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Kim JD, Lee AR, Moon DH, Chung YU, Hong SY, Cho HJ, Kang TH, Jang YH, Sohn MH, Seong BL, Seo SU. Efficacy of genotype-matched vaccine against re-emerging genotype V Japanese encephalitis virus. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2343910. [PMID: 38618740 PMCID: PMC11060017 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2343910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE), caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), is a highly threatening disease with no specific treatment. Fortunately, the development of vaccines has enabled effective defense against JE. However, re-emerging genotype V (GV) JEV poses a challenge as current vaccines are genotype III (GIII)-based and provide suboptimal protection. Given the isolation of GV JEVs from Malaysia, China, and the Republic of Korea, there is a concern about the potential for a broader outbreak. Under the hypothesis that a GV-based vaccine is necessary for effective defense against GV JEV, we developed a pentameric recombinant antigen using cholera toxin B as a scaffold and mucosal adjuvant, which was conjugated with the E protein domain III of GV by genetic fusion. This GV-based vaccine antigen induced a more effective immune response in mice against GV JEV isolates compared to GIII-based antigen and efficiently protected animals from lethal challenges. Furthermore, a bivalent vaccine approach, inoculating simultaneously with GIII- and GV-based antigens, showed protective efficacy against both GIII and GV JEVs. This strategy presents a promising avenue for comprehensive protection in regions facing the threat of diverse JEV genotypes, including both prevalent GIII and GI as well as emerging GV strains.
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MESH Headings
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/genetics
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/classification
- Animals
- Genotype
- Encephalitis, Japanese/prevention & control
- Encephalitis, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/virology
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/immunology
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/genetics
- Mice
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Humans
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Female
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Vaccine Efficacy
- Cholera Toxin/genetics
- Cholera Toxin/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Deog Kim
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Ra Lee
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dah-Hyun Moon
- The Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Integrative Biotechnology & Translational Medicine, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Uk Chung
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Yeon Hong
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Je Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Kang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yo Han Jang
- Department of Vaccine Biotechnology, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Hyun Sohn
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Baik-Lin Seong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Vaccine Innovative Technology ALliance (VITAL)-Korea, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Uk Seo
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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2
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Ahn J, Yu JE, Kim H, Sung J, Han G, Sohn MH, Seong BL. AB 5-Type Toxin as a Pentameric Scaffold in Recombinant Vaccines against the Japanese Encephalitis Virus. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:425. [PMID: 37505694 PMCID: PMC10467048 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is an enveloped icosahedral capsid virus with a prime neutralizing epitope present in E protein domain III (EDIII). E dimers are rearranged into a five-fold symmetry of icosahedrons. Cholera toxin B (CTB) and heat-labile enterotoxin B (LTB) of AB5-type toxin was used as the structural scaffold for emulating the pentameric axis of EDIII. We produced homo-pentameric EDIII through the genetic fusion of LTB or CTB in E. coli without recourse to additional refolding steps. Harnessing an RNA-mediated chaperone further enhanced the soluble expression and pentameric assembly of the chimeric antigen. The pentameric assembly was validated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), non-reduced gel analysis, and a GM1 binding assay. CTB/LTB-EDIII chimeric antigen triggered high neutralizing antibodies against the JEV Nakayama strain after immunization in mice. Altogether, our proof-of-principle study creating a JEV-protective antigen via fusion with an AB5-type toxin as both a pentameric scaffold and a built-in adjuvant posits the bacterially produced recombinant chimeric antigen as a cost-effective alternative to conventional inactivated vaccines against JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jina Ahn
- The Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Integrative Biotechnology & Translational Medicine, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Yu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03708, Republic of Korea (H.K.)
| | - Hanna Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03708, Republic of Korea (H.K.)
| | - Jemin Sung
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03708, Republic of Korea (H.K.)
| | - Gyoonhee Han
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03708, Republic of Korea (H.K.)
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, WCU Program of Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Hyun Sohn
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Baik-Lin Seong
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Vaccine Innovative Technology ALliance (VITAL)-Korea, Yonsei University, Seoul 03721, Republic of Korea
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3
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Wang Y, Yuan W, Guo S, Li Q, Chen X, Li C, Liu Q, Sun L, Chen Z, Yuan Z, Luo C, Chen S, Tong S, Nassal M, Wen YM, Wang YX. A 33-residue peptide tag increases solubility and stability of Escherichia coli produced single-chain antibody fragments. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4614. [PMID: 35941164 PMCID: PMC9359998 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32423-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-chain variable fragments (scFvs), composed of variable domains of heavy and light chains of an antibody joined by a linker, share antigen binding capacity with their parental antibody. Due to intrinsically low solubility and stability, only two Escherichia coli-produced scFvs have been approved for therapy. Here we report that a 33-residue peptide, termed P17 tag, increases the solubility of multiple scFvs produced in Escherichia coli SHuffle strain by up to 11.6 fold. Hydrophilic sequence, especially charged residues, but not the predicted α-helical secondary structure of P17 tag, contribute to the solubility enhancement. Notably, the P17 tag elevates the thermostability of scFv as efficiently as intra-domain disulfide bonds. Moreover, a P17-tagged scFv targeting hepatitis B virus surface proteins shows over two-fold higher antigen-binding affinity and virus-neutralizing activity than the untagged version. These data strongly suggest a type I intramolecular chaperone-like activity of the P17 tag. Hence, the P17 tag could benefit the research, production, and application of scFv. Low solubility and stability of Escherichia coli produced single chain variable fragments (scFvs) restrict their applications. Here the authors report a 33-residue peptide tag which simultaneously increases the solubility and thermostability of multiple scFvs produced in Escherichia coli SHuffle strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjie Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Siqi Guo
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, the Center for Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qiqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianying Liu
- Institutes of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Institutes of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenguo Chen
- Institutes of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenghong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, the Center for Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shijie Chen
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, the Center for Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shuping Tong
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael Nassal
- Department of Internal Medicine II/Molecular Biology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yu-Mei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Xiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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TAR RNA Mediated Folding of a Single-Arginine-Mutant HIV-1 Tat Protein within HeLa Cells Experiencing Intracellular Crowding. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189998. [PMID: 34576162 PMCID: PMC8468913 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The various effects of native protein folding on the stability and folding rate of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) in crowded intracellular environments are important in biomedicine. Although most studies on protein folding have been conducted in vitro, providing valuable insights, studies on protein folding in crowded intracellular environments are scarce. This study aimed to explore the effects of intracellular molecular crowding on the folding of mutant transactivator HIV-1 Tat based on intracellular interactions, including TAR RNA, as proof of the previously reported chaperna-RNA concept. Considering that the Tat-TAR RNA motif binds RNA, we assessed the po tential function of TAR RNA as a chaperna for the refolding of R52Tat, a mutant in which the argi nine (R) residues at R52 have been replaced with alanine (A) by site-directed mutagenesis. We mon itored Tat-EGFP and Tat folding in HeLa cells via time-lapse fluorescence microscopy and biolayer interferometry using EGFP fusion as an indicator for folding status. These results show that the refolding of R52A Tat was stimulated well at a 0.3 μM TAR RNA concentration; wild-type Tat refolding was essentially abolished because of a reduction in the affinity for TAR RNA at that con centration. The folding and refolding of R52Tat were mainly promoted upon stimulation with TAR RNA. Our findings provide novel insights into the therapeutic potential of chaperna-mediated fold ing through the examination of as-yet-unexplored RNA-mediated protein folding as well as viral genetic variants that modulate viral evolutionary linkages for viral diseases inside a crowded intra cellular environment.
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Lim J, Cheong Y, Kim YS, Chae W, Hwang BJ, Lee J, Jang YH, Roh YH, Seo SU, Seong BL. RNA-dependent assembly of chimeric antigen nanoparticles as an efficient H5N1 pre-pandemic vaccine platform. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 37:102438. [PMID: 34256061 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2021.102438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) pose a significant threat to human health, with high mortality rates, and require effective vaccines. We showed that, harnessed with novel RNA-mediated chaperone function, hemagglutinin (HA) of H5N1 HPAIV could be displayed as an immunologically relevant conformation on self-assembled chimeric nanoparticles (cNP). A tri-partite monomeric antigen was designed including: i) an RNA-interaction domain (RID) as a docking tag for RNA to enable chaperna function (chaperna: chaperone + RNA), ii) globular head domain (gd) of HA as a target antigen, and iii) ferritin as a scaffold for 24 mer-assembly. The immunization of mice with the nanoparticles (~46 nm) induced a 25-30 fold higher neutralizing capacity of the antibody and provided cross-protection from homologous and heterologous lethal challenges. This study suggests that cNP assembly is conducive to eliciting antibodies against the conserved region in HA, providing potent and broad protective efficacy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/therapeutic use
- Birds/virology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza Vaccines/chemistry
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Influenza in Birds/immunology
- Influenza in Birds/prevention & control
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Mice
- Nanoparticles/chemistry
- Nanoparticles/therapeutic use
- Pandemics
- RNA/genetics
- RNA/immunology
- RNA/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongkwan Lim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yucheol Cheong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Seok Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonil Chae
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Jeung Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Lee
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yo Han Jang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hoon Roh
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Uk Seo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Baik L Seong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Vaccine Innovative Technology Alliance-Korea, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang N, Zhang S, He Y, Chen X, Zhang Y, Dong Z. Intein-mediated intracellular production of active microbial transglutaminase in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 142:109680. [PMID: 33220868 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The microbial transglutaminase (mTGase) from Streptomyces mobaraense is widely used in the food industry. However, recombinant production of mTGase is challenging because the mTGase is synthesized as an inactive zymogen, and needs to be activated by proteolytic processing. In this study, self-cleaving intein Ssp DnaB was applied to activate the mTGase in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Premature cleavage of intein Ssp DnaB also occurred, but instead of suppressing premature cleavage, this phenomenon was used to produce active mTGase in C. glutamicum. Both SDS-PAGE analysis and mTGase activity assays indicated that the premature cleavage of intein Ssp DnaB activated the mTGase intracellularly in C. glutamicum. The subsequent N-terminal amino acid sequencing and site-directed mutagenesis studies further showed that the premature cleavage activated the mTGase intracellularly, in a highly specific manner. Moreover, the growth performance of C. glutamicum was not noticeably affected by the intracellular expression of active mTGase. Finally, the mTGase was produced in a 2 L bioreactor, with activity up to 49 U/mL, the highest intracellular mTGase activity ever reported. Using premature cleavage of intein Ssp DnaB to activate mTGase in C. glutamicum, we produced high levels of intracellular active mTGase. Moreover, this approach did not require any further processing steps, such as protease treatment or lengthy incubation, greatly simplifying the production of active mTGase. This efficient and simple approach has great potential for the large-scale industrial production of active mTGase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Zhang
- SHENZHEN SIYOMICRO BIO-Tech CO., LTD, Shenzhen, 518116, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yongzhi He
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
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Choi SI, Seong BL. A social distancing measure governing the whole proteome. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2020; 66:104-111. [PMID: 33238232 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein folding in vivo has been largely understood in the context of molecular chaperones preventing aggregation of nascent polypeptides in the crowded cellular environment. Nascent chains utilize the crowded environment in favor of productive folding by direct physical connection with cellular macromolecules. The intermolecular repulsive forces by large excluded volume and surface charges of interacting cellular macromolecules, exerting 'social distancing' measure among folding intermediates, could play an important role in stabilizing their physically connected polypeptides against aggregation regardless of the physical connection types. The generic intrinsic chaperone activity of cellular macromolecules likely provides a robust cellular environment for the productive protein folding and solubility maintenance at the whole proteome level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Il Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Baik L Seong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Vaccine Innovation Technology Alliance (VITAL)-Korea, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Duarte LS, Barsé LQ, Dalberto PF, da Silva WTS, Rodrigues RC, Machado P, Basso LA, Bizarro CV, Ayub MAZ. Cloning and expression of the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens transglutaminase gene in E. coli using a bicistronic vector construction. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 134:109468. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.109468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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