Enzymes From Rare Actinobacterial Strains

Actinobacteria constitute rich sources of novel biocatalysts and novel natural products for medical and industrial utilization. Although actinobacteria are potential source of economically important enzymes, the isolation and culturing are somewhat tough because of its extreme habitats. But now-a-days, the rate of discovery of novel compounds producing actinomycetes from soil, freshwater, and marine ecosystem has increased much through the developed culturing and genetic engineering techniques. Actinobacteria are well-known source of their bioactive compounds and they are the promising source of broad range of industrially important enzymes. The bacteria have the capability to degrade a range of pesticides, hydrocarbons, aromatic, and aliphatic compounds (Sambasiva Rao, Tripathy, Mahalaxmi, & Prakasham, 2012). Most of the enzymes are mainly derived from microorganisms because of their easy of growth, minimal nutritional requirements, and low-cost for downstream processing. The focus of this review is about the new, commercially useful enzymes from rare actinobacterial strains. Industrial requirements are now fulfilled by the novel actinobacterial enzymes which assist the effective production. Oxidative enzymes, lignocellulolytic enzymes, extremozymes, and clinically useful enzymes are often utilized in many industrial processes because of their ability to catalyze numerous reactions. Novel, extremophilic, oxidative, lignocellulolytic, and industrially important enzymes from rare Actinobacterial population are discussed in this chapter.

Extracellular glutamate: on-line monitoring using microdialysis coupled to enzyme-amperometric analysis

An enzyme-amperometric detector cell is described for flow analysis of glutamate in dialysate emerging from an implanted microdialysis probe. Its small size allows it to be placed within a few centimetres of the animal preparation, reducing the delay for data acquisition to around 2 min. The selectivity is provided by glutamate oxidase, immobilised with glutaraldehyde on surfaces adjacent to the 3-electrode system. A film of 1,2-diaminobenzene, electropolymerized on the platinum working electrode, eliminates interference from ascorbic acid and other endogenous electroactive compounds. The high sensitivity (< 0.5 mumol/l) and fast response time of the cell (90% of maximum response in 30 s) make it particularly suitable for investigating conditions that produce rapid changes in brain extracellular glutamate. This is illustrated by monitoring changes in extracellular glutamate subsequent to cardiac arrest, and K(+)-induced local depolarization.