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Liu H, Jiang H, Liu X, Wang X. Physicochemical understanding of biomineralization by molecular vibrational spectroscopy: From mechanism to nature. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2023; 3:20230033. [PMID: 38264681 PMCID: PMC10742219 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20230033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The process and mechanism of biomineralization and relevant physicochemical properties of mineral crystals are remarkably sophisticated multidisciplinary fields that include biology, chemistry, physics, and materials science. The components of the organic matter, structural construction of minerals, and related mechanical interaction, etc., could help to reveal the unique nature of the special mineralization process. Herein, the paper provides an overview of the biomineralization process from the perspective of molecular vibrational spectroscopy, including the physicochemical properties of biomineralized tissues, from physiological to applied mineralization. These physicochemical characteristics closely to the hierarchical mineralization process include biological crystal defects, chemical bonding, atomic doping, structural changes, and content changes in organic matter, along with the interface between biocrystals and organic matter as well as the specific mechanical effects for hardness and toughness. Based on those observations, the special physiological properties of mineralization for enamel and bone, as well as the possible mechanism of pathological mineralization and calcification such as atherosclerosis, tumor micro mineralization, and urolithiasis are also reviewed and discussed. Indeed, the clearly defined physicochemical properties of mineral crystals could pave the way for studies on the mechanisms and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Xuemei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
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Huang Y, Bai Y, Chang C, Bacino M, Cheng IC, Li L, Habelitz S, Li W, Zhang Y. A N-Terminus Domain Determines Amelogenin's Stability to Guide the Development of Mouse Enamel Matrix. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:1781-1795. [PMID: 33957008 PMCID: PMC9307086 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Amelogenins, the principal proteins in the developing enamel microenvironment, self-assemble into supramolecular structures to govern the remodeling of a proteinaceous organic matrix into longitudinally ordered hydroxyapatite nanocrystal arrays. Extensive in vitro studies using purified native or recombinant proteins have revealed the potential of N-terminal amelogenin on protein self-assembly and its ability to guide the mineral deposition. We have previously identified a 14-aa domain (P2) of N-terminal amelogenin that can self-assemble into amyloid-like fibrils in vitro. Here, we investigated how this domain affects the ability of amelogenin self-assembling and stability of enamel matrix protein scaffolding in an in vivo animal model. Mice harboring mutant amelogenin lacking P2 domain had a hypoplastic, hypomineralized, and aprismatic enamel. In vitro, the mutant recombinant amelogenin without P2 had a reduced tendency to self-assemble and was prone to accelerated hydrolysis by MMP20, the prevailing metalloproteinase in early developing enamel matrix. A reduced amount of amelogenins and a lack of elongated fibrous assemblies in the development enamel matrix of mutant mice were evident compared with that in the wild-type mouse enamel matrix. Our study is the first to demonstrate that a subdomain (P2) at the N-terminus of amelogenin controls amelogenin's assembly into a transient protein scaffold that resists rapid proteolysis during enamel development in an animal model. Understanding the building blocks of fibrous scaffold that guides the longitudinal growth of hydroxyapatites in enamel matrix sheds light on protein-mediated enamel bioengineering. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Huang
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yushi Bai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun-Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chih Chang
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Margot Bacino
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun-Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ieong Cheng Cheng
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stefan Habelitz
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun-Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wu Li
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Engelberth SA, Bacino MS, Sandhu S, Li W, Bonde J, Habelitz S. Progression of Self-Assembly of Amelogenin Protein Supramolecular Structures in Simulated Enamel Fluid. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:3917-3924. [PMID: 30114917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms of protein-guided mineralization in enamel, leading to organized fibrillar apatite nanocrystals, remain elusive. In vitro studies reveal recombinant human amelogenin (rH174), a matrix protein templating this process, self-assembles into a variety of structures. This study endeavors to clarify the self-assembly of rH174 in physiologically relevant conditions. Self-assembly in simulated enamel fluid was monitored up to 2 months. At alkali (7.3-8.7) and acidic (5.5-6.1) pH ranges, a distinct progression in formation was observed from nanospheres (17-23 nm) to intermediate-length nanorods, concluding with the formation of long 17-18 nm wide nanoribbons decorated with nanospheres. Assembly in acidic condition progressed quicker to nanoribbons with fewer persistent nanospheres. X-ray diffraction exhibited reflections characteristic of antiparallel β-sheets (4.7 and 9.65 Å), supporting the model of amyloid-like nanoribbon formation. This is the first observation of rH174 nanoribbons at alkaline pH as well as concurrent nanosphere formation, indicating both supramolecular structures are stable together under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Engelberth
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco , 707 Parnassus Avenue , San Francisco , California 94143 , United States
| | - Margot S Bacino
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco , 707 Parnassus Avenue , San Francisco , California 94143 , United States
| | - Shaiba Sandhu
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco , 707 Parnassus Avenue , San Francisco , California 94143 , United States
| | - Wu Li
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco , 707 Parnassus Avenue , San Francisco , California 94143 , United States
| | - Johan Bonde
- Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Center for Applied Life Sciences , Lund University , P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 , Lund , Sweden
| | - Stefan Habelitz
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco , 707 Parnassus Avenue , San Francisco , California 94143 , United States
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Jiang L, Bonde JS, Ye L. Temperature and pH Controlled Self-Assembly of a Protein-Polymer Biohybrid. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingdong Jiang
- Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry; Department of Chemistry; Lund University; Box 124 221 00 Lund Sweden
| | - Johan Svensson Bonde
- Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry; Department of Chemistry; Lund University; Box 124 221 00 Lund Sweden
| | - Lei Ye
- Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry; Department of Chemistry; Lund University; Box 124 221 00 Lund Sweden
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Lacruz RS, Habelitz S, Wright JT, Paine ML. DENTAL ENAMEL FORMATION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR ORAL HEALTH AND DISEASE. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:939-993. [PMID: 28468833 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental enamel is the hardest and most mineralized tissue in extinct and extant vertebrate species and provides maximum durability that allows teeth to function as weapons and/or tools as well as for food processing. Enamel development and mineralization is an intricate process tightly regulated by cells of the enamel organ called ameloblasts. These heavily polarized cells form a monolayer around the developing enamel tissue and move as a single forming front in specified directions as they lay down a proteinaceous matrix that serves as a template for crystal growth. Ameloblasts maintain intercellular connections creating a semi-permeable barrier that at one end (basal/proximal) receives nutrients and ions from blood vessels, and at the opposite end (secretory/apical/distal) forms extracellular crystals within specified pH conditions. In this unique environment, ameloblasts orchestrate crystal growth via multiple cellular activities including modulating the transport of minerals and ions, pH regulation, proteolysis, and endocytosis. In many vertebrates, the bulk of the enamel tissue volume is first formed and subsequently mineralized by these same cells as they retransform their morphology and function. Cell death by apoptosis and regression are the fates of many ameloblasts following enamel maturation, and what cells remain of the enamel organ are shed during tooth eruption, or are incorporated into the tooth's epithelial attachment to the oral gingiva. In this review, we examine key aspects of dental enamel formation, from its developmental genesis to the ever-increasing wealth of data on the mechanisms mediating ionic transport, as well as the clinical outcomes resulting from abnormal ameloblast function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo S Lacruz
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York; Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stefan Habelitz
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York; Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - J Timothy Wright
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York; Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael L Paine
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York; Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Butler SJ, Bülow L, Bonde J. Functionalization of Recombinant Amelogenin Nanospheres Allows Their Binding to Cellulose Materials. Biotechnol J 2016; 11:1343-1351. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. Butler
- Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Center for Applied Life Sciences; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - Leif Bülow
- Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Center for Applied Life Sciences; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - Johan Bonde
- Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Center for Applied Life Sciences; Lund University; Lund Sweden
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Amyloid-like ribbons of amelogenins in enamel mineralization. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23105. [PMID: 27009419 PMCID: PMC4806362 DOI: 10.1038/srep23105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Enamel, the outermost layer of teeth, is an acellular mineralized tissue that cannot regenerate; the mature tissue is composed of high aspect ratio apatite nanocrystals organized into rods and inter-rod regions. Amelogenin constitutes 90% of the protein matrix in developing enamel and plays a central role in guiding the hierarchical organization of apatite crystals observed in mature enamel. To date, a convincing link between amelogenin supramolecular structures and mature enamel has yet to be described, in part because the protein matrix is degraded during tissue maturation. Here we show compelling evidence that amelogenin self-assembles into an amyloid-like structure in vitro and in vivo. We show that enamel matrices stain positive for amyloids and we identify a specific region within amelogenin that self-assembles into β-sheets. We propose that amelogenin nanoribbons template the growth of apatite mineral in human enamel. This is a paradigm shift from the current model of enamel development.
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