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Rahmatabadi SS, Bashiri H, Soleymani B. A comprehensive review on fructosyl peptide oxidase as an important enzyme for present hemoglobin A1c assays. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2024. [PMID: 39099239 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Glycated proteins are generated by binding of glucose to the proteins in blood stream through a nonenzymatic reaction. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is a glycated protein with glucose at the N-terminal of β-chain. HbA1c is extensively used as an indicator for assessing the blood glucose concentration in diabetes patients. There are different conventional clinical methods for the detection of HbA1c. However, enzymatic detection method has newly obtained great attention for its high precision and cost-effectiveness. Today, fructosyl peptide oxidase (FPOX) plays a key role in the enzymatic measurement of HbA1c, and different companies have marketed HbA1c assay systems based on FPOX. Recent investigations show that FPOX could be used in assaying HbA1 without requiring HbA1c primary digestion. It could also be applied as a biosensor for HbA1c detection. In this review, we have discussed the recent improvements of FPOX properties, different methods of FPOX purification, solubility, and immobilization, and also the use of FPOX in HbA1c biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Soheil Rahmatabadi
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hoda Bashiri
- Department of Plant Production Engineering and Genetics, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Bijan Soleymani
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Rigoldi F, Donini S, Torretta A, Carbone A, Redaelli A, Bandiera T, Parisini E, Gautieri A. Rational backbone redesign of a fructosyl peptide oxidase to widen its active site access tunnel. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:3688-3698. [PMID: 32797625 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fructosyl peptide oxidases (FPOXs) are enzymes currently used in enzymatic assays to measure the concentration of glycated hemoglobin and albumin in blood samples, which serve as biomarkers of diabetes. However, since FPOX are unable to work directly on glycated proteins, current enzymatic assays are based on a preliminary proteolytic digestion of the target proteins. Herein, to improve the speed and costs of the enzymatic assays for diabetes testing, we applied a rational design approach to engineer a novel enzyme with a wider access tunnel to the catalytic site, using a combination of Rosetta design and molecular dynamics simulations. Our final design, L3_35A, shows a significantly wider and shorter access tunnel, resulting from the deletion of five-amino acids lining the gate structures and from a total of 35 point mutations relative to the wild-type (WT) enzyme. Indeed, upon experimental testing, our engineered enzyme shows good structural stability and maintains significant activity relative to the WT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rigoldi
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Biomolecular Engineering Lab, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Donini
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milano, Italy
| | - Archimede Torretta
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Carbone
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,D3-PharmaChemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Alberto Redaelli
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Biomolecular Engineering Lab, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Tiziano Bandiera
- D3-PharmaChemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Emilio Parisini
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milano, Italy.,Biotechnology Group, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - Alfonso Gautieri
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Biomolecular Engineering Lab, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Creation of haemoglobin A1c direct oxidase from fructosyl peptide oxidase by combined structure-based site specific mutagenesis and random mutagenesis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:942. [PMID: 30700768 PMCID: PMC6353924 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37806-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The currently available haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) enzymatic assay consists of two specific steps: proteolysis of HbA1c and oxidation of the liberated fructosyl peptide by fructosyl peptide oxidase (FPOX). To develop a more convenient and high throughput assay, we devised novel protease-free assay system employing modified FPOX with HbA1c oxidation activity, namely HbA1c direct oxidase (HbA1cOX). AnFPOX-15, a modified FPOX from Aspergillus nidulans, was selected for conversion to HbA1cOX. As deduced from the crystal structure of AnFPOX-15, R61 was expected to obstruct the entrance of bulky substrates. An R61G mutant was thus constructed to open the gate at the active site. The prepared mutant exhibited significant reactivity for fructosyl hexapeptide (F-6P, N-terminal amino acids of HbA1c), and its crystal structure revealed a wider gate observed for AnFPOX-15. To improve the reactivity for F-6P, several mutagenesis approaches were performed. The ultimately generated AnFPOX-47 exhibited the highest F-6P reactivity and possessed HbA1c oxidation activity. HbA1c levels in blood samples as measured using the direct assay system using AnFPOX-47 were highly correlated with the levels measured using the conventional HPLC method. In this study, FPOX was successfully converted to HbA1cOX, which could represent a novel in vitro diagnostic modality for diabetes mellitus.
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X-ray structures of fructosyl peptide oxidases revealing residues responsible for gating oxygen access in the oxidative half reaction. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2790. [PMID: 28584265 PMCID: PMC5459902 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02657-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Current enzymatic systems for quantifying glycated hemoglobin are based on the FAD-containing enzyme fructosyl peptide oxidase (FPOX). FPOX has substrate specificity for fructosyl-α N-valyl-histidine derived from proteolytic digestion of the N-terminus of the HbA1c β-chain. This study reports the X-ray structures of the wild-type and Asn56Ala (N56A) mutant of Phaeosphaeria nodorum fructosyl peptide oxidase (PnFPOX) to elucidate the residues responsible for the oxidative half-reaction. N56A showed decreased oxidase activity compared to the wild -type, while its dye-mediated dehydrogenase activity was higher than that of wild type. In wild-type PnFPOX, Asn56 forms a hydrogen bond with Lys274, thereby preventing it from forming a salt bridge with Asp54. By contrast, Lys274 of PnFPOX N56A moves toward Asp54, and they approach each other to form a salt bridge at a distance of 2.92-3.35 Å. Site-directed mutagenesis studies and protein channel analysis suggest that Asp54 assists in accepting oxygen properly at the position of the bound water molecule in the main oxygen channel. These results reveal that Asn56 in PnFPOX is essential for maintaining an effective oxygen accession path, and support the role of Asp54 as a gate keeper that cooperates with Lys274 to enable oxygen to reach the active site properly.
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Gan W, Gao F, Xing K, Jia M, Liu H, Gong W. Structural basis of the substrate specificity of the FPOD/FAOD family revealed by fructosyl peptide oxidase from Eupenicillium terrenum. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2015; 71:381-7. [PMID: 25849495 PMCID: PMC4388169 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x15003921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The FAOD/FPOD family of proteins has the potential to be useful for the longterm detection of blood glucose levels in diabetes patients. A bottleneck for this application is to find or engineer a FAOD/FPOD family enzyme that is specifically active towards α-fructosyl peptides but is inactive towards other types of glycated peptides. Here, the crystal structure of fructosyl peptide oxidase from Eupenicillium terrenum (EtFPOX) is reported at 1.9 Å resolution. In contrast to the previously reported structure of amadoriase II, EtFPOX has an open substrate entrance to accommodate the large peptide substrate. The functions of residues critical for substrate selection are discussed based on structure comparison and sequence alignment. This study reveals the first structural details of group I FPODs that prefer α-fructosyl substrates and could provide significant useful information for uncovering the mechanism of substrate specificity of FAOD/FPODs and guidance towards future enzyme engineering for diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiong Gan
- Key Laboratory of RNA, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory of RNA, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Keke Xing
- Center for Chemical Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300457, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minze Jia
- Key Laboratory of RNA, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiping Liu
- Center for Chemical Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300457, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weimin Gong
- Key Laboratory of RNA, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People’s Republic of China
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