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Pendse DS, Deshmukh M, Pande A. Different pre-treatments and kinetic models for bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass: A review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16604. [PMID: 37260877 PMCID: PMC10227349 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is the generally explored substrate to produce bioethanol for environmental sustainability due to its availability in abundance. However, the complex network of cellulose-hemicellulose-lignin present in it makes its hydrolysis as a challenging task. To boost the effectiveness of conversion, biomass is pre-treated before enzymatic hydrolysis to alter or destroy its original composition. Enzymes like Cellulases are widely used for breaking down cellulose into fermentable sugars. Enzymatic hydrolysis is a complex process involving many influencing factors such as pH, temperature, substrate concentration. This review presents major four pre-treatment methods used for hydrolysing different substrates under varied reaction conditions along with their mechanism and limitations. A relative comparison of data analysis for most widely studied 10 kinetic models is briefly explained in terms of substrates used to get the brief insight about hydrolysis rates. The summary of pre-treatment methods and hydrolysis rates including cellulase enzyme kinetics will be the value addition for upcoming researchers for optimising the hydrolysis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanashri S Pendse
- Research Scholar, School of Chemical Engineering, Dr. Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace University, Pune, 411038, India
| | - Minal Deshmukh
- School of Petroleum Engineering, Dr. Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace University, Pune, 411038, India
| | - Ashwini Pande
- School of Petroleum Engineering, Dr Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace University, Pune, 411038, India
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Abstract
Testing of cellulases on real biomass samples is required to do a true assessment of their efficacy for biomass degradation. Cellulase enzymes belong to a number of different glycosyl hydrolase families, all with different activity, specificity and modes of action. The concerted and synergistic action of these different cellulases determines the efficacy for plant cell wall deconstruction and cellulose hydrolysis. However, the plant cell wall of lignocellulosic materials is a very complex matrix and the efficacy of a cellulase preparation to degrade lignocellulosic materials is influenced by many factors. In this chapter, two protocols for testing efficacy of cellulases on pretreated biomass samples are described. The first protocol describes a small-scale setup employing low solids concentration that easily enables the testing of a larger number of samples. The second protocol describes a method for testing the efficacy of cellulases at conditions more closely resembling industrial conditions, i.e., high solids concentrations. Both protocols can be used to test the cellulases under a variety of substrate types, substrate concentrations, enzyme loadings and process conditions. The protocols can also be used to evaluate different feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Jørgensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Wang H, Tao Y, Temudo M, Schooneveld M, Bijl H, Ren N, Wolf M, Heine C, Foerster A, Pelenc V, Kloek J, van Lier JB, de Kreuk M. An integrated approach for efficient biomethane production from solid bio-wastes in a compact system. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:62. [PMID: 25870654 PMCID: PMC4394555 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0237-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solid bio-wastes (or organic residues) are worldwide produced in high amount and increasingly considered bioenergy containers rather than waste products. A complete bioprocess from recalcitrant solid wastes to methane (SW2M) via anaerobic digestion (AD) is believed to be a sustainable way to utilize solid bio-wastes. However, the complex and recalcitrance of these organic solids make the hydrolysis process inefficient and thus a rate-limiting step to many AD technologies. Effort has been made to enhance the hydrolysis efficiency, but a comprehensive assessment over a complete flow scheme of SW2M is rare. RESULTS In this study, it comes to reality of a complete scheme for SW2M. A novel process to efficiently convert organic residues into methane is proposed, which proved to be more favorable compared to conventional methods. Brewers' spent grain (BSG) and pig manure (PM) were used to test the feasibility and efficiency. BSG and PM were enzymatically pre-hydrolyzed and solubilized, after which the hydrolysates were anaerobically digested using different bioreactor designs, including expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB), continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR), and sequencing batch reactor (SBR). High organic loading rates (OLRs), reaching 19 and 21 kgCOD · m(-3) · day(-1) were achieved for the EGSBs, fed with BSG and PM, respectively, which were five to seven times higher than those obtained with direct digestion of the raw materials via CSTR or SBR. About 56% and 45% organic proportion of the BSG and PM can be eventually converted to methane. CONCLUSIONS This study proves that complex organic solids, such as cellulose, hemicellulose, proteins, and lipids can be efficiently hydrolyzed, yielding easy biodegradable/bio-convertible influents for the subsequent anaerobic digestion step. Although the economical advantage might not be clear, the current approach represents an efficient way for industrial-scale treatment of organic residues with a small footprint and fast conversion of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Wang
- />State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150090 Harbin, China
- />Section of Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
- />UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Yu Tao
- />State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150090 Harbin, China
- />Section of Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Henk Bijl
- />DSM Biotechnology Center, 2600 MA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Nanqi Ren
- />State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150090 Harbin, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Joris Kloek
- />DSM Biotechnology Center, 2600 MA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jules B van Lier
- />Section of Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
- />UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Merle de Kreuk
- />Section of Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
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Li H, Gao X, DeMartini JD, Kumar R, Wyman CE. Application of high throughput pretreatment and co-hydrolysis system to thermochemical pretreatment. Part 2: Dilute alkali. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:2894-901. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjia Li
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering; Bourns College of Engineering; University of California Riverside; 446 Winston Chung Hall, 900 University Ave Riverside California 92521
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT); Bourns College of Engineering; University of California Riverside; Riverside California
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC); Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge Tennessee
| | - Xiadi Gao
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering; Bourns College of Engineering; University of California Riverside; 446 Winston Chung Hall, 900 University Ave Riverside California 92521
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT); Bourns College of Engineering; University of California Riverside; Riverside California
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC); Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge Tennessee
| | - Jaclyn D. DeMartini
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering; Bourns College of Engineering; University of California Riverside; 446 Winston Chung Hall, 900 University Ave Riverside California 92521
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT); Bourns College of Engineering; University of California Riverside; Riverside California
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC); Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge Tennessee
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering; Bourns College of Engineering; University of California Riverside; 446 Winston Chung Hall, 900 University Ave Riverside California 92521
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT); Bourns College of Engineering; University of California Riverside; Riverside California
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC); Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge Tennessee
| | - Charles E. Wyman
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering; Bourns College of Engineering; University of California Riverside; 446 Winston Chung Hall, 900 University Ave Riverside California 92521
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT); Bourns College of Engineering; University of California Riverside; Riverside California
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC); Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge Tennessee
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Chemical Pretreatment Methods for the Production of Cellulosic Ethanol: Technologies and Innovations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/719607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pretreatment of lignocellulose has received considerable research globally due to its influence on the technical, economic and environmental sustainability of cellulosic ethanol production. Some of the most promising pretreatment methods require the application of chemicals such as acids, alkali, salts, oxidants, and solvents. Thus, advances in research have enabled the development and integration of chemical-based pretreatment into proprietary ethanol production technologies in several pilot and demonstration plants globally, with potential to scale-up to commercial levels. This paper reviews known and emerging chemical pretreatment methods, highlighting recent findings and process innovations developed to offset inherent challenges via a range of interventions, notably, the combination of chemical pretreatment with other methods to improve carbohydrate preservation, reduce formation of degradation products, achieve high sugar yields at mild reaction conditions, reduce solvent loads and enzyme dose, reduce waste generation, and improve recovery of biomass components in pure forms. The use of chemicals such as ionic liquids, NMMO, and sulphite are promising once challenges in solvent recovery are overcome. For developing countries, alkali-based methods are relatively easy to deploy in decentralized, low-tech systems owing to advantages such as the requirement of simple reactors and the ease of operation.
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