use bioreactor (SUB) systems that facilitate greater productivity, increased flexibility and reduced costs (Zhang et al., 2010). These systems exhibit fluid flow regimes unlike those encountered in traditional glass/stainless steel bioreactors because of the way in which they are designed. With such disparate hydrodynamic environments between SUBs currently on the market, traditional scale-up approaches applied to stirred tanks should be revised. One such SUB is the Mobius® 3 L CellReady, which consists of an upward-pumping marine scoping impeller. This work represents the first experimental study of the flow within the CellReady using a Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) approach, combined with a biological study into the impact of these fluid dynamic characteristics on cell culture performance. The PIV study was conducted within the actual vessel, rather than using a purpose-built mimic. PIV measurements conveyed a degree of fluid compartmentalisation resulting from the up-pumping impeller. Both impeller tip speed and fluid working volume had an impact upon the fluid velocities and spatial distribution of turbulence within the vessel. Cell cultures were conducted using the GS-CHO cell-line (Lonza) producing an IgG4 antibody. Disparity in cellular growth and viability throughout the range of operating conditions used (80-350 rpm and 1-2.4 L working volume) was not substantial, although a significant reduction in recombinant protein productivity was found at 350 rpm and 1 L working volume (corresponding to the highest Reynolds number tested in this work). The study shows promise in the use of PIV to improve understanding of the hydrodynamic environment within individual SUBs and allows identification of the critical hydrodynamic parameters under the different flow regimes for compatibility and scalability across the range of bioreactor platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O O Odeleye
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - D T J Marsh
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom ; Eli Lilly S.A. Irish Branch, Dunderrow, Kinsale, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - M D Osborne
- Eli Lilly S.A. Irish Branch, Dunderrow, Kinsale, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - G J Lye
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - M Micheletti
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
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41
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Computational fluid dynamics as a modern tool for engineering characterization of bioreactors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4155/pbp.13.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Chatel A, Kumpalume P, Hoare M. Ultra scale-down characterization of the impact of conditioning methods for harvested cell broths on clarification by continuous centrifugation-Recovery of domain antibodies from rec E. coli. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 111:913-24. [PMID: 24284936 PMCID: PMC4153950 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The processing of harvested E. coli cell broths is examined where the expressed protein product has been released into the extracellular space. Pre-treatment methods such as freeze–thaw, flocculation, and homogenization are studied. The resultant suspensions are characterized in terms of the particle size distribution, sensitivity to shear stress, rheology and solids volume fraction, and, using ultra scale-down methods, the predicted ability to clarify the material using industrial scale continuous flow centrifugation. A key finding was the potential of flocculation methods both to aid the recovery of the particles and to cause the selective precipitation of soluble contaminants. While the flocculated material is severely affected by process shear stress, the impact on the very fine end of the size distribution is relatively minor and hence the predicted performance was only diminished to a small extent, for example, from 99.9% to 99.7% clarification compared with 95% for autolysate and 65% for homogenate at equivalent centrifugation conditions. The lumped properties as represented by ultra scale-down centrifugation results were correlated with the basic properties affecting sedimentation including particle size distribution, suspension viscosity, and solids volume fraction. Grade efficiency relationships were used to allow for the particle and flow dynamics affecting capture in the centrifuge. The size distribution below a critical diameter dependant on the broth pre-treatment type was shown to be the main determining factor affecting the clarification achieved. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 913–924. © 2013 The Authors. Biotechnology and Bioengineering Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Chatel
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, UCL, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
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Nienow AW, Scott WH, Hewitt CJ, Thomas CR, Lewis G, Amanullah A, Kiss R, Meier SJ. Scale-down studies for assessing the impact of different stress parameters on growth and product quality during animal cell culture. Chem Eng Res Des 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Liu Y, Li F, Hu W, Wiltberger K, Ryll T. Effects of bubble-liquid two-phase turbulent hydrodynamics on cell damage in sparged bioreactor. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 30:48-58. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Dept. of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC
| | - Fanxing Li
- Dept. of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Dept. of Cell Culture Development; Biogen Idec Inc., Research Triangle Park; NC
| | - Kelly Wiltberger
- Dept. of Cell Culture Development; Biogen Idec Inc., Research Triangle Park; NC
| | - Thomas Ryll
- Dept. of Cell Culture Development; Biogen Idec Inc.; Cambridge MA
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Potty ASR, Xenopoulos A, Patel S, Prentice H, DiLeo A. The effect of antiapoptosis genes on clarification performance. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 30:100-7. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajish S. R. Potty
- Downstream Technologies; EMD Millipore; 80 Ashby Road Bedford MA 01730
| | - Alex Xenopoulos
- Downstream Technologies; EMD Millipore; 80 Ashby Road Bedford MA 01730
| | - Sonal Patel
- Upstream Technologies; EMD Millipore, 80 Ashby Road Bedford MA 01730
| | - Holly Prentice
- Upstream Technologies; EMD Millipore, 80 Ashby Road Bedford MA 01730
| | - Anthony DiLeo
- Divisional Business Development; EMD Millipore; 290 Concord Road Billerica MA 01821
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Development of a Scale-Down Model of hydrodynamic stress to study the performance of an industrial CHO cell line under simulated production scale bioreactor conditions. J Biotechnol 2013; 164:41-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 10/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Schnegas S, Antonyuk S, Heinrich S. 3D modeling and Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations of surface-attached CHO-K1 cells going to detach from a microchannel wall. POWDER TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2012.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Platas Barradas O, Jandt U, Minh Phan LD, Villanueva ME, Schaletzky M, Rath A, Freund S, Reichl U, Skerhutt E, Scholz S, Noll T, Sandig V, Pörtner R, Zeng AP. Evaluation of criteria for bioreactor comparison and operation standardization for mammalian cell culture. Eng Life Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201100163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Platas Barradas
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering; Hamburg University of Technology; Hamburg; Germany
| | - Uwe Jandt
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering; Hamburg University of Technology; Hamburg; Germany
| | - Linh Da Minh Phan
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering; Hamburg University of Technology; Hamburg; Germany
| | - Mario E. Villanueva
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering; Hamburg University of Technology; Hamburg; Germany
| | - Martin Schaletzky
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering; Hamburg University of Technology; Hamburg; Germany
| | - Alexander Rath
- Bioprocess Engineering; Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems; Magdeburg; Germany
| | - Susann Freund
- Bioprocess Engineering; Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems; Magdeburg; Germany
| | - Udo Reichl
- Bioprocess Engineering; Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems; Magdeburg; Germany
| | - Eva Skerhutt
- Cell Culture Technology; Bielefeld University; Bielefeld; Germany
| | - Sebastian Scholz
- Cell Culture Technology; Bielefeld University; Bielefeld; Germany
| | - Thomas Noll
- Cell Culture Technology; Bielefeld University; Bielefeld; Germany
| | - Volker Sandig
- Chief Scientific Officer, ProBioGen AG; Berlin; Germany
| | - Ralf Pörtner
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering; Hamburg University of Technology; Hamburg; Germany
| | - An-Ping Zeng
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering; Hamburg University of Technology; Hamburg; Germany
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Wurm M, Zeng AP. Mechanical disruption of mammalian cells in a microfluidic system and its numerical analysis based on computational fluid dynamics. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:1071-1077. [PMID: 22311121 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc20918g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The lysis of mammalian cells is an essential part of different lab-on-a-chip sample preparation methods, which aim at the release, separation, and subsequent analysis of DNA, proteins, or metabolites. Particularly for the analysis of compartmented in vivo metabolism of mammalian cells, such a method must be very fast compared to the metabolic turnover-rates, it should not affect the native metabolite concentrations, and should ideally leave cell organelles undamaged. So far, no such a method is available. We have developed a microfluidic system for the effective rapid mechanical cell disruption and established a mathematical model to describe the efficiency of the system. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were disrupted with high efficiency by passing through two consecutive micronozzle arrays. Simultaneous cell compression and shearing led to a disruption rate of ≥90% at a sample flow rate of Q = 120 μL min(-1) per nozzle passage, which corresponds to a mean fluid velocity of 13.3 m s(-1) and a mean Reynolds number of 22.6 in the nozzle gap. We discussed the problem of channel clogging by cellular debris and the resulting flow instability at the micronozzle arrays. The experimental results were compared to predictions from Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations and the critical energy dissipation rate for the disruption of the CHO cell population with known size distribution was determined to be 4.7 × 10(8) W m(-3). Our model for the calculation of cell disruption on the basis of CFD-data could be applied to other microgeometries to predict intended disruption or undesired cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Wurm
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, Hamburg, Germany
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