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Krebs SK, Stech M, Jorde F, Rakotoarinoro N, Ramm F, Marinoff S, Bahrke S, Danielczyk A, Wüstenhagen DA, Kubick S. Synthesis of an Anti-CD7 Recombinant Immunotoxin Based on PE24 in CHO and E. coli Cell-Free Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213697. [PMID: 36430170 PMCID: PMC9697001 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant immunotoxins (RITs) are an effective class of agents for targeted therapy in cancer treatment. In this article, we demonstrate the straight-forward production and testing of an anti-CD7 RIT based on PE24 in a prokaryotic and a eukaryotic cell-free system. The prokaryotic cell-free system was derived from Escherichia coli BL21 StarTM (DE3) cells transformed with a plasmid encoding the chaperones groEL/groES. The eukaryotic cell-free system was prepared from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells that leave intact endoplasmic reticulum-derived microsomes in the cell-free reaction mix from which the RIT was extracted. The investigated RIT was built by fusing an anti-CD7 single-chain variable fragment (scFv) with the toxin domain PE24, a shortened variant of Pseudomonas Exotoxin A. The RIT was produced in both cell-free systems and tested for antigen binding against CD7 and cell killing on CD7-positive Jurkat, HSB-2, and ALL-SIL cells. CD7-positive cells were effectively killed by the anti-CD7 scFv-PE24 RIT with an IC50 value of 15 pM to 40 pM for CHO and 42 pM to 156 pM for E. coli cell-free-produced RIT. CD7-negative Raji cells were unaffected by the RIT. Toxin and antibody domain alone did not show cytotoxic effects on either CD7-positive or CD7-negative cells. To our knowledge, this report describes the production of an active RIT in E. coli and CHO cell-free systems for the first time. We provide the proof-of-concept that cell-free protein synthesis allows for on-demand testing of antibody−toxin conjugate activity in a time-efficient workflow without cell lysis or purification required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon K. Krebs
- Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute for Biotechnology, Technical University of Berlin, Ackerstrasse 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marlitt Stech
- Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Felix Jorde
- Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nathanaël Rakotoarinoro
- Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Ramm
- Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Marinoff
- Glycotope GmbH, Robert-Roessle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Bahrke
- Glycotope GmbH, Robert-Roessle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Antje Danielczyk
- Glycotope GmbH, Robert-Roessle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Doreen A. Wüstenhagen
- Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stefan Kubick
- Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, The Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and the University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Nand A, Singh V, Pérez JB, Tyagi D, Cheng Z, Zhu J. In situ protein microarrays capable of real-time kinetics analysis based on surface plasmon resonance imaging. Anal Biochem 2014; 464:30-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Tuckey C, Asahara H, Zhou Y, Chong S. Protein synthesis using a reconstituted cell-free system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 108:16.31.1-16.31.22. [PMID: 25271715 DOI: 10.1002/0471142727.mb1631s108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Most cell-free protein-synthesis systems are based on cell extracts, which often contain undesirable activities. Reconstituted systems, by contrast, are composed of a defined number of purified and recombinant components with minimal nuclease and protease activities. This unit describes the use of a particular commercial reconstituted system, PURExpress. This system allows in vitro synthesis of proteins from mRNA and circular and linear DNA templates, as well as co-translational labeling of proteins. Unique to this system, all recombinant protein components of the system are His-tagged, allowing purification of the synthesized untagged protein by removing the rest of the system's components. Newly synthesized proteins can often be visible on an SDS-PAGE gel and directly assayed for their functions without labeling and purification. Certain components of the system, such as ribosomes or release factors, can be omitted for specific applications. Such "delta" versions of the system are well suited for studies of bacterial translation, assays of ribosome function, incorporation of unnatural amino acids, and ribosome display of protein libraries.
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Zheng X, Dong S, Zheng J, Li D, Li F, Luo Z. Expression, stabilization and purification of membrane proteins via diverse protein synthesis systems and detergents involving cell-free associated with self-assembly peptide surfactants. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:564-74. [PMID: 24566241 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are involved in regulating most of physiological actions and metabolism in the bodies, which have become most frequently addressed therapeutic targets for various disorders and diseases. Purified GPCR-based drug discoveries have become routine that approaches to structural study, novel biophysical and biochemical function analyses. However, several bottlenecks that GPCR-directed drugs need to conquer the problems including overexpression, solubilization, and purification as well as stabilization. The breakthroughs are to obtain efficient protein yield and stabilize their functional conformation which are both urgently requiring of effective protein synthesis system methods and optimal surfactants. Cell-free protein synthesis system is superior to the high yields and post-translation modifications, and early signs of self-assembly peptide detergents also emerged to superiority in purification of membrane proteins. We herein focus several predominant protein synthesis systems and surfactants involving the novel peptide detergents, and uncover the advantages of cell-free protein synthesis system with self-assembling peptide detergents in purification of functional GPCRs. This review is useful to further study in membrane proteins as well as the new drug exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zheng
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuangshuang Dong
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- College of laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Duanhua Li
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Li
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhongli Luo
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Rosenblum G, Cooperman BS. Engine out of the chassis: cell-free protein synthesis and its uses. FEBS Lett 2013; 588:261-8. [PMID: 24161673 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The translation machinery is the engine of life. Extracting the cytoplasmic milieu from a cell affords a lysate capable of producing proteins in concentrations reaching to tens of micromolar. Such lysates, derivable from a variety of cells, allow the facile addition and subtraction of components that are directly or indirectly related to the translation machinery and/or the over-expressed protein. The flexible nature of such cell-free expression systems, when coupled with high throughput monitoring, can be especially suitable for protein engineering studies, allowing one to bypass multiple steps typically required using conventional in vivo protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Rosenblum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, United States.
| | - Barry S Cooperman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, United States
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Nand A, Gautam A, Pérez JB, Merino A, Zhu J. Emerging technology of in situ cell free expression protein microarrays. Protein Cell 2012; 3:84-8. [PMID: 22426976 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-012-2012-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, in situ protein microarrays have been developed for large scale analysis and high throughput studies of proteins. In situ protein microarrays produce proteins directly on the solid surface from pre-arrayed DNA or RNA. The advances in in situ protein microarrays are exemplified by the ease of cDNA cloning and cell free protein expression. These technologies can evaluate, validate and monitor protein in a cost effective manner and address the issue of a high quality protein supply to use in the array. Here we review the importance of recently employed methods: PISA (protein in situ array), DAPA (DNA array to protein array), NAPPA (nucleic acid programmable protein array) and TUSTER microarrays and the role of these methods in proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Nand
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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Cell-free protein synthesis: applications come of age. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 30:1185-94. [PMID: 22008973 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell-free protein synthesis has emerged as a powerful technology platform to help satisfy the growing demand for simple and efficient protein production. While used for decades as a foundational research tool for understanding transcription and translation, recent advances have made possible cost-effective microscale to manufacturing scale synthesis of complex proteins. Protein yields exceed grams protein produced per liter reaction volume, batch reactions last for multiple hours, costs have been reduced orders of magnitude, and reaction scale has reached the 100-liter milestone. These advances have inspired new applications in the synthesis of protein libraries for functional genomics and structural biology, the production of personalized medicines, and the expression of virus-like particles, among others. In the coming years, cell-free protein synthesis promises new industrial processes where short protein production timelines are crucial as well as innovative approaches to a wide range of applications.
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