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Kim K, Kim YS, Jang JW, Lee GM. Enhancing the production of recombinant human TGF-β1 through an understanding of TGF-β1 synthesis, signaling, and endocytosis in CHO cells. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300269. [PMID: 37985244 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
To enhance the production of recombinant human transforming growth factor-beta1 (rhTGF-β1) in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, rhTGF-β1 was first characterized for endocytosis, signaling pathway, and overall maturation process. The mature rhTGF-β1 used for clinical application was internalized into CHO cells and inhibited the growth of CHO cells in a dose-dependent manner. However, mature rhTGF-β1 was mostly produced in the form of latent rhTGF-β1 in cultures of recombinant CHO (rCHO) cells producing rhTGF-β1 (CHO-rhTGF-β1). The concentration of active mature rhTGF-β1 in the culture supernatant of CHO-rhTGF-β1 cells was not high enough to compromise yield. In addition, a significant amount of unprocessed precursors was produced by CHO-rhTGF-β1 cells. Overexpression of PACEsol, a soluble form of furin, in CHO-rhTGF-β1 cells was effective for the proteolytic cleavage of unprocessed precursors. The highest mature rhTGF-β1 concentration (6.4 μg mL-1 ) was obtained with the PACEsol-expressing clone, which was approximately 45% higher than that of the parental clone (P < 0.01). Thus, a comprehensive understanding of the intrinsic properties of rhTGF-β1 with respect to the overall maturation process, signaling pathway, and endocytosis is essential for effectively enhancing the production of mature rhTGF-β1 in CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungsoo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sik Kim
- Institute of Biomaterial and Medical Engineering, Cellumed, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Woong Jang
- Institute of Biomaterial and Medical Engineering, Cellumed, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Kim K, Kim MG, Lee GM. Improving bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) production in CHO cells through understanding of BMP synthesis, signaling and endocytosis. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 62:108080. [PMID: 36526238 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a group of growth factors with the clinical potential to regulate cartilage and bone formation. Functionally active mature recombinant human BMPs (rhBMPs), produced primarily in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells for clinical applications, are considered difficult to express because they undergo maturation processes, signaling pathways, or endocytosis. Although BMPs are a family of proteins with similar mature domain sequence identities, their individual properties are diverse. Thus, understanding the properties of individual rhBMPs is essential to improve rhBMP production in CHO cells. In this review, we discuss various approaches to improve rhBMP production in CHO cells by understanding the overall maturation process, signaling pathways and endocytosis of individual rhBMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungsoo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Gyeom Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Li J, Wang M, Cui M, Chen C, Cheng Z. Effect of Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP)-2, -4, and -7 on Proliferation and Osteogenic Differentiation in Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells (PDLSCs). J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2022.3038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aim: To assess the effects of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2, BMP-4, and BMP-7 on human periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSC) proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. Methods: PDLSCs were isolated by an immunomagnetic method. Cell surface antigen (CD146, CD44,
and CD34) expression and pluripotency (osteogenic and adipogenic) were determined. In doseresponse and time-course experiments, cultured PDLSCs were treated with individual BMPs, a combination of BMPs in 1:1 ratios, and a mixture of all three BMPs (1:1:1 ratio). In the dose-response experiments,
PDLSCs were incubated for 12 d with medium containing BMPs at a dose of 0, 10, 25, 50, or 100 ng/ml. In the time-course experiments, PDLSCs were administered 50 ng/ml BMPs for different times (0, 3, 6, 12, or 24 d). The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay
and an enzyme kit were used to quantify cell growth and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting were used to assess the expression of osteogenic differentiation-related proteins, i.e., osteocalcin, bone sialoprotein, collagen type I, and collagen type
III. Results: PDLSCs expressed CD146 (93%) and CD44 (91.2%) but not CD34 (1.8%). All cells exhibited osteogenic and adipogenic potential. PDLSC proliferation and ALP activity in PDLSCs treated with individual BMPs and BMPs combinations increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner;
proliferation and ALP activity were greater upon treatment with BMP combinations than upon treatment with individual BMPs. Compared with those in the control group, osteogenic differentiation-related proteins levels in PDLSCs treated with 50 ng/ml BMPs for 12 d were markedly increased, whereas
no obvious differences were detected between the groups subjected to different BMP treatments. Conclusion: BMP-2, BMP-4, and BMP-7 alone and in combination promoted the development and osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs, and the promotion of these cellular processes was more pronounced
upon treatment with BMP combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juedan Li
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, PR China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, PR China
| | - Min Cui
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, PR China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, PR China
| | - Zheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, PR China
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Kim MG, Lee GM. Blockage of undesirable endocytosis of recombinant human growth/differentiation factor-5 in Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures requires heparin analogs with specific chain lengths. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2100227. [PMID: 34347378 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG)-mediated endocytosis lowers the yield of recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins (rhBMPs), such as rhBMP-2 and rhBMP-4, from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell cultures. Exogenous recombinant human growth/differentiation factor-5 (rhGDF-5), a member of the BMP family, bound to cell surface HSPGs and was actively internalized into CHO cells. Knockdown of heparan sulfate (HS) synthesis enzymes in CHO cells revealed that the chain length and N-sulfation of HS affected the binding of rhGDF-5 to HSPGs and subsequent rhGDF-5 internalization. To increase product yield by minimizing rhGDF-5 internalization in recombinant CHO (rCHO) cell cultures, heparin, and dextran sulfate (DS) of various polysaccharide chain lengths, which are structural analogs of HS, were examined for blockage of rhGDF-5 internalization. Heparin fragments of four monosaccharides (MW of 1.2 kDa) and DS (MW of 15 kDa) did not inhibit rhGDF-5 internalization whereas unfractionated heparin and DS of 200 kDa could significantly inhibit it. Compared to the control cultures, supplementation with unfractionated heparin or DS of 200 kDa at 1 g L-1 resulted in more than a 10-fold increase in the maximum rhGDF-5 concentration. Taken together, the supplementation of structural HS analogs improved rhGDF-5 production in rCHO cell cultures by inhibiting rhGDF-5 internalization. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT AND LAY SUMMARY: Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG)-mediated endocytosis lowers the yield of rhGDF-5 from CHO cell cultures. In this study, the authors found that the length and N-sulfation of HS chain determine the binding of rhGDF-5 to HSPGs and subsequent rhGDF-5 internalization. Based on this finding, the authors successfully used heparin analogs with specific chain lengths to enhance the rhGDF-5 yield by blocking rhGDF-5 internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Gyeom Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Selective endocytosis of recombinant human BMPs through cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans in CHO cells: BMP-2 and BMP-7. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3378. [PMID: 33564092 PMCID: PMC7873082 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82955-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG)-mediated endocytosis results in poor yields of recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins (rhBMPs) from CHO cell cultures. Upon incubation of rhBMP-2 and rhBMP-7 with CHO cells at 37 °C, both rhBMP-2 and rhBMP-7 bound to the cell surface HSPGs in CHO cells, but only rhBMP-2 was actively internalized into CHO cells. Cell surface HSPGs were found to serve as the main receptor for rhBMP-2 internalization. It was also found that the cell surface HSPG-mediated endocytosis of rhBMP-2 occurred through both the clathrin- and caveolin-dependent pathways. Blockage of rhBMP-2 internalization by the addition of structural analogs of HSPGs such as dextran sulfate (DS) and heparin dramatically increased rhBMP-2 production in recombinant CHO (rCHO) cell cultures. Compared to the control cultures, addition of DS (1.0 g/L) and heparin (0.2 g/L) resulted in a 22.0- and 19.0-fold increase in the maximum rhBMP-2 concentration, respectively. In contrast, the production of rhBMP-7, which was not internalized into the rCHO cells, did not dramatically increase upon addition of DS and heparin. Taken together, rhBMPs have a different fate in terms of HSPG-mediated internalization in CHO cells. HSPG-mediated endocytosis of each rhBMP should be understood individually to increase the rhBMP yield in rCHO cell cultures.
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Improving recombinant bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4) production by autoregulatory feedback loop removal using BMP receptor-knockout CHO cell lines. Metab Eng 2019; 52:57-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Kim CL, Jung MY, Kim YS, Jang JW, Lee GM. Improving the production of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-4 in Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures by inhibition of undesirable endocytosis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:2565-2575. [PMID: 30011067 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Endocytic regulation serves a critical role in modulating the extracellular level of signaling molecules, such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Unfortunately, endocytosis may result in poor yields of recombinant human BMP-4 (rhBMP-4) from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell cultures. When rhBMP-4 was incubated with CHO cells, rhBMP-4 was actively internalized into cells. Cell surface bound heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) served as the major receptors for rhBMP-4 internalization. Removal of cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) by heparinases or reduction of HSPG synthesis by knockdown of xylosyltransferase2 (xylt2) in CHO cells decreased internalization of rhBMP-4. In addition, treatment with endocytosis inhibitors (chlorpromazine, genistein, and dynasore) identified a clathrin- and dynamin-dependent endocytic pathway as the major route for rhBMP-4 internalization. To enhance product yield by minimizing rhBMP-4 internalization in recombinant CHO (rCHO) cell cultures, we have tested various strategies to reduce HSPG synthesis (knockdown of xylt2 and sodium chlorate treatment) or inhibit the binding of rhBMP-4 to cell-surface-bound HSPGs (supplementation with heparin or dextran sulfate [DS]). Among these approaches, DS, which is a linear anionic sulfated polysaccharide with similarity to HS chains, was the most effective in enhancing rhBMP-4 production in rCHO cell cultures. Compared with the control cultures, DS addition to the culture medium (1.0 g/L) resulted in 1.4-fold and 2.3-fold increases in maximum rhBMP-4 concentration in batch and fed-batch cultures, respectively. Taken together, the addition of DS, an effective competitor of HSPGs, improved rhBMP-4 production in rCHO cell cultures through blockage of rhBMP-4 internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Lin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Yeong Jung
- Institute of Biomaterial and Medical Engineering, Cellumed, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sik Kim
- Institute of Biomaterial and Medical Engineering, Cellumed, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Woong Jang
- Institute of Biomaterial and Medical Engineering, Cellumed, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Lalonde ME, Durocher Y. Therapeutic glycoprotein production in mammalian cells. J Biotechnol 2017; 251:128-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Hansen HG, Pristovšek N, Kildegaard HF, Lee GM. Improving the secretory capacity of Chinese hamster ovary cells by ectopic expression of effector genes: Lessons learned and future directions. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:64-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Kim CL, Bang YL, Kim YS, Jang JW, Lee GM. Alleviation of proteolytic degradation of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-4 by repeated batch culture of Chinese hamster ovary cells. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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