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Monteiro RRC, de Melo Neta MMF, Rocha WS, Soares JB, de Luna FMT, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Vieira RS. Optimizing the enzymatic production of biolubricants by the Taguchi method: Esterification of the free fatty acids from castor oil with 2-ethyl-1-hexanol catalyzed by Eversa Transform 2.0. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 175:110409. [PMID: 38335559 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2024.110409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The solvent-free esterification of the free fatty acids (FFAs) obtained by the hydrolysis of castor oil (a non-edible vegetable oil) with 2-ethyl-1-hexanol (a branched fatty alcohol) was catalyzed by different free lipases. Eversa Transform 2.0 (ETL) features surpassed most commercial lipases. Some process parameters were optimized by the Taguchi method (L16'). As a result, a conversion over 95% of the FFAs of castor oil into esters with lubricants properties was achieved under optimized reaction conditions (15 wt% of biocatalyst content, 1:4 molar ratio (FFAs/alcohol), 30 °C, 180 rpm, 96 h). The substrates molar ratio had the highest influence on the dependent variable (conversion at 24 h). FFAs/2-ethyl-1-hexanol esters were characterized regarding the physicochemical and tribological properties. Interestingly, the modification of the FFAs with 2-ethyl-1-hexanol by ETL increased the oxidative stability of the FFAs feedstock from 0.18 h to 16.83 h. The biolubricants presented a lower friction coefficient than the reference commercial mineral lubricant (0.052 ± 0.07 against 0.078 ± 0.04). Under these conditions, ETL catalyzed the oligomerization of ricinoleic acid (a hydroxyl fatty acid) into estolides, reaching a conversion of 25.15% of the initial FFAs (for the first time).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolpho R C Monteiro
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60455760 Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Maria M F de Melo Neta
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60455760 Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Wesley S Rocha
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60455760 Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Jorge B Soares
- Departamento de Engenharia de Transportes, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60455760 Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - F Murilo T de Luna
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60455760 Fortaleza, Brazil; Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60455760 Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo S Vieira
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60455760 Fortaleza, Brazil.
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Nazloo EK, Moheimani NR, Ennaceri H. Graphene-based catalysts for biodiesel production: Characteristics and performance. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160000. [PMID: 36368383 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel is a promising alternative to reduce the dependency on fossil fuels. However, biodiesel's cost is still higher than its petroleum counterpart, hence its production process must be modified to make it economically viable. Microalgae are an alternative feedstock to replace agricultural crops for biodiesel production, and offer several advantages such as fast growth, use of non-arable land, growth in saline and wastewater, and high lipid yield. Unfortunately, biodiesel production from microalgae is very energy-intensive and costly, mainly due to the high energy consumption required for dewatering and drying. Therefore, utilizing wet microalgal biomass instead of dry biomass can be a promising solution to reduce the biodiesel production cost Furthermore, the use of heterogeneous catalysts offers high efficiency, recoverability, and reusability, and is therefore very promising from the economic and environmental perspectives. The unique characteristics of graphene-based nano-catalysts, such as their high surface area, two-dimensional structure, and functional groups, make them suitable candidates for biodiesel production. In this review, the use of graphene-based catalysts for biodiesel production is analyzed in depth, and their efficiency compared to other heterogeneous catalysts is scrutinized. Moreover, their recoverability, reusability, and economic feasibility are critically discussed, and their potential to produce biodiesel from wet microalgae is explored as a sustainable and cost-effective approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Khorshidi Nazloo
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Reza Moheimani
- Algae R&D Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia
| | - Houda Ennaceri
- Algae R&D Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia.
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3
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Biodiesel production from wet microalgae: Progress and challenges. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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4
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Ideris F, Zamri MFMA, Shamsuddin AH, Nomanbhay S, Kusumo F, Fattah IMR, Mahlia TMI. Progress on Conventional and Advanced Techniques of In Situ Transesterification of Microalgae Lipids for Biodiesel Production. ENERGIES 2022; 15:7190. [DOI: 10.3390/en15197190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Global warming and the depletion of fossil fuels have spurred many efforts in the quest for finding renewable, alternative sources of fuels, such as biodiesel. Due to its auxiliary functions in areas such as carbon dioxide sequestration and wastewater treatment, the potential of microalgae as a feedstock for biodiesel production has attracted a lot of attention from researchers all over the world. Major improvements have been made from the upstream to the downstream aspects related to microalgae processing. One of the main concerns is the high cost associated with the production of biodiesel from microalgae, which includes drying of the biomass and the subsequent lipid extraction. These two processes can be circumvented by applying direct or in situ transesterification of the wet microalgae biomass, hence substantially reducing the cost. In situ transesterification is considered as a significant improvement to commercially produce biodiesel from microalgae. This review covers the methods used to extract lipids from microalgae and various in situ transesterification methods, focusing on recent developments related to the process. Nevertheless, more studies need to be conducted to further enhance the discussed in situ transesterification methods before implementing them on a commercial scale.
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Bolivar JM, Woodley JM, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Is enzyme immobilization a mature discipline? Some critical considerations to capitalize on the benefits of immobilization. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:6251-6290. [PMID: 35838107 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00083k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme immobilization has been developing since the 1960s and although many industrial biocatalytic processes use the technology to improve enzyme performance, still today we are far from full exploitation of the field. One clear reason is that many evaluate immobilization based on only a few experiments that are not always well-designed. In contrast to many other reviews on the subject, here we highlight the pitfalls of using incorrectly designed immobilization protocols and explain why in many cases sub-optimal results are obtained. We also describe solutions to overcome these challenges and come to the conclusion that recent developments in material science, bioprocess engineering and protein science continue to open new opportunities for the future. In this way, enzyme immobilization, far from being a mature discipline, remains as a subject of high interest and where intense research is still necessary to take full advantage of the possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Bolivar
- FQPIMA group, Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - John M Woodley
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis. ICP-CSIC, C/Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain. .,Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, External Scientific Advisory Academic, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Romero AS, de Mello Innocentini MD, Hotza D, Vladimir Oliveira J. DRY POLISHING OF ENZYMATICALLY PRODUCED FATTY ACID METHYL ESTERS THROUGH POLYMERIC MEMBRANES. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Remonatto D, Miotti Jr. RH, Monti R, Bassan JC, de Paula AV. Applications of immobilized lipases in enzymatic reactors: A review. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Mandari V, Devarai SK. Biodiesel Production Using Homogeneous, Heterogeneous, and Enzyme Catalysts via Transesterification and Esterification Reactions: a Critical Review. BIOENERGY RESEARCH 2021; 15:935-961. [PMID: 34603592 PMCID: PMC8476987 DOI: 10.1007/s12155-021-10333-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The excessive utilization of petroleum resources leads to global warming, crude oil price fluctuations, and the fast depletion of petroleum reserves. Biodiesel has gained importance over the last few years as a clean, sustainable, and renewable energy source. This review provides knowledge of biodiesel production via transesterification/esterification using different catalysts, their prospects, and their challenges. The intensive research on homogeneous chemical catalysts points to the challenges in using high free fatty acids containing oils, such as waste cooking oils and animal fats. The problems faced are soap formation and the difficulty in product separation. On the other hand, heterogeneous catalysts are more preferable in biodiesel synthesis due to their ease of separation and reusability. However, in-depth studies show the limited activity and selectivity issues. Using biomass waste-based catalysts can reduce the biodiesel production cost as the materials are readily available and cheap. The use of an enzymatic approach has gained precedence in recent times. Additionally, immobilization of these enzymes has also improved the statistics because of their excellent functional properties like easy separation and reusability. However, free/liquid lipases are also growing faster due to better mass transfer with reactants. Biocatalysts are exceptional in good selectivity and mild operational conditions, but attractive features are veiled with the operational costs. Nanocatalysts play a vital role in heterogeneous catalysis and lipase immobilization due to their excellent selectivity, reactivity, faster reaction rates owing to their higher surface area, and easy recovery from the products and reuse for several cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Mandari
- Industrial Bioprocess and Bioprospecting Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy District, Telangana 502285 India
| | - Santhosh Kumar Devarai
- Industrial Bioprocess and Bioprospecting Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy District, Telangana 502285 India
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9
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Bhatt C, Nielsen PM, Rancke-Madsen A, Woodley JM. Combining technology with liquid-formulated lipases for in-spec biodiesel production. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 69:7-19. [PMID: 33179313 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic biodiesel production has been at the forefront of biofuels research in recent decades because of the significant environmental advantages it offers, while having the potential to be as effective as conventional chemically catalyzed biodiesel production. However, the higher capital cost, longer reaction time, and sensitivity of enzyme processes have restricted their widespread industrial adoption so far. It is also posited that the lack of research to bring the biodiesel product into final specification has scuppered industrial confidence in the viability of the enzymatic process. Furthermore, the vast majority of literature has focused on the development of immobilized enzyme processes, which seem too costly (and risky) to be used industrially. There has been little focus on liquid lipase formulations such as the Eversa Transform 2.0, which is in fact already used commercially for triglyceride transesterification. It is the objective of this review to highlight new research that focuses on bringing enzymatically produced biodiesel into specification via a liquid lipase polishing process, and the process considerations that come with it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmayi Bhatt
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | - John M Woodley
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
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Facin BR, Valério A, de Oliveira D, Oliveira JV. Developing an immobilized low-cost biocatalyst for FAME synthesis. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Hansen R, Agerbaek M, Nielsen P, Rancke-Madsen A, Woodley J. Esterification using a liquid lipase to remove residual free fatty acids in biodiesel. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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12
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Rocha TG, de L. Gomes PH, de Souza MCM, Monteiro RRC, dos Santos JCS. Lipase Cocktail for Optimized Biodiesel Production of Free Fatty Acids from Residual Chicken Oil. Catal Letters 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-020-03367-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Bresolin D, Hawerroth B, de Oliveira Romera C, Sayer C, de Araújo PHH, de Oliveira D. Immobilization of lipase Eversa Transform 2.0 on poly(urea-urethane) nanoparticles obtained using a biopolyol from enzymatic glycerolysis. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2020; 43:1279-1286. [PMID: 32189054 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-020-02324-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the free lipase Eversa® Transform 2.0 was used as a catalyst for enzymatic glycerolysis reaction in a solvent-free system. The product was evaluated by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and showed high conversion related to hydroxyl groups. In sequence, the product of the glycerolysis was used as stabilizer and biopolyol for the synthesis of poly(urea-urethane) nanoparticles (PUU NPs) aqueous dispersion by the miniemulsion polymerization technique, without the use of a further surfactant in the system. Reactions resulted in stable dispersions of PUU NPs with an average diameter of 190 nm. After, the formation of the PUU NPs in the presence of concentrated lipase Eversa® Transform 2.0 was studied, aiming the lipase immobilization on the NP surface, and a stable enzymatic derivative with diameters around 231 nm was obtained. The hydrolytic enzymatic activity was determined using ρ-nitrophenyl palmitate (ρ-NPP) and the immobilization was confirmed by morphological analysis using transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Bresolin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, P.O. Box 476, Florianopolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Hawerroth
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, P.O. Box 476, Florianopolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Cristian de Oliveira Romera
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, P.O. Box 476, Florianopolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Claudia Sayer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, P.O. Box 476, Florianopolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Hermes de Araújo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, P.O. Box 476, Florianopolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Débora de Oliveira
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, P.O. Box 476, Florianopolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
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C. Wancura JH, Tres MV, Jahn SL, Oliveira JV. Lipases in liquid formulation for biodiesel production: Current status and challenges. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2019; 67:648-667. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- João H. C. Wancura
- Department of Chemical Engineering Federal University of Santa Maria Santa Maria RS Brazil
| | - Marcus V. Tres
- Laboratory of Agroindustrial Processes Engineering (LAPE) Federal University of Santa Maria Cachoeira do Sul RS Brazil
| | - Sérgio L. Jahn
- Department of Chemical Engineering Federal University of Santa Maria Santa Maria RS Brazil
| | - José Vladimir Oliveira
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina Florianópolis SC Brazil
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15
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Guajardo N, Domínguez de María P. Continuous Biocatalysis in Environmentally‐Friendly Media: A Triple Synergy for Future Sustainable Processes. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Guajardo
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e InnovaciónUniversidad Tecnológica Metropolitana Ignacio Valdivieso 2409 San Joaquín, Santiago Chile
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Klumbys E, Zebec Z, Weise NJ, Turner NJ, Scrutton NS. Bio-derived Production of Cinnamyl Alcohol via a Three Step Biocatalytic Cascade and Metabolic Engineering. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2019; 20:658-663. [PMID: 31168294 PMCID: PMC6546598 DOI: 10.1039/c7gc03325g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The construction of biocatalytic cascades for the production of chemical precursors is fast becoming one of the most efficient approaches to multi-step synthesis in modern chemistry. However, despite the use of low solvent systems and renewably-resourced catalysts in reported examples, many cascades are still dependent on petrochemical starting materials, which as of yet cannot be accessed in a sustainable fashion. Herein we report the production of the versatile chemical building block cinnamyl alcohol from the primary metabolite and fermentation product L-phenylalanine. Through the combination of three biocatalyst classes (phenylalanine ammonia lyase, carboxylic acid reductase and alcohol dehydrogenase) the target compound could be reached in high purity, demonstrable at 100 mg scale achieving 53 % yield using ambient temperature and pressure in aqueous solution. This system represents a synthetic strategy in which all components present at time zero are biogenic and thus minimising damage to the environment. Further we extend this biocatalytic cascade by its inclusion in a L-phenylalanine overproducing strain of Escherichia coli. This metabolically engineered strain produces cinnamyl alcohol in mineral media using a glycerol and glucose as carbon source. This study demonstrates the potential to establish green routes to the synthesis of cinnamyl alcohol from a waste stream such as glycerol derived, for example, from lipase treated biodiesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evaldas Klumbys
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, Manchester, UK, United Kingdom
| | - Ziga Zebec
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, Manchester, UK, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Weise
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, Manchester, UK, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, Manchester, UK, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel S. Scrutton
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, Manchester, UK, United Kingdom
- Corresponding author:
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He Y, Wang X, Wei H, Zhang J, Chen B, Chen F. Direct enzymatic ethanolysis of potential Nannochloropsis biomass for co-production of sustainable biodiesel and nutraceutical eicosapentaenoic acid. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:78. [PMID: 30992715 PMCID: PMC6449970 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1418-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marine microalga Nannochloropsis is a promising source for the production of renewable and sustainable biodiesel in replacement of depleting petroleum. Other than biodiesel, Nannochloropsis is a green and potential resource for the commercial production of nutraceutical eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5). In recent studies, low-value biodiesel can be achieved by transesterification of Nannochloropsis biomass. However, it is undoubtedly wasteful to produce microalgal biodiesel containing EPA from nutritional and economical aspects. A new strategy was addressed and exploited to produce low-value bulky biodiesel along with EPA enrichment via enzymatic ethanolysis of Nannochloropsis biomass with a specific lipase. RESULTS Cellulase pretreatment on Nannochloropsis sp. biomass significantly improved the biodiesel conversion by direct ethanolysis with five enzymes from Candida antarctica (CALA and CALB), Thermomyces lanuginosus (TL), Rhizomucor miehei (RM), and Aspergillus oryzae (PLA). Among these five biocatalysts, CALA was the best suitable enzyme to yield high biodiesel conversion and effectively enrich EPA. After optimization, the maximum biodiesel conversion (46.53-48.57%) was attained by CALA at 8:1 ethanol/biomass ratio (v/w) in 10-15% water content with 10% lipase weight at 35 °C for 72 h. Meanwhile, EPA (60.81%) was highly enriched in microalgae NPLs (neutral lipids and polar lipids), increasing original EPA levels by 1.51-fold. Moreover, this process was re-evaluated with two Nannochloropsis species (IMET1 and Salina 537). Under the optimized conditions, the biodiesel conversions of IMET1 and Salina 537 by CALA were 63.41% and 54.33%, respectively. EPA contents of microalgal NPLs were 50.06% for IMET1 and 53.73% for Salina 537. CONCLUSION CALA was the potential biocatalyst to discriminate against EPA in the ethanolysis of Nannochloropsis biomass. The biodiesel conversion and EPA enrich efficiency of CALA were greatly dependent on lipidic class and fatty acid compositions of Nannochloropsis biomass. CALA-catalyzed ethanolysis with Nannochloropsis biomass was a promising approach for co-production of low-value biodiesel and high-value microalgae products rich in EPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjin He
- BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, The Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing, 100081 China
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117 China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Hehong Wei
- BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Jianzhi Zhang
- BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Bilian Chen
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117 China
| | - Feng Chen
- BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518000 China
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18
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Rosset DV, Wancura JHC, Ugalde GA, Oliveira JV, Tres MV, Kuhn RC, Jahn SL. Enzyme-Catalyzed Production of FAME by Hydroesterification of Soybean Oil Using the Novel Soluble Lipase NS 40116. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 188:914-926. [PMID: 30729422 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-02966-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The performance of lipase NS 40116, a novel and promising soluble enzyme obtained from modified Thermomyces lanuginosus microorganism, was investigated in the production of biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters-FAME) by hydroesterification. In order to investigate the potential of the biocatalyst in its soluble form, this work reports the effect of water content and enzyme load, as well as the recovery and reuse of the biocatalyst. A FAME yield of 94.30% after 12 h was achieved at 35 °C by combining 0.50 wt% of lipase, 15 wt% of water, and a methanol:oil molar ratio of 4.5:1. The analysis of the time course reaction suggests that the triacylglycerides (TAGs) are hydrolyzed by the enzyme in a first step, generating free fatty acids (FFAs), followed by the esterification of these FFAs into FAME. In relation to the reusability assays, the lipase kept approximately 90% of its catalytic activity after five cycles of reuse. In this context, the findings of this study demonstrate that lipase NS 40116 can efficiently catalyze hydroesterification reactions under mild conditions, arising as a competitive alternative for biodiesel synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela V Rosset
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000, Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - João H C Wancura
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000, Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Gustavo A Ugalde
- Department of Crop Protection, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000, Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - J Vladimir Oliveira
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Marcus V Tres
- Laboratory of Agroindustrial Processes Engineering (LAPE), Federal University of Santa Maria, 1040, Sete de Setembro St., Center DC, Cachoeira do Sul, RS, 96508-010, Brazil.
| | - Raquel C Kuhn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000, Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Sérgio L Jahn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000, Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil
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19
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Lab and pilot plant FAME production through enzyme-catalyzed reaction of low-cost feedstocks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Honaiser TC, Ficanha AM, Dallago RM, Oliveira D, Oliveira JV, Paroul N, Mignoni ML. Immobilization of Lipase NS-40116 (Thermomyces lanuginosus) by Sol-Gel Technique Using Polyethyleneglycol as Additive. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2019. [DOI: 10.1089/ind.2018.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tuany C. Honaiser
- Department of Food Engineering, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões, Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Aline M.M. Ficanha
- Department of Engineering, Centro de Ensino Riograndense, Marau, Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rogério M. Dallago
- Department of Food Engineering, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões, Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Débora Oliveira
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - José V. Oliveira
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Natalia Paroul
- Department of Food Engineering, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões, Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcelo L. Mignoni
- Department of Food Engineering, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões, Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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21
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He Y, Wu T, Wang X, Chen B, Chen F. Cost-effective biodiesel production from wet microalgal biomass by a novel two-step enzymatic process. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 268:583-591. [PMID: 30138870 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel two-step enzymatic process was firstly established to produce microalgae biodiesel using wet Chlorella biomass. In the first hydrolysis step, to reduce energy consumption and effectively disrupt microalgal cell wall, among cellulase, hemicellulase, papain, lysozyme and pectinase, the highest hydrolysis efficiency (67.52%) was obtained by cellulase at pH 5.0 with enzyme dosage of 200 U/g dry biomass at 40 °C for 12 h. In the second transesterification step, compared with liquid CAL-A/B from Candida antarctica and PLA from Aspergillus oryzae, liquid lipase TL from Thermomyces lanuginosus achieved the highest biodiesel conversion at 81.15:1 (v/w) ethanol/g TFAs ratio in 78-83% water content with 100 PLU/g TFAs lipase loading at 25 °C for 48 h. Moreover, similar results were obtained with three Chlorella species by this process. Overall, this two-step enzymatic process was a green, low-energy and efficient method for cost-effective biodiesel production using wet microalgal biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjin He
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bilian Chen
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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22
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Facin BR, Valério A, Bresolin D, Centenaro G, de Oliveira D, Oliveira JV. Improving reuse cycles of Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (NS-40116) by immobilization in flexible polyurethane. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2018.1458842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno R. Facin
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Alexsandra Valério
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Daniela Bresolin
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Giselle Centenaro
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Débora de Oliveira
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - J. Vladimir Oliveira
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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23
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Ilmi M, Abduh MY, Hommes A, Winkelman JGM, Hidayat C, Heeres HJ. Process Intensification of Enzymatic Fatty Acid Butyl Ester Synthesis Using a Continuous Centrifugal Contactor Separator. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018; 57:470-482. [PMID: 29398779 PMCID: PMC5792091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b03297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid butyl esters were synthesized from sunflower oil with 1-butanol using a homogeneous Rhizomucor miehei lipase in a biphasic organic (triglyceride, 1-butanol, hexane)- water (with enzyme) system in a continuous setup consisting of a cascade of a stirred tank reactor and a continuous centrifugal contactor separator (CCCS), the latter being used for integrated reaction and liquid-liquid separation. A fatty acid butyl ester yield up to 93% was obtained in the cascade when operated in a once-through mode. The cascade was run for 8 h without operational issues. Enzyme recycling was studied by reintroduction of the water phase from the CCCS outlet to the stirred tank reactor. Product yield decreased over time to an average of 50% of the initial value, likely due to accumulation of 1-butanol in water phase, loss of enzyme due to agglomeration, and the formation of a separate enzyme layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miftahul Ilmi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ENTEG, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Biology and Department of Food and Agricultural Products Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Y Abduh
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Arne Hommes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ENTEG, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jozef G M Winkelman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ENTEG, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chusnul Hidayat
- Faculty of Biology and Department of Food and Agricultural Products Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Hero J Heeres
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ENTEG, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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24
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Woodley JM. Integrating protein engineering with process design for biocatalysis. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2018; 376:rsta.2017.0062. [PMID: 29175837 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysis uses enzymes for chemical synthesis and production, offering selective, safe and sustainable catalysis. While today the majority of applications are in the pharmaceutical sector, new opportunities are arising every day in other industry sectors, where production costs become a more important driver. In the early applications of the technology, it was necessary to design processes to match the properties of the biocatalyst. With the advent of protein engineering, organic chemists started to develop and improve enzymes to suit their needs. Likewise in industry, although not widespread, a new paradigm was already implemented several years ago to engineer enzymes to suit process needs. Today, a new era is entered, where the effectiveness with which such integrated protein and process engineering is achieved becomes critical to implementation. In this paper, the development of a tool to improve the effectiveness of this approach is discussed, namely the use of target-setting based on process requirements, to guide the necessary protein engineering.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Providing sustainable catalytic solutions for a rapidly changing world'.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Woodley
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
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25
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Pellis A, Cantone S, Ebert C, Gardossi L. Evolving biocatalysis to meet bioeconomy challenges and opportunities. N Biotechnol 2018; 40:154-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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26
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Andrade TA, Errico M, Christensen KV. Influence of the reaction conditions on the enzyme catalyzed transesterification of castor oil: A possible step in biodiesel production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 243:366-374. [PMID: 28683390 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.06.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The identification of the influence of the reaction parameters is of paramount importance when defining a process design. In this work, non-edible castor oil was reacted with methanol to produce a possible component for biodiesel blends, using liquid enzymes as the catalyst. Temperature, alcohol-to-oil molar ratio, enzyme and added water contents were the reaction parameters evaluated in the transesterification reactions. The optimal conditions, giving the optimal final FAME yield and FFA content in the methyl ester-phase was identified. At 35°C, 6.0 methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 5wt% of enzyme and 5wt% of water contents, 94% of FAME yield and 6.1% of FFA in the final composition were obtained. The investigation was completed with the analysis of the component profiles, showing that at least 8h are necessary to reach a satisfactory FAME yield together with a minor FFA content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalles A Andrade
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Massimiliano Errico
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Knud V Christensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
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27
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28
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He Y, Li J, Kodali S, Balle T, Chen B, Guo Z. Liquid lipases for enzymatic concentration of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in monoacylglycerols via ethanolysis: Catalytic specificity and parameterization. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 224:445-456. [PMID: 27839863 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.10.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This work examined catalytic specificity and fatty acid selectivity of five liquid lipases C. antarctica lipase A and B (CAL-A/B), and lipase TL (T. lanuginosus), Eversa Transfrom and NS in ethanolysis of fish oil with the aim to concentrate n-3 PUFAs into monoacylglycerols (MAGs) products. Lipase TL, Eversa Transform & NS entail a much faster reaction and produce higher MAGs yield (>30%); whereas CAL-A obtains the highest concentration of n-3 PUFAs/DHA/EPA into MAGs products (88.30%); followed by lipase NS (81.02%). 13C NMR analysis indicates that CAL-B and lipase TL are sn-1,3 specific; but CAL-A and lipase Eversa Transform are non-regiospecific or weak sn-2 specific; which plausibly explains high enrichment effect of the latter two lipases. All liquid lipases are observed reusable for a certain times (lipase Eversa Transform up to 12 times), demonstrating their competitive advantage over immobilized form for industrial application because of their higher activity and cheaper operation cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjin He
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Jingbo Li
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Sitharam Kodali
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Thomas Balle
- Novozymes A/S DK, Krogshojvej 36, 2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark
| | - Bilian Chen
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Zheng Guo
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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29
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Zorn K, Oroz-Guinea I, Brundiek H, Bornscheuer UT. Engineering and application of enzymes for lipid modification, an update. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 63:153-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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30
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