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Ortega-Requena S, Montiel C, Máximo F, Gómez M, Murcia MD, Bastida J. Esters in the Food and Cosmetic Industries: An Overview of the Reactors Used in Their Biocatalytic Synthesis. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:268. [PMID: 38204120 PMCID: PMC10779758 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Esters are versatile compounds with a wide range of applications in various industries due to their unique properties and pleasant aromas. Conventionally, the manufacture of these compounds has relied on the chemical route. Nevertheless, this technique employs high temperatures and inorganic catalysts, resulting in undesired additional steps to purify the final product by removing solvent residues, which decreases environmental sustainability and energy efficiency. In accordance with the principles of "Green Chemistry" and the search for more environmentally friendly methods, a new alternative, the enzymatic route, has been introduced. This technique uses low temperatures and does not require the use of solvents, resulting in more environmentally friendly final products. Despite the large number of studies published on the biocatalytic synthesis of esters, little attention has been paid to the reactors used for it. Therefore, it is convenient to gather the scattered information regarding the type of reactor employed in these synthesis reactions, considering the industrial field in which the process is carried out. A comparison between the performance of the different reactor configurations will allow us to draw the appropriate conclusions regarding their suitability for each specific industrial application. This review addresses, for the first time, the above aspects, which will undoubtedly help with the correct industrial implementation of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Josefa Bastida
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Campus of Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (S.O.-R.); (C.M.); (F.M.); (M.G.); (M.D.M.)
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Impact of critical parameters influencing enzymatic production of structured lipids using response surface methodology with water activity control. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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3
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Causevic A, Gladkauskas E, Olofsson K, Adlercreutz P, Grey C. Impact of critical parameters influencing enzymatic production of structured lipids using response surface methodology with water activity control. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Abstract
Lipases are versatile enzymes widely used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. They are green biocatalysts with a high potential for industrial use compared to traditional chemical methods. In recent years, lipases have been used to synthesize a wide variety of molecules of industrial interest, and extraordinary results have been reported. In this sense, this review describes the important role of lipases in the synthesis of phytosterol esters, which have attracted the scientific community’s attention due to their beneficial effects on health. A systematic search for articles and patents published in the last 20 years with the terms “phytosterol AND esters AND lipase” was carried out using the Scopus, Web of Science, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases, and the results showed that Candida rugosa lipases are the most relevant biocatalysts for the production of phytosterol esters, being used in more than 50% of the studies. The optimal temperature and time for the enzymatic synthesis of phytosterol esters mainly ranged from 30 to 101 °C and from 1 to 72 h. The esterification yield was greater than 90% for most analyzed studies. Therefore, this manuscript presents the new technological approaches and the gaps that need to be filled by future studies so that the enzymatic synthesis of phytosterol esters is widely developed.
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Macías-Alonso M, Hernández-Soto R, Carrera-Rodríguez M, Salazar-Hernández C, Mendoza-Miranda JM, Villegas-Alcaraz JF, Marrero JG. Obtention of biodiesel through an enzymatic two-step process. Study of its performance and characteristic emissions. RSC Adv 2022; 12:23747-23753. [PMID: 36090409 PMCID: PMC9394349 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03578b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the enzymatic synthesis of biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO) in a two-step production process: hydrolysis of WCO, followed by acid-catalyzed esterification of free fatty acids (FFAs). Among the three commercial enzymes evaluated, the inexpensive lipase Lipex® 100L supported on Lewatit® VP OC 1600 produced the best overall biodiesel yield (96.3%). Finally, we assessed the combustion efficiency of the obtained biodiesel and its blends. All blends tested presented lower emissions of CO and HC compared to diesel. The NOx emissions were higher due to biodiesel's high volatility and viscosity. The cost of biodiesel production was calculated using the process described. The inexpensive lipase Lipex® 100L produced biodiesel from waste cooking oil in a two-step process, with an overall yield of 96.3%.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Macías-Alonso
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingeniería Campus Guanajuato, Av. Mineral de Valenciana 200 Col. Fracc. Industrial Puerto Interior, Silao 36275, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Rosa Hernández-Soto
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingeniería Campus Guanajuato, Av. Mineral de Valenciana 200 Col. Fracc. Industrial Puerto Interior, Silao 36275, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Marcelino Carrera-Rodríguez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingeniería Campus Guanajuato, Av. Mineral de Valenciana 200 Col. Fracc. Industrial Puerto Interior, Silao 36275, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Carmen Salazar-Hernández
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingeniería Campus Guanajuato, Av. Mineral de Valenciana 200 Col. Fracc. Industrial Puerto Interior, Silao 36275, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Juan Manuel Mendoza-Miranda
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingeniería Campus Guanajuato, Av. Mineral de Valenciana 200 Col. Fracc. Industrial Puerto Interior, Silao 36275, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - José Francisco Villegas-Alcaraz
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingeniería Campus Guanajuato, Av. Mineral de Valenciana 200 Col. Fracc. Industrial Puerto Interior, Silao 36275, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Joaquín González Marrero
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingeniería Campus Guanajuato, Av. Mineral de Valenciana 200 Col. Fracc. Industrial Puerto Interior, Silao 36275, Guanajuato, Mexico
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Abstract
Vitamin E is easily oxidized by light, air, oxidizing agents and heat, limiting its application in many ways. Compared to vitamin E, vitamin E ester derivatives exhibit improved stability and a stronger antioxidant capacity, and even gain new biological functions. In recent years, enzymatic synthesis of vitamin E ester derivatives has received increasing attention due to its environmental friendliness, high catalytic efficiency, and inherent selectivity. This paper reviews the related progress of lipase-mediated preparation of vitamin E ester derivatives. The function of different vitamin E ester derivatives, and the main factors influencing the enzymatic acylation process, including enzyme species, acyl donor and acceptor, reaction media and water activity, are summarized in this paper. Finally, the perspective of lipase-catalyzed synthesis of vitamin E ester derivatives is also discussed.
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7
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Modelling of immobilized Candida rugosa lipase catalysed esterification process in batch reactor equipped with temperature and water activity control system. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Enzyme-Coated Micro-Crystals: An Almost Forgotten but Very Simple and Elegant Immobilization Strategy. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10080891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immobilization of enzymes using protein coated micro-crystals (PCMCs) was reported for the first time in 2001 by Kreiner and coworkers. The strategy is very simple. First, an enzyme solution must be prepared in a concentrated solution of one compound (salt, sugar, amino acid) very soluble in water and poorly soluble in a water-soluble solvent. Then, the enzyme solution is added dropwise to the water soluble solvent under rapid stirring. The components accompanying the enzyme are called the crystal growing agents, the solvent being the dehydrating agent. This strategy permits the rapid dehydration of the enzyme solution drops, resulting in a crystallization of the crystal formation agent, and the enzyme is deposited on this crystal surface. The reaction medium where these biocatalysts can be used is marked by the solubility of the PCMC components, and usually these biocatalysts may be employed in water soluble organic solvents with a maximum of 20% water. The evolution of these PCMC was to chemically crosslink them and further improve their stabilities. Moreover, the PCMC strategy has been used to coimmobilize enzymes or enzymes and cofactors. The immobilization may permit the use of buffers as crystal growth agents, enabling control of the reaction pH in the enzyme environments. Usually, the PCMC biocatalysts are very stable and more active than other biocatalysts of the same enzyme. However, this simple (at least at laboratory scale) immobilization strategy is underutilized even when the publications using it systematically presented a better performance of them in organic solvents than that of many other immobilized biocatalysts. In fact, many possibilities and studies using this technique are lacking. This review tried to outline the possibilities of this useful immobilization strategy.
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10
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Solvent-free enzymatic production of high quality cetyl esters. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2016; 39:641-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-016-1545-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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11
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Shen H, Tao Y, Cui C, Zhang Y, Chen B, Tan T. Synthesis of 2-ethyl hexanol fatty acid esters in a packed bed bioreactor using a lipase immobilized on a textile membrane. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2015.1018191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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12
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Tao Y, Chen G, Pavlidis IV, Jiang Y, Qie L, Cui C, Liu L, Chen B, Tan T. A water-dependent kinetics guide for complex lipase-mediated synthesis of biolubricants in a water activity control reactor. Catal Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cy00995b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A water-dependent kinetic model for a lipase-mediated reaction with multiple substrates and products in a water activity control reactor was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Tao
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- PR China
| | - Guohua Chen
- Optical, Mechanical and Electronic Integration Lab
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- PR China
| | - Ioannis V. Pavlidis
- Institute of Biochemistry
- Dept. of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis
- Greifswald University
- Greifswald 17487
- Germany
| | - Yang Jiang
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- PR China
| | - Longfei Qie
- Optical, Mechanical and Electronic Integration Lab
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- PR China
| | - Caixia Cui
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- PR China
| | - Luo Liu
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- PR China
| | - Biqiang Chen
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- PR China
| | - Tianwei Tan
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- PR China
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13
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Lundemo P, Karlsson EN, Adlercreutz P. Preparation of two glycoside hydrolases for use in micro-aqueous media. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Chatterjee S, Sharma A, Chattopadhyay S. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of the macrolide antibiotic (−)-A26771B. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra05399k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The macrolide antibiotic (−)-A26771B is synthesized using lipase catalyzed reactions as the key steps.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anubha Sharma
- Bio-Organic Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai 400 085, India
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15
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Nordblad M, Adlercreutz P. Immobilisation procedure and reaction conditions for optimal performance ofCandida antarcticalipase B in transesterification and hydrolysis. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2013. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2013.837240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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16
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Activity of immobilized Thermomyces lanuginosus and Candida antarctica B Lipases in Interesterification Reactions: Effect of the Aqueous Microenvironment. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-013-2256-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Yara-Varón E, Eras Joli J, Torres M, Sala N, Villorbina G, Méndez JJ, Canela-Garayoa R. Solvent-free biocatalytic interesterification of acrylate derivatives. Catal Today 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2012.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Ye R, Hayes DG. Solvent-free lipase-catalysed synthesis of saccharide-fatty acid esters: closed-loop bioreactor system with in situ formation of metastable suspensions. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2012. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2012.661725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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20
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Wedberg R, Abildskov J, Peters GH. Protein Dynamics in Organic Media at Varying Water Activity Studied by Molecular Dynamics Simulation. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:2575-85. [DOI: 10.1021/jp211054u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Wedberg
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical
Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 229, DTU, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jens Abildskov
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical
Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 229, DTU, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Günther H. Peters
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building
207, DTU, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- MEMPHYS−Center for Biomembrane Physics
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Kaki SS, Grey C, Adlercreutz P. Bioorganic synthesis, characterization and antioxidant activity of esters of natural phenolics and α-lipoic acid. J Biotechnol 2011; 157:344-9. [PMID: 22138637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of six esters of natural phenolics and α-lipoic acid was carried to produce novel compounds with potential bioactivity. The synthetic route was mild, simple, and efficient with satisfactory yields. The synthesized compounds were screened for antioxidant activities. The prepared derivatives exhibited very good antioxidant activities as determined by DPPH radical scavenging assay and inhibition of lipid oxidation in fish oil emulsion system. Among the prepared derivatives, three compounds exhibited radical scavenging activity similar to the reference antioxidants, BHT and alpha-tocopherol in the DPPH radical scavenging assay, where as in fish oil emulsion system, two derivatives showed activity, which was similar to the reference antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Shanker Kaki
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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22
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Ye R, Hayes DG. Lipase‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Saccharide‐Fatty Acid Esters Utilizing Solvent‐Free Suspensions: Effect of Acyl Donors and Acceptors, and Enzyme Activity Retention. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-011-1919-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Ye
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil ScienceUniversity of Tennessee2506 E.J. Chapman Dr.KnoxvilleTN37996‐4531USA
| | - Douglas G. Hayes
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil ScienceUniversity of Tennessee2506 E.J. Chapman Dr.KnoxvilleTN37996‐4531USA
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23
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Optimization of the Solvent‐Free Lipase‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Fructose‐Oleic Acid Ester Through Programming of Water Removal. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-011-1791-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Esterification Synthesis of Ethyl Oleate in Solvent-Free System Catalyzed by Lipase Membrane from Fermentation Broth. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2010; 163:102-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-010-9020-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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25
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Schörken U, Kempers P. Lipid biotechnology: Industrially relevant production processes. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200900057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Sabbani S, Hedenström E. Control of water activity in lipase catalysed esterification of chiral alkanoic acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2008.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hagström AE, Nordblad M, Adlercreutz P. Biocatalytic polyester acrylation-process optimization and enzyme stability. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 102:693-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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28
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Osório NM, Dubreucq E, da Fonseca MMR, Ferreira-Dias S. Lipase/acyltransferase-catalysed interesterification of fat blends containing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200800109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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29
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Nordblad M, Adlercreutz P. Efficient enzymatic acrylation through transesterification at controlled water activity. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 99:1518-24. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.21706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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30
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Abstract
Lipases are used in various sectors, as pharmaceutical, food or detergency industry. Their advantage versus classical chemical catalysts is that they exhibit a better selectivity and operate in milder reaction conditions. Theses enzymes can also be used in lipophilization reactions corresponding to the grafting of a lipophilic moiety to a hydrophilic one such as sugar, amino acids and proteins, or phenolic compounds. The major difficulty to overcome in such enzyme-catalyzed reaction resides in the fact that the two involved substrates greatly differ in term of polarity and solvent affinity. Therefore, several key parameters are to be considered in order to achieve the reaction in satisfactory kinetics and yields. The present review discusses the nature of such parameters (eg solvent nature, water activity, chemical modification of substrates) and illustrates their effect with examples of lipase-catalyzed lipophilization reactions of various sugar, amino acids or phenolic derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Villeneuve
- UMR IATE Laboratoire de Lipotechnie, CIRAD, TA 40/16, Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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