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Liu WK, Su BM, Xu XQ, Xu L, Lin J. Multienzymatic Cascade for Synthesis of Hydroxytyrosol via Two-Stage Biocatalysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:15293-15300. [PMID: 38940657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c04228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Hydroxytyrosol, a naturally occurring compound with antioxidant and antiviral activity, is widely applied in the cosmetic, food, and nutraceutical industries. The development of a biocatalytic approach for producing hydroxytyrosol from simple and readily accessible substrates remains a challenge. Here, we designed and implemented an effective biocatalytic cascade to obtain hydroxytyrosol from 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde and l-threonine via a four-step enzymatic cascade composed of seven enzymes. To prevent cross-reactions and protein expression burden caused by multiple enzymes expressed in a single cell, the designed enzymatic cascade was divided into two modules and catalyzed in a stepwise manner. The first module (FM) assisted the assembly of 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde and l-threonine into (2S,3R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropanoic acid, and the second module (SM) entailed converting (2S,3R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropanoic acid into hydroxytyrosol. Each module was cloned into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and engineered in parallel by fine-tuning enzyme expression, resulting in two engineered whole-cell catalyst modules, BL21(FM01) and BL21(SM13), capable of converting 30 mM 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde to 28.7 mM hydroxytyrosol with a high space-time yield (0.88 g/L/h). To summarize, the current study proposes a simple and effective approach for biosynthesizing hydroxytyrosol from low-cost substrates and thus has great potential for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Kai Liu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Institute of Enzyme Catalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Bing-Mei Su
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Institute of Enzyme Catalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xin-Qi Xu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Institute of Enzyme Catalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Lian Xu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Institute of Enzyme Catalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Juan Lin
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Institute of Enzyme Catalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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Xu L, Shen JJ, Wu M, Su BM, Xu XQ, Lin J. An artificial biocatalytic cascade for efficient synthesis of norepinephrine by combination of engineered L-threonine transaldolase with multi-enzyme expression fine-tuning. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130819. [PMID: 38508550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Norepinephrine, a kind of β-adrenergic receptor agonist, is commonly used for treating shocks and hypotension caused by a variety of symptoms. The development of a straightforward, efficient and environmentally friendly biocatalytic route for manufacturing norepinephrine remains a challenge. Here, we designed and realized an artificial biocatalytic cascade to access norepinephrine starting from 3, 4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde and L-threonine mediated by a tailored-made L-threonine transaldolase PsLTTA-Mu1 and a newly screened tyrosine decarboxylase ErTDC. To overcome the imbalance of multi-enzymes in a single cell, engineering of PsLTTA for improved activity and fine-tuning expression mode of multi-enzymes in single E.coli cells were combined, leading to a robust whole cell biocatalyst ES07 that could produce 100 mM norepinephrine with 99% conversion, delivering a highest time-space yield (3.38 g/L/h) ever reported. To summarized, the current study proposed an effective biocatalytic approach for the synthesis of norepinephrine from low-cost substrates, paving the way for industrial applications of enzymatic norepinephrine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Xu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Jun-Jiang Shen
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Ming Wu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Bing-Mei Su
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Xin-Qi Xu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Juan Lin
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China.
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Yi J, Li Z. Artificial multi-enzyme cascades for natural product synthesis. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 78:102831. [PMID: 36308987 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Artificial multi-enzyme cascades bear great potential for offering sustainable synthesis of useful and valuable natural molecules. In the past two years, many new cascades were developed to produce natural alcohols, acids, esters, amino compounds, fatty acid derivatives, alkaloids, terpenoids, terpenes and monosaccharides from natural substrates and simple chemicals, respectively. These artificial cascades were constructed by combining individual enzymes designed using the retro-synthesis strategy and based on the available natural substrates and simple chemicals. While performing the cascades in vivo is often simple and straightforward, in vitro cascades usually require cofactor regeneration that was achieved by introducing one or more cofactor-regeneration modules in one pot. Protein engineering is frequently used to improve the performances of some enzymes in the cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieran Yi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore.
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Song Y, Wang R, Zhang Z, Liu X, Qi L, Shentu X, Yu X. Semi-rational engineering membrane binding domain of L-amino acid deaminase from Proteus vulgaris for enhanced α-ketoisocaproate. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1025845. [PMID: 36246292 PMCID: PMC9561763 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1025845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Keto acids are important raw materials for pharmaceuticals and functional foods, which could be produced from cheap feed stock by whole cell biocatalysts containing L-amino acid deaminases (L-AADs). However, the production capacity is limited by the low activity of L-AADs. The L-AAD mediated redox reaction employs the electron transport chain to transfer electrons from the reduced FADH2 to O2, implying that the interaction between L-AAD and the cell membrane affects its catalytic activity. To improve the catalytic activity of L-AAD from Proteus vulgaris, we redesigned the membrane-bound hydrophobic insertion sequences (INS, residues 325–375) by saturation mutagenesis and high-throughput screening. Mutants D340N and L363N exhibited higher affinity and catalytic efficiency for L-leucine, with half-life 1.62-fold and 1.28-fold longer than that of wild-type L-AAD. D340N catalyzed L-leucine to produce 81.21 g⋅L–1 α-ketoisocaproate, with a bioconversion rate of 89.06%, which was 17.57% higher than that of the wild-type. It is predicted that the mutations enhanced the interaction between the protein and the cell membrane.
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Efficient synthesis of tyrosol from L-tyrosine via heterologous Ehrlich pathway in Escherichia coli. Chin J Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2021.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Tan X, Zhang S, Song W, Liu J, Gao C, Chen X, Liu L, Wu J. A multi-enzyme cascade for efficient production of D-p-hydroxyphenylglycine from L-tyrosine. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:41. [PMID: 38650231 PMCID: PMC10991500 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00394-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a four-enzyme cascade pathway was developed and reconstructed in vivo for the production of D-p-hydroxyphenylglycine (D-HPG), a valuable intermediate used to produce β-lactam antibiotics and in fine-chemical synthesis, from L-tyrosine. In this pathway, catalytic conversion of the intermediate 4-hydroxyphenylglyoxalate by meso-diaminopimelate dehydrogenase from Corynebacterium glutamicum (CgDAPDH) was identified as the rate-limiting step, followed by application of a mechanism-guided "conformation rotation" strategy to decrease the hydride-transfer distance d(C6HDAP-C4NNADP) and increase CgDAPDH activity. Introduction of the best variant generated by protein engineering (CgDAPDHBC621/D120S/W144S/I169P with 5.32 ± 0.85 U·mg-1 specific activity) into the designed pathway resulted in a D-HPG titer of 42.69 g/L from 50-g/L L-tyrosine in 24 h, with 92.5% conversion, 71.5% isolated yield, and > 99% enantiomeric excess in a 3-L fermenter. This four-enzyme cascade provides an efficient enzymatic approach for the industrial production of D-HPG from cheap amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Tan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Zhejiang Tianrui Chemical Co., Ltd, Quzhou, 324400, China
| | - Wei Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Cong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiulai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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Wang L, Song W, Wang B, Zhang Y, Xu X, Wu J, Gao C, Liu J, Chen X, Chen J, Liu L. One-Pot Enzymatic–Chemical Cascade Route for Synthesizing Aromatic α-Hydroxy Ketones. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Binju Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 360015, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Cong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Xiulai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Jinghua Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
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Finnigan W, Hepworth LJ, Flitsch SL, Turner NJ. RetroBioCat as a computer-aided synthesis planning tool for biocatalytic reactions and cascades. Nat Catal 2021; 4:98-104. [PMID: 33604511 PMCID: PMC7116764 DOI: 10.1038/s41929-020-00556-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
As the enzyme toolbox for biocatalysis has expanded, so has the potential for the construction of powerful enzymatic cascades for efficient and selective synthesis of target molecules. Additionally, recent advances in computer-aided synthesis planning are revolutionising synthesis design in both synthetic biology and organic chemistry. However, the potential for biocatalysis is not well captured by tools currently available in either field. Here we present RetroBioCat, an intuitive and accessible tool for computer-aided design of biocatalytic cascades, freely available at retrobiocat.com. Our approach uses a set of expertly encoded reaction rules encompassing the enzyme toolbox for biocatalysis, and a system for identifying literature precedent for enzymes with the correct substrate specificity where this is available. Applying these rules for automated biocatalytic retrosynthesis, we show our tool to be capable of identifying promising biocatalytic pathways to target molecules, validated using a test-set of recent cascades described in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Finnigan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, Manchester, UK
| | - Lorna J Hepworth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, Manchester, UK
| | - Sabine L Flitsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, Manchester, UK
| | - Nicholas J Turner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, Manchester, UK
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Recent advances in biocatalytic derivatization of L-tyrosine. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:9907-9920. [PMID: 33067683 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10949-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
L-Tyrosine is an aromatic, polar, non-essential amino acid that contains a highly reactive α-amino, α-carboxyl, and phenolic hydroxyl group. Derivatization of these functional groups can produce chemicals, such as L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, tyramine, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, and benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, which are widely employed in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetics industries. In this review, we summarize typical L-tyrosine derivatizations catalyzed by enzymatic biocatalysts, as well as the strategies and challenges associated with their production processes. Finally, we discuss future perspectives pertaining to the enzymatic production of L-tyrosine derivatives.Key points• Summary of recent advances in enzyme-catalyzed L-tyrosine derivatization.• Highlights of relevant strategies involved in L-tyrosine derivatives biosynthesis.• Future perspectives on industrial applications of L-tyrosine derivatization.
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