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Hoveidaei AH, Sadat-Shojai M, Mosalamiaghili S, Salarikia SR, Roghani-Shahraki H, Ghaderpanah R, Ersi MH, Conway JD. Nano-hydroxyapatite structures for bone regenerative medicine: Cell-material interaction. Bone 2024; 179:116956. [PMID: 37951520 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering holds great promise for the regeneration of damaged or severe bone defects. However, several challenges hinder its translation into clinical practice. To address these challenges, interdisciplinary efforts and advances in biomaterials, cell biology, and bioengineering are required. In recent years, nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA)-based scaffolds have emerged as a promising approach for the development of bone regenerative agents. The unique similarity of nHA with minerals found in natural bones promotes remineralization and stimulates bone growth, which are crucial factors for efficient bone regeneration. Moreover, nHA exhibits desirable properties, such as strong chemical interactions with bone and facilitation of tissue growth, without inducing inflammation or toxicity. It also promotes osteoblast survival, adhesion, and proliferation, as well as increasing alkaline phosphatase activity, osteogenic differentiation, and bone-specific gene expression. However, it is important to note that the effect of nHA on osteoblast behavior is dose-dependent, with cytotoxic effects observed at higher doses. Additionally, the particle size of nHA plays a crucial role, with smaller particles having a more significant impact. Therefore, in this review, we highlighted the potential of nHA for improving bone regeneration processes and summarized the available data on bone cell response to nHA-based scaffolds. In addition, an attempt is made to portray the current status of bone tissue engineering using nHA/polymer hybrids and some recent scientific research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Human Hoveidaei
- International Center for Limb Lengthening, Rubin Institute for Advanced Orthopedics, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mehdi Sadat-Shojai
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyedarad Mosalamiaghili
- Burn and Wound Healing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | | | - Rezvan Ghaderpanah
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hamed Ersi
- Evidence Based Medicine Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran; Clinical Research Development Center of Shahid Mohammadi Hospital, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Janet D Conway
- International Center for Limb Lengthening, Rubin Institute for Advanced Orthopedics, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Yazdanpanah Z, Sharma NK, Raquin A, Cooper DML, Chen X, Johnston JD. Printing tissue-engineered scaffolds made of polycaprolactone and nano-hydroxyapatite with mechanical properties appropriate for trabecular bone substitutes. Biomed Eng Online 2023; 22:73. [PMID: 37474951 PMCID: PMC10360269 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-023-01135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone tissue engineering, based on three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, has emerged as a promising approach to treat bone defects using scaffolds. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of porosity and internal structure on the mechanical properties of scaffolds. METHODS We fabricated composite scaffolds (which aimed to replicate trabecular bone) from polycaprolactone (PCL) reinforced with 30% (wt.) nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp) by extrusion printing. Scaffolds with various porosities were designed and fabricated with and without an interlayer offset, termed as staggered and lattice structure, respectively. Mechanical compressive testing was performed to determine scaffold elastic modulus and yield strength. Linear regression was used to evaluate mechanical properties as a function of scaffold porosity. RESULTS Different relationships between mechanical properties and porosities were noted for the staggered and lattice structures. For elastic moduli, the two relationships intersected (porosity = 55%) such that the lattice structure exhibited higher moduli with porosity values greater than the intersection point; vice versa for the staggered structure. The lattice structure exhibited higher yield strength at all porosities. Mechanical testing results also indicated elastic moduli and yield strength properties comparable to trabecular bone (elastic moduli: 14-165 MPa; yield strength: 0.9-10 MPa). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, this study demonstrates that scaffolds printed from PCL/30% (wt.) nHAp with lattice and staggered structure offer promise for treating trabecular bone defects. This study identified the effect of porosity and internal structure on scaffold mechanical properties and provided suggestions for developing scaffolds with mechanical properties for substituting trabecular bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Yazdanpanah
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| | - Nitin Kumar Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Alice Raquin
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Institut Catholique Des Arts Et Métiers, 85000, La Roche-Sur-Yon, France
| | - David M L Cooper
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Xiongbiao Chen
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - James D Johnston
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Yazdanpanah Z, Kumar Sharma N, Zimmerling A, Cooper DML, Johnston JD, Chen X. Investigation into relationships between design parameters and mechanical properties of 3D printed PCL/nHAp bone scaffolds. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288531. [PMID: 37450462 PMCID: PMC10348542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scaffolds are of great importance in tissue engineering applications as they provide a mechanically supportive environment for cellular activity, which is particularly necessary for hard tissues such as bone. Notably, the mechanical properties of a scaffold vary with differing design parameters such as those related to scaffold height and internal structure. Thus, the present study aimed to explore the relationship between design parameters and mechanical properties of composite polycaprolactone (PCL) and nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp) scaffolds fabricated by three-dimensional (3D) printing. METHODS We designed and printed scaffolds with different internal structures (lattice and staggered) and varying heights (4, 6, 8 and 10 layers), and consistent porosity (50%) for the purpose of comparison. Then, we examined the scaffold microstructure (pore size and penetration between layers) using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mechanical properties (elastic modulus and yield strength) using compressive testing. RESULTS Our results illustrated that the microstructural parameters were related to scaffold design. At higher heights, pore size increased while penetration between layers decreased; thus, mechanical properties were affected. Results of mechanical testing demonstrated that for lattice scaffolds, elastic modulus was similar for 6 vs 4, and 8 vs 4 layers but ~33% lower for 10 layers vs 4 layers. Similarly, yield strength was comparable for 6 vs 4, and 8 vs 4 layers but ~27% lower for 10 layers vs 4 layers. With staggered scaffolds, when compared to 4-layer results, elastic modulus was similar for 6 layers but was ~43% lower for 8 layers and ~38% lower for 10 layers. Staggered scaffolds had ~38%, ~51%, and ~76% lower yield strength when the number of layers were increased from 4 to 6, 8, and 10 layers, respectively. When comparing lattice and staggered scaffolds with the same layer number, elastic modulus was similar, apart from 8-layer scaffolds where the staggered design was ~42% lower than lattice. Yield strength was similar between 4-layer staggered and lattice scaffolds, while staggered scaffolds with 6, 8, and 10 number of layers showed ~43%, ~45%, ~68% lower strength, respectively, than those found in lattice scaffolds with the same layer numbers. CONCLUSIONS Mechanical properties of 3D printed scaffolds depended on scaffold height for both lattice and staggered internal structures. Staggered scaffolds had lower mechanical properties than the lattice scaffolds with the same height and were more sensitive to the change in scaffold height. Taken together, lattice scaffolds demonstrated the advantages of more stable mechanical properties over staggered scaffolds. Also, scaffolds with lower height were more promising in terms of mechanical properties compared to scaffolds with greater height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Yazdanpanah
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Nitin Kumar Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Amanda Zimmerling
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - David M. L. Cooper
- Department of Anatomy Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - James D. Johnston
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Xiongbiao Chen
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Laser Sintering Approaches for Bone Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122336. [PMID: 35745911 PMCID: PMC9229946 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The adoption of additive manufacturing (AM) techniques into the medical space has revolutionised tissue engineering. Depending upon the tissue type, specific AM approaches are capable of closely matching the physical and biological tissue attributes, to guide tissue regeneration. For hard tissue such as bone, powder bed fusion (PBF) techniques have significant potential, as they are capable of fabricating materials that can match the mechanical requirements necessary to maintain bone functionality and support regeneration. This review focuses on the PBF techniques that utilize laser sintering for creating scaffolds for bone tissue engineering (BTE) applications. Optimal scaffold requirements are explained, ranging from material biocompatibility and bioactivity, to generating specific architectures to recapitulate the porosity, interconnectivity, and mechanical properties of native human bone. The main objective of the review is to outline the most common materials processed using PBF in the context of BTE; initially outlining the most common polymers, including polyamide, polycaprolactone, polyethylene, and polyetheretherketone. Subsequent sections investigate the use of metals and ceramics in similar systems for BTE applications. The last section explores how composite materials can be used. Within each material section, the benefits and shortcomings are outlined, including their mechanical and biological performance, as well as associated printing parameters. The framework provided can be applied to the development of new, novel materials or laser-based approaches to ultimately generate bone tissue analogues or for guiding bone regeneration.
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Yazdanpanah Z, Johnston JD, Cooper DML, Chen X. 3D Bioprinted Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: State-Of-The-Art and Emerging Technologies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:824156. [PMID: 35480972 PMCID: PMC9035802 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.824156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Treating large bone defects, known as critical-sized defects (CSDs), is challenging because they are not spontaneously healed by the patient’s body. Due to the limitations associated with conventional bone grafts, bone tissue engineering (BTE), based on three-dimensional (3D) bioprinted scaffolds, has emerged as a promising approach for bone reconstitution and treatment. Bioprinting technology allows for incorporation of living cells and/or growth factors into scaffolds aiming to mimic the structure and properties of the native bone. To date, a wide range of biomaterials (either natural or synthetic polymers), as well as various cells and growth factors, have been explored for use in scaffold bioprinting. However, a key challenge that remains is the fabrication of scaffolds that meet structure, mechanical, and osteoconductive requirements of native bone and support vascularization. In this review, we briefly present the latest developments and discoveries of CSD treatment by means of bioprinted scaffolds, with a focus on the biomaterials, cells, and growth factors for formulating bioinks and their bioprinting techniques. Promising state-of-the-art pathways or strategies recently developed for bioprinting bone scaffolds are highlighted, including the incorporation of bioactive ceramics to create composite scaffolds, the use of advanced bioprinting technologies (e.g., core/shell bioprinting) to form hybrid scaffolds or systems, as well as the rigorous design of scaffolds by taking into account of the influence of such parameters as scaffold pore geometry and porosity. We also review in-vitro assays and in-vivo models to track bone regeneration, followed by a discussion of current limitations associated with 3D bioprinting technologies for BTE. We conclude this review with emerging approaches in this field, including the development of gradient scaffolds, four-dimensional (4D) printing technology via smart materials, organoids, and cell aggregates/spheroids along with future avenues for related BTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Yazdanpanah
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- *Correspondence: Zahra Yazdanpanah,
| | - James D. Johnston
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - David M. L. Cooper
- Department of Anatomy Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Xiongbiao Chen
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Zhao Z, Wang M, Shao F, Liu G, Li J, Wei X, Zhang X, Yang J, Cao F, Wang Q, Wang H, Zhao D. Porous tantalum-composited gelatin nanoparticles hydrogel integrated with mesenchymal stem cell-derived endothelial cells to construct vascularized tissue in vivo. Regen Biomater 2021; 8:rbab051. [PMID: 34603743 PMCID: PMC8481010 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbab051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ideal scaffold material of angiogenesis should have mechanical strength and provide appropriate physiological microporous structures to mimic the extracellular matrix environment. In this study, we constructed an integrated three-dimensional scaffold material using porous tantalum (pTa), gelatin nanoparticles (GNPs) hydrogel, and seeded with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs)-derived endothelial cells (ECs) for vascular tissue engineering. The characteristics and biocompatibility of pTa and GNPs hydrogel were evaluated by mechanical testing, scanning electron microscopy, cell counting kit, and live-cell assay. The BMSCs-derived ECs were identified by flow cytometry and angiogenesis assay. BMSCs-derived ECs were seeded on the pTa-GNPs hydrogel scaffold and implanted subcutaneously in nude mice. Four weeks after the operation, the scaffold material was evaluated by histomorphology. The superior biocompatible ability of pTa-GNPs hydrogel scaffold was observed. Our in vivo results suggested that 28 days after implantation, the formation of the stable capillary-like network in scaffold material could be promoted significantly. The novel, integrated pTa-GNPs hydrogel scaffold is biocompatible with the host, and exhibits biomechanical and angiogenic properties. Moreover, combined with BMSCs-derived ECs, it could construct vascular engineered tissue in vivo. This study may provide a basis for applying pTa in bone regeneration and autologous BMSCs in tissue-engineered vascular grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Zhao
- Orthopaedic Department, Affiliated ZhongShan Hospital of Dalian University, No. 6 Jiefang Street, Zhongshan District, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, P. R. China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Orthopedic Implant Materials, Affiliated ZhongShan Hospital of Dalian University, No. 6 Jiefang Street, Zhongshan District, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, P. R. China
| | - Mang Wang
- Orthopaedic Department, Affiliated ZhongShan Hospital of Dalian University, No. 6 Jiefang Street, Zhongshan District, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, P. R. China
| | - Fei Shao
- Key State Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, High-Tech District, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Ge Liu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Orthopedic Implant Materials, Affiliated ZhongShan Hospital of Dalian University, No. 6 Jiefang Street, Zhongshan District, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, P. R. China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, P. R. China
| | - Junlei Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Orthopedic Implant Materials, Affiliated ZhongShan Hospital of Dalian University, No. 6 Jiefang Street, Zhongshan District, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Wei
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Orthopedic Implant Materials, Affiliated ZhongShan Hospital of Dalian University, No. 6 Jiefang Street, Zhongshan District, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, P. R. China
| | - Xiuzhi Zhang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Orthopedic Implant Materials, Affiliated ZhongShan Hospital of Dalian University, No. 6 Jiefang Street, Zhongshan District, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, P. R. China
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, Affiliated ZhongShan Hospital of Dalian University, No. 6 Jiefang Street, Zhongshan District, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, P. R. China
| | - Jiahui Yang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Orthopedic Implant Materials, Affiliated ZhongShan Hospital of Dalian University, No. 6 Jiefang Street, Zhongshan District, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, P. R. China
| | - Fang Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Information and Electronical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Qiushi Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Affiliated ZhongShan Hospital of Dalian University, No. 6 Jiefang Street, Zhongshan District, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, P. R. China
| | - Huanan Wang
- Key State Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, High-Tech District, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Dewei Zhao
- Orthopaedic Department, Affiliated ZhongShan Hospital of Dalian University, No. 6 Jiefang Street, Zhongshan District, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, P. R. China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Orthopedic Implant Materials, Affiliated ZhongShan Hospital of Dalian University, No. 6 Jiefang Street, Zhongshan District, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, P. R. China
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Montero J, Becerro A, Pardal-Peláez B, Quispe-López N, Blanco JF, Gómez-Polo C. Main 3D Manufacturing Techniques for Customized Bone Substitutes. A Systematic Review. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14102524. [PMID: 34066290 PMCID: PMC8152095 DOI: 10.3390/ma14102524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Clinicians should be aware of the main methods and materials to face the challenge of bone shortage by manufacturing customized grafts, in order to repair defects. This study aims to carry out a bibliographic review of the existing methods to manufacture customized bone scaffolds through 3D technology and to identify their current situation based on the published papers. A literature search was carried out using "3D scaffold", "bone regeneration", "robocasting" and "3D printing" as descriptors. This search strategy was performed on PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus and Cochrane Library, but also by hand search in relevant journals and throughout the selected papers. All the papers focusing on techniques for manufacturing customized bone scaffolds were reviewed. The 62 articles identified described 14 techniques (4 subtraction + 10 addition techniques). Scaffold fabrication techniques can be also be classified according to the time at which they are developed, into Conventional techniques and Solid Freeform Fabrication techniques. The conventional techniques are unable to control the architecture of the pore and the pore interconnection. However, current Solid Freeform Fabrication techniques allow individualizing and generating complex geometries of porosity. To conclude, currently SLA (Stereolithography), Robocasting and FDM (Fused deposition modeling) are promising options in customized bone regeneration.
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Riester O, Borgolte M, Csuk R, Deigner HP. Challenges in Bone Tissue Regeneration: Stem Cell Therapy, Biofunctionality and Antimicrobial Properties of Novel Materials and Its Evolution. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E192. [PMID: 33375478 PMCID: PMC7794985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An aging population leads to increasing demand for sustained quality of life with the aid of novel implants. Patients expect fast healing and few complications after surgery. Increased biofunctionality and antimicrobial behavior of implants, in combination with supportive stem cell therapy, can meet these expectations. Recent research in the field of bone implants and the implementation of autologous mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of bone defects is outlined and evaluated in this review. The article highlights several advantages, limitations and advances for metal-, ceramic- and polymer-based implants and discusses the future need for high-throughput screening systems used in the evaluation of novel developed materials and stem cell therapies. Automated cell culture systems, microarray assays or microfluidic devices are required to efficiently analyze the increasing number of new materials and stem cell-assisted therapies. Approaches described in the literature to improve biocompatibility, biofunctionality and stem cell differentiation efficiencies of implants range from the design of drug-laden nanoparticles to chemical modification and the selection of materials that mimic the natural tissue. Combining suitable implants with mesenchymal stem cell treatment promises to shorten healing time and increase treatment success. Most research studies focus on creating antibacterial materials or modifying implants with antibacterial coatings in order to address the increasing number of complications after surgeries that are mostly caused by bacterial infections. Moreover, treatment of multiresistant pathogens will pose even bigger challenges in hospitals in the future, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). These antibacterial materials will help to reduce infections after surgery and the number of antibiotic treatments that contribute to the emergence of new multiresistant pathogens, whilst the antibacterial implants will help reduce the amount of antibiotics used in clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Riester
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Strasse 17, 78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany; (O.R.); (M.B.)
| | - Max Borgolte
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Strasse 17, 78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany; (O.R.); (M.B.)
| | - René Csuk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Hans-Peter Deigner
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Strasse 17, 78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany; (O.R.); (M.B.)
- EXIM Department, Fraunhofer Institute IZI, Leipzig, Schillingallee 68, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Faculty of Science, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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Janek M, Žilinská V, Kovár V, Hajdúchová Z, Tomanová K, Peciar P, Veteška P, Gabošová T, Fialka R, Feranc J, Omaníková L, Plavec R, Bača Ľ. Mechanical testing of hydroxyapatite filaments for tissue scaffolds preparation by fused deposition of ceramics. Ann Ital Chir 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2020.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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10
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Ng WL, Lee JM, Zhou M, Chen YW, Lee KXA, Yeong WY, Shen YF. Vat polymerization-based bioprinting-process, materials, applications and regulatory challenges. Biofabrication 2020; 12:022001. [PMID: 31822648 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab6034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, the field of bioprinting has attracted attention for its highly automated fabrication system that enables the precise patterning of living cells and biomaterials at pre-defined positions for enhanced cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions. Notably, vat polymerization (VP)-based bioprinting is an emerging bioprinting technique for various tissue engineering applications due to its high fabrication accuracy. Particularly, different photo-initiators (PIs) are utilized during the bioprinting process to facilitate the crosslinking mechanism for fabrication of high-resolution complex tissue constructs. The advancements in VP-based printing have led to a paradigm shift in fabrication of tissue constructs from cell-seeding of tissue scaffolds (non-biocompatible fabrication process) to direct bioprinting of cell-laden tissue constructs (biocompatible fabrication process). This paper, presenting a first-time comprehensive review of the VP-based bioprinting process, provides an in-depth analysis and comparison of the various biocompatible PIs and highlights the important considerations and bioprinting requirements. This review paper reports a detailed analysis of its printing process and the influence of light-based curing modality and PIs on living cells. Lastly, this review also highlights the significance of VP-based bioprinting, the regulatory challenges and presents future directions to transform the VP-based printing technology into imperative tools in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The readers will be informed on the current limitations and achievements of the VP-based bioprinting techniques. Notably, the readers will realize the importance and value of highly-automated platforms for tissue engineering applications and be able to develop objective viewpoints towards this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Long Ng
- HP-NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore. Singapore Centre for 3D Printing (SC3DP), School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
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Le Guéhennec L, Van Hede D, Plougonven E, Nolens G, Verlée B, De Pauw MC, Lambert F. In vitro and in vivo biocompatibility of calcium-phosphate scaffolds three-dimensional printed by stereolithography for bone regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 108:412-425. [PMID: 31654476 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stereolithography (SLA) is an interesting manufacturing technology to overcome limitations of commercially available particulated biomaterials dedicated to intra-oral bone regeneration applications. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility and osteoinductive properties of two calcium-phosphate (CaP)-based scaffolds manufactured by SLA three-dimensional (3D) printing. Pellets and macro-porous scaffolds were manufactured in pure hydroxyapatite (HA) and in biphasic CaP (HA:60-TCP:40). Physico-chemical characterization was performed using micro X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical interferometry, and microtomography (μCT) analyses. Osteoblast-like MG-63 cells were used to evaluate the biocompatibility of the pellets in vitro with MTS assay and the cell morphology and growth characterized by SEM and DAPI-actin staining showed similar early behavior. For in vivo biocompatibility, newly formed bone and biodegradability of the experimental scaffolds were evaluated in a subperiosteal cranial rat model using μCT and descriptive histology. The histological analysis has not indicated evidences of inflammation but highlighted close contacts between newly formed bone and the experimental biomaterials revealing an excellent scaffold osseointegration. This study emphasizes the relevance of SLA 3D printing of CaP-based biomaterials for intra-oral bone regeneration even if manufacturing accuracy has to be improved and further experiments using biomimetic scaffolds should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Le Guéhennec
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Nantes, France.,Department of Preclinical Biomedical Sciences, Mammalian Cell Culture Laboratory, GIGA-R, Faculty of Medicine, Liège, Belgium
| | - Dorien Van Hede
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Liège, Belgium
| | - Erwan Plougonven
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Liège, Belgium
| | - Grégory Nolens
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Namur, Belgium
| | - Bruno Verlée
- Sirris, Additive Manufacturing Department, Seraing, Belgium
| | - Marie-Claire De Pauw
- Department of Preclinical Biomedical Sciences, Mammalian Cell Culture Laboratory, GIGA-R, Faculty of Medicine, Liège, Belgium
| | - France Lambert
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Liège, Belgium
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12
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Gritsch L, Conoscenti G, La Carrubba V, Nooeaid P, Boccaccini AR. Polylactide-based materials science strategies to improve tissue-material interface without the use of growth factors or other biological molecules. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 94:1083-1101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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13
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Rider P, Kačarević ŽP, Alkildani S, Retnasingh S, Schnettler R, Barbeck M. Additive Manufacturing for Guided Bone Regeneration: A Perspective for Alveolar Ridge Augmentation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3308. [PMID: 30355988 PMCID: PMC6274711 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing has become an important tool in the field of tissue engineering and its further development will lead to completely new clinical possibilities. The ability to create tissue scaffolds with controllable characteristics, such as internal architecture, porosity, and interconnectivity make it highly desirable in comparison to conventional techniques, which lack a defined structure and repeatability between scaffolds. Furthermore, 3D printing allows for the production of scaffolds with patient-specific dimensions using computer-aided design. The availability of commercially available 3D printed permanent implants is on the rise; however, there are yet to be any commercially available biodegradable/bioresorbable devices. This review will compare the main 3D printing techniques of: stereolithography; selective laser sintering; powder bed inkjet printing and extrusion printing; for the fabrication of biodegradable/bioresorbable bone tissue scaffolds; and, discuss their potential for dental applications, specifically augmentation of the alveolar ridge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Rider
- Botiss Biomaterials GmbH, Hauptstr. 28, 15806 Zossen, Germany.
| | - Željka Perić Kačarević
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia.
| | - Said Alkildani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, German-Jordanian University, Amman 11180, Jordan.
| | - Sujith Retnasingh
- Institutes for Environmental Toxicology, Martin-Luther-Universität, Halle-Wittenberg and Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Anhalt University of Applied Science, 06366 Köthen, Germany.
| | - Reinhard Schnettler
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Mike Barbeck
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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Chartrain NA, Williams CB, Whittington AR. A review on fabricating tissue scaffolds using vat photopolymerization. Acta Biomater 2018; 74:90-111. [PMID: 29753139 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vat Photopolymerization (stereolithography, SLA), an Additive Manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing technology, holds particular promise for the fabrication of tissue scaffolds for use in regenerative medicine. Unlike traditional tissue scaffold fabrication techniques, SLA is capable of fabricating designed scaffolds through the selective photopolymerization of a photopolymer resin on the micron scale. SLA offers unprecedented control over scaffold porosity and permeability, as well as pore size, shape, and interconnectivity. Perhaps even more significantly, SLA can be used to fabricate vascular networks that may encourage angio and vasculogenesis. Fulfilling this potential requires the development of new photopolymers, the incorporation of biochemical factors into printed scaffolds, and an understanding of the effects scaffold geometry have on cell viability, proliferation, and differentiation. This review compares SLA to other scaffold fabrication techniques, highlights significant advances in the field, and offers a perspective on the field's challenges and future directions. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Engineering de novo tissues continues to be challenging due, in part, to our inability to fabricate complex tissue scaffolds that can support cell proliferation and encourage the formation of developed tissue. The goal of this review is to first introduce the reader to traditional and Additive Manufacturing scaffold fabrication techniques. The bulk of this review will then focus on apprising the reader of current research and provide a perspective on the promising use of vat photopolymerization (stereolithography, SLA) for the fabrication of complex tissue scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Chartrain
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Christopher B Williams
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Abby R Whittington
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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15
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Sa MW, Nguyen BNB, Moriarty RA, Kamalitdinov T, Fisher JP, Kim JY. Fabrication and evaluation of 3D printed BCP scaffolds reinforced with ZrO 2 for bone tissue applications. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:989-999. [PMID: 29240243 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a promising 3D printing and manufacturing step to create well interconnected porous scaffold designs from the computer-aided design (CAD) models for the next generation of bone scaffolds. The purpose of this study was to fabricate and evaluate a new biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) scaffold reinforced with zirconia (ZrO2 ) by a FDM system for bone tissue engineering. The 3D slurry foams with blending agents were successfully fabricated by a FDM system. Blending materials were then removed after the sintering process at high temperature to obtain a targeted BCP/ZrO2 scaffold with the desired pore characteristics, porosity, and dimension. Morphology of the sintered scaffold was investigated with SEM/EDS mapping. A cell proliferation test was carried out and evaluated with osteosarcoma MG-63 cells. Mechanical testing and cell proliferation evaluation demonstrated that 90% BCP and 10% ZrO2 scaffold had a significant effect on the mechanical properties maintaining a structure compared that of only 100% BCP with no ZrO2 . Additionally, differentiation studies of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) on BCP/ZrO2 scaffolds in static and dynamic culture conditions showed increased expression of bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2) when cultured on BCP/ZrO2 scaffolds under dynamic conditions compared to on BCP control scaffolds. The manufacturing of BCP/ZrO2 scaffolds through this innovative technique of a FDM may provide applications for various types of tissue regeneration, including bone and cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Woo Sa
- Research Institute, SJ TOOLS, Daegu, Korea
| | - Bao-Ngoc B Nguyen
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Rebecca A Moriarty
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Timur Kamalitdinov
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - John P Fisher
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Jong Young Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andong National University, Andong-si, Korea
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16
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Kim JJ, El-Fiqi A, Kim HW. Synergetic Cues of Bioactive Nanoparticles and Nanofibrous Structure in Bone Scaffolds to Stimulate Osteogenesis and Angiogenesis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:2059-2073. [PMID: 28029246 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Providing a nanotopological physical cue in concert with a bioactive chemical signal within 3D scaffolds, while it being considered a promising approach for bone regeneration, has yet to be explored. Here, we develop 3D porous scaffolds that are networked to be a nanofibrous structure and incorporated with bioactive glass nanoparticles (BGn) to tackle this issue. The presence of BGn and nanofibrous structure (BGn + nanofibrous) substantially increased the surface area, hydro-affinity and protein loading capacity of scaffolds. In particular, the BGn released Si and Ca ions to the levels known to be biologically effective, offering the bone scaffold an ability to deliver therapeutic ions. The mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from rats exhibited significantly accelerated adhesion events including cell anchorage, cytoskeletal extensions, and the expression of adhesion signaling molecules on the BGn/nanofibrous scaffolds. The cells gained a more rapid proliferation and migration (penetration) ability over 2 weeks within the BGn + nanofibrous scaffolds than within either nanofibrous or BGn scaffolds. The osteogenesis of MSCs, as confirmed by the expressions of bone-associated genes and proteins, as well as the cellular mineralization was significantly stimulated by the BGn and nanofibrous topology in a synergistic manner. The behaviors of endothelial cells (HUVECs) including cell migration and tubule networking were also enhanced when influenced by the BGn and nanofibrous scaffolds (but more by BGn than by nanofiber). A subcutaneous tissue implantation of the scaffolds further evidenced the in vivo stimulation of neo-blood vessel formation by the BGn + nanofibrous cues, suggesting the possible promising role in bone regeneration. Taken together, the therapeutic ions and nanofibrous topology implemented within 3D scaffolds are considered to play synergistic actions in osteogenesis and angiogenesis, implying the potential usefulness of the BGn + nanofibrous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ju Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University , Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University , Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahmed El-Fiqi
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University , Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University , Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University , Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University , Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University , Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea
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17
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Ng J, Spiller K, Bernhard J, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Biomimetic Approaches for Bone Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2017; 23:480-493. [PMID: 27912680 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2016.0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although autologous bone grafts are considered a gold standard for the treatment of bone defects, they are limited by donor site morbidities and geometric requirements. We propose that tissue engineering technology can overcome such limitations by recreating fully viable and biological bone grafts. Specifically, we will discuss the use of bone scaffolds and autologous cells with bioreactor culture systems as a tissue engineering paradigm to grow bone in vitro. We will also discuss emergent vascularization strategies to promote graft survival in vivo, as well as the role of inflammation during bone repair. Finally, we will highlight some recent advances and discuss new solutions to bone repair inspired by endochondral ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan Ng
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York
| | - Kara Spiller
- 2 School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jonathan Bernhard
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York
| | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York.,3 Department of Medicine, Columbia University , New York, New York
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18
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Zhao N, Wang Y, Qin L, Guo Z, Li D. Effect of composition and macropore percentage on mechanical and in vitro cell proliferation and differentiation properties of 3D printed HA/β-TCP scaffolds. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra07204j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
HA/β-TCP scaffolds were fabricated by 3D printing and exhibited desirable biocompatibilityin vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningbo Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research
- College of Stomatology
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yanen Wang
- The Key Lab of Contemporary Design and Integrated Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
- People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology
- Department of Oral Implants
- School of Stomatology
- Fourth Military Medical University
- Xi'an 710032
| | - Zhengze Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology
- Department of Oral Implants
- School of Stomatology
- Fourth Military Medical University
- Xi'an 710032
| | - Dehua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology
- Department of Oral Implants
- School of Stomatology
- Fourth Military Medical University
- Xi'an 710032
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19
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Stevens AG, Oliver CR, Kirchmeyer M, Wu J, Chin L, Polsen ES, Archer C, Boyle C, Garber J, Hart AJ. Conformal Robotic Stereolithography. 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2016; 3:226-235. [PMID: 29577062 PMCID: PMC5363219 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2016.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing by layerwise photopolymerization, commonly called stereolithography (SLA), is attractive due to its high resolution and diversity of materials chemistry. However, traditional SLA methods are restricted to planar substrates and planar layers that are perpendicular to a single-axis build direction. Here, we present a robotic system that is capable of maskless layerwise photopolymerization on curved surfaces, enabling production of large-area conformal patterns and the construction of conformal freeform objects. The system comprises an industrial six-axis robot and a custom-built maskless projector end effector. Use of the system involves creating a mesh representation of the freeform substrate, generation of a triangulated toolpath with curved layers that represents the target object to be printed, precision mounting of the substrate in the robot workspace, and robotic photopatterning of the target object by coordinated motion of the robot and substrate. We demonstrate printing of conformal photopatterns on spheres of various sizes, and construction of miniature three-dimensional objects on spheres without requiring support features. Improvement of the motion accuracy and development of freeform toolpaths would enable construction of polymer objects that surpass the size and support structure constraints imparted by traditional SLA systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G. Stevens
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Laboratory for Manufacturing and Productivity, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - C. Ryan Oliver
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Laboratory for Manufacturing and Productivity, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Matthieu Kirchmeyer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Laboratory for Manufacturing and Productivity, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Jieyuan Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Laboratory for Manufacturing and Productivity, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Lillian Chin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Laboratory for Manufacturing and Productivity, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Erik S. Polsen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Chad Archer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Casey Boyle
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jenna Garber
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - A. John Hart
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Laboratory for Manufacturing and Productivity, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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20
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Roohani-Esfahani SI, Newman P, Zreiqat H. Design and Fabrication of 3D printed Scaffolds with a Mechanical Strength Comparable to Cortical Bone to Repair Large Bone Defects. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19468. [PMID: 26782020 PMCID: PMC4726111 DOI: 10.1038/srep19468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A challenge in regenerating large bone defects under load is to create scaffolds with large and interconnected pores while providing a compressive strength comparable to cortical bone (100-150 MPa). Here we design a novel hexagonal architecture for a glass-ceramic scaffold to fabricate an anisotropic, highly porous three dimensional scaffolds with a compressive strength of 110 MPa. Scaffolds with hexagonal design demonstrated a high fatigue resistance (1,000,000 cycles at 1-10 MPa compressive cyclic load), failure reliability and flexural strength (30 MPa) compared with those for conventional architecture. The obtained strength is 150 times greater than values reported for polymeric and composite scaffolds and 5 times greater than reported values for ceramic and glass scaffolds at similar porosity. These scaffolds open avenues for treatment of load bearing bone defects in orthopaedic, dental and maxillofacial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed-Iman Roohani-Esfahani
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Unit, School of Aeronautical Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Newman
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Unit, School of Aeronautical Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - Hala Zreiqat
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Unit, School of Aeronautical Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
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21
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Oliver CR, Gourgou E, Bazopoulou D, Chronis N, Hart AJ. On-Demand Isolation and Manipulation of C. elegans by In Vitro Maskless Photopatterning. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145935. [PMID: 26730604 PMCID: PMC4701667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is a model organism for understanding aging and studying animal behavior. Microfluidic assay techniques have brought widespread advances in C. elegans research; however, traditional microfluidic assays such as those based on soft lithography require time-consuming design and fabrication cycles and offer limited flexibility in changing the geometric environment during experimentation. We present a technique for maskless photopatterning of a biocompatible hydrogel on an NGM (Agar) substrate, enabling dynamic manipulation of the C. elegans culture environment in vitro. Maskless photopatterning is performed using a projector-based microscope system largely built from off-the-shelf components. We demonstrate the capabilities of this technique by building micropillar arrays during C. elegans observation, by fabricating free-floating mechanisms that can be actuated by C. elegans motion, by using freehand drawing to isolate individual C. elegans in real time, and by patterning arrays of mazes for isolation and fitness testing of C. elegans populations. In vitro photopatterning enables rapid and flexible design of experiment geometry as well as real-time interaction between the researcher and the assay such as by sequential isolation of individual organisms. Future adoption of image analysis and machine learning techniques could be used to acquire large datasets and automatically adapt the assay geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Ryan Oliver
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Laboratory for Manufacturing and Productivity, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States of America
| | - Eleni Gourgou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States of America
| | - Daphne Bazopoulou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States of America
| | - Nikos Chronis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States of America
| | - A. John Hart
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Laboratory for Manufacturing and Productivity, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Park JY, Gao G, Jang J, Cho DW. 3D printed structures for delivery of biomolecules and cells: tissue repair and regeneration. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:7521-7539. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb01662f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the current approaches to using 3D printed structures to deliver bioactive factors (e.g., cells and biomolecules) for tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Young Park
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Pohang
- Republic of Korea
| | - Ge Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Pohang
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jinah Jang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Pohang
- Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Woo Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Pohang
- Republic of Korea
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23
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de Azevedo Gonçalves Mota RC, da Silva EO, de Lima FF, de Menezes LR, Thiele ACS. 3D Printed Scaffolds as a New Perspective for Bone Tissue Regeneration: Literature Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/msa.2016.78039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Bone defects can be congenital or acquired resulting from trauma, infection, neoplasm and failed arthroplasty. The osseous reconstruction of these defects is challenging. Unfortunately, none of the current techniques for the repair of bone defects has proven to be fully satisfactory. Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is the field of regenerative medicine (RM) that focuses on alternative treatment options for bone defects that will ideally address all the issues of the traditional techniques in treating large bone defects. However, current techniques of BTE is laborious and have their own shortcomings. More recently, 2D and 3D bone printing has been introduced to overcome most of the limitations of bone grafts and BTE. So far, results are extremely promising, setting new frontiers in the management of bone defects.
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Microstereolithography-Based Fabrication of Anatomically Shaped Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:859456. [PMID: 26504839 PMCID: PMC4609375 DOI: 10.1155/2015/859456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Porous ceramic scaffolds with shapes matching the bone defects may result in more efficient grafting and healing than the ones with simple geometries. Using computer-assisted microstereolithography (MSTL), we have developed a novel gelcasting indirect MSTL technology and successfully fabricated two scaffolds according to CT images of rabbit femur. Negative resin molds with outer 3D dimensions conforming to the femur and an internal structure consisting of stacked meshes with uniform interconnecting struts, 0.5 mm in diameter, were fabricated by MSTL. The second mold type was designed for cortical bone formation. A ceramic slurry of beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) with room temperature vulcanization (RTV) silicone as binder was cast into the molds. After the RTV silicone was completely cured, the composite was sintered at 1500°C for 5 h. Both gross anatomical shape and the interpenetrating internal network were preserved after sintering. Even cortical structure could be introduced into the customized scaffolds, which resulted in enhanced strength. Biocompatibility was confirmed by vital staining of rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells cultured on the customized scaffolds for 5 days. This fabrication method could be useful for constructing bone substitutes specifically designed according to local anatomical defects.
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26
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Lu Y, Mantha SN, Crowder DC, Chinchilla S, Shah KN, Yun YH, Wicker RB, Choi JW. Microstereolithography and characterization of poly(propylene fumarate)-based drug-loaded microneedle arrays. Biofabrication 2015; 7:045001. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/7/4/045001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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27
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Li JJ, Kaplan DL, Zreiqat H. Scaffold-based regeneration of skeletal tissues to meet clinical challenges. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:7272-7306. [PMID: 32261954 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01073f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The management and reconstruction of damaged or diseased skeletal tissues have remained a significant global healthcare challenge. The limited efficacy of conventional treatment strategies for large bone, cartilage and osteochondral defects has inspired the development of scaffold-based tissue engineering solutions, with the aim of achieving complete biological and functional restoration of the affected tissue in the presence of a supporting matrix. Nevertheless, significant regulatory hurdles have rendered the clinical translation of novel scaffold designs to be an inefficient process, mainly due to the difficulties of arriving at a simple, reproducible and effective solution that does not rely on the incorporation of cells and/or bioactive molecules. In the context of the current clinical situation and recent research advances, this review will discuss scaffold-based strategies for the regeneration of skeletal tissues, with focus on the contribution of bioactive ceramic scaffolds and silk fibroin, and combinations thereof, towards the development of clinically viable solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Jiao Li
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Unit, School of AMME, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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28
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Du D, Asaoka T, Ushida T, Furukawa KS. Fabrication and perfusion culture of anatomically shaped artificial bone using stereolithography. Biofabrication 2014; 6:045002. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/6/4/045002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Sa MW, Kim JY. 골 재생용 3차원 β-삼인산칼슘/폴리카프로락톤 인공지지체의 제작 및 특성 평가. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13770-014-0418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Seol YJ, Park JY, Jeong W, Kim TH, Kim SY, Cho DW. Development of hybrid scaffolds using ceramic and hydrogel for articular cartilage tissue regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 103:1404-13. [PMID: 25044835 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The regeneration of articular cartilage consisting of hyaline cartilage and hydrogel scaffolds has been generally used in tissue engineering. However, success in in vivo studies has been rarely reported. The hydrogel scaffolds implanted into articular cartilage defects are mechanically unstable and it is difficult for them to integrate with the surrounding native cartilage tissue. Therefore, it is needed to regenerate cartilage and bone tissue simultaneously. We developed hybrid scaffolds with hydrogel scaffolds for cartilage tissue and with ceramic scaffolds for bone tissue. For in vivo study, hybrid scaffolds were press-fitted into osteochondral tissue defects in a rabbit knee joints and the cartilage tissue regeneration in blank, hydrogel scaffolds, and hybrid scaffolds was compared. In 12th week after implantation, the histological and immunohistochemical analyses were conducted to evaluate the cartilage tissue regeneration. In the blank and hydrogel scaffold groups, the defects were filled with fibrous tissues and the implanted hydrogel scaffolds could not maintain their initial position; in the hybrid scaffold group, newly generated cartilage tissues were morphologically similar to native cartilage tissues and were smoothly connected to the surrounding native tissues. This study demonstrates hybrid scaffolds containing hydrogel and ceramic scaffolds can provide mechanical stability to hydrogel scaffolds and enhance cartilage tissue regeneration at the defect site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Joon Seol
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157
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31
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Thavornyutikarn B, Chantarapanich N, Sitthiseripratip K, Thouas GA, Chen Q. Bone tissue engineering scaffolding: computer-aided scaffolding techniques. Prog Biomater 2014; 3:61-102. [PMID: 26798575 PMCID: PMC4709372 DOI: 10.1007/s40204-014-0026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering is essentially a technique for imitating nature. Natural tissues consist of three components: cells, signalling systems (e.g. growth factors) and extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM forms a scaffold for its cells. Hence, the engineered tissue construct is an artificial scaffold populated with living cells and signalling molecules. A huge effort has been invested in bone tissue engineering, in which a highly porous scaffold plays a critical role in guiding bone and vascular tissue growth and regeneration in three dimensions. In the last two decades, numerous scaffolding techniques have been developed to fabricate highly interconnective, porous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications. This review provides an update on the progress of foaming technology of biomaterials, with a special attention being focused on computer-aided manufacturing (Andrade et al. 2002) techniques. This article starts with a brief introduction of tissue engineering (Bone tissue engineering and scaffolds) and scaffolding materials (Biomaterials used in bone tissue engineering). After a brief reviews on conventional scaffolding techniques (Conventional scaffolding techniques), a number of CAM techniques are reviewed in great detail. For each technique, the structure and mechanical integrity of fabricated scaffolds are discussed in detail. Finally, the advantaged and disadvantage of these techniques are compared (Comparison of scaffolding techniques) and summarised (Summary).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nattapon Chantarapanich
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering at Si Racha, Kasetsart University, 199 Sukhumvit Road, Si Racha, Chonburi 20230 Thailand
| | - Kriskrai Sitthiseripratip
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), 114 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120 Thailand
| | - George A. Thouas
- Department of Materials Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Qizhi Chen
- Department of Materials Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800 Australia
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32
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Two-photon polymerization of 3-D zirconium oxide hybrid scaffolds for long-term stem cell growth. Biointerphases 2014; 9:029014. [DOI: 10.1116/1.4873688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Song MJ, Dean D, Knothe Tate ML. Mechanical modulation of nascent stem cell lineage commitment in tissue engineering scaffolds. Biomaterials 2013; 34:5766-75. [PMID: 23660249 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Taking inspiration from tissue morphogenesis in utero, this study tests the concept of using tissue engineering scaffolds as delivery devices to modulate emergent structure-function relationships at early stages of tissue genesis. We report on the use of a combined computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling, advanced manufacturing methods, and experimental fluid mechanics (micro-piv and strain mapping) for the prospective design of tissue engineering scaffold geometries that deliver spatially resolved mechanical cues to stem cells seeded within. When subjected to a constant magnitude global flow regime, the local scaffold geometry dictates the magnitudes of mechanical stresses and strains experienced by a given cell, and in a spatially resolved fashion, similar to patterning during morphogenesis. In addition, early markers of mesenchymal stem cell lineage commitment relate significantly to the local mechanical environment of the cell. Finally, by plotting the range of stress-strain states for all data corresponding to nascent cell lineage commitment (95% CI), we begin to "map the mechanome", defining stress-strain states most conducive to targeted cell fates. In sum, we provide a library of reference mechanical cues that can be delivered to cells seeded on tissue engineering scaffolds to guide target tissue phenotypes in a temporally and spatially resolved manner. Knowledge of these effects allows for prospective scaffold design optimization using virtual models prior to prototyping and clinical implementation. Finally, this approach enables the development of next generation scaffolds cum delivery devices for genesis of complex tissues with heterogenous properties, e.g., organs, joints or interface tissues such as growth plates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jae Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Cleveland, OH 44106-7207, USA
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