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Huang Y, Wang Y, Shang N, Li P. Microbial Fermentation Processes of Lactic Acid: Challenges, Solutions, and Future Prospects. Foods 2023; 12:2311. [PMID: 37372521 DOI: 10.3390/foods12122311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The demand for lactic acid and lactic acid-derived products in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries is increasing year by year. In recent decades, the synthesis of lactic acid by microbials has gained much attention from scientists due to the superior optical purity of the product, its low production costs, and its higher production efficiency compared to chemical synthesis. Microbial fermentation involves the selection of feedstock, strains, and fermentation modes. Each step can potentially affect the yield and purity of the final product. Therefore, there are still many critical challenges in lactic acid production. The costs of feedstocks and energy; the inhibition of substrates and end-product; the sensitivity to the inhibitory compounds released during pretreatment; and the lower optical purity are the main obstacles hindering the fermentation of lactic acid. This review highlights the limitations and challenges of applying microbial fermentation in lactic acid production. In addition, corresponding solutions to these difficulties are summarized in order to provide some guidance for the industrial production of lactic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Nan Shang
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Pinglan Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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Zhang B, Liu X, Bao J. High solids loading pretreatment: The core of lignocellulose biorefinery as an industrial technology - An overview. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 369:128334. [PMID: 36403909 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pretreatment is the first and most determinative, yet the least mature step of lignocellulose biorefinery chain. The current stagnation of biorefinery commercialization indicates the barriers of the existing pretreatment technologies are needed to be unlocked. This review focused on one of the core factors, the high lignocellulose solids loading in pretreatment. The high solids loading of pretreatment significantly reduces water input, energy requirement, toxic compound discharge, solid/liquid separation costs, and carbon dioxide emissions, improves the titers of sugars and biproducts to meet the industrial requirements. Meanwhile, lignocellulose feedstock after high solids loading pretreatment is compatible with the existing logistics system for densification, packaging, storage, and transportation. Both the technical-economic analysis and the cellulosic ethanol conversion performance suggest that the solids loading in the pretreatment step need to be further elevated towards an industrial technology and the effective solutions should be proposed to the technical barriers in high solids loading pretreatment operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiucai Liu
- Cathay Biotech Inc, 1690 Cailun Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jie Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
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Geng B, Jia X, Peng X, Han Y. Biosynthesis of value-added bioproducts from hemicellulose of biomass through microbial metabolic engineering. Metab Eng Commun 2022; 15:e00211. [PMID: 36311477 PMCID: PMC9597109 DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2022.e00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemicellulose is the second most abundant carbohydrate in lignocellulosic biomass and has extensive applications. In conventional biomass refinery, hemicellulose is easily converted to unwanted by-products in pretreatment and therefore can't be fully utilized. The present study aims to summarize the most recent development of lignocellulosic polysaccharide degradation and fully convert it to value-added bioproducts through microbial and enzymatic catalysis. Firstly, bioprocess and microbial metabolic engineering for enhanced utilization of lignocellulosic carbohydrates were discussed. The bioprocess for degradation and conversion of natural lignocellulose to monosaccharides and organic acids using anaerobic thermophilic bacteria and thermostable glycoside hydrolases were summarized. Xylose transmembrane transporting systems in natural microorganisms and the latest strategies for promoting the transporting capacity by metabolic engineering were summarized. The carbon catabolite repression effect restricting xylose utilization in microorganisms, and metabolic engineering strategies developed for co-utilization of glucose and xylose were discussed. Secondly, the metabolic pathways of xylose catabolism in microorganisms were comparatively analyzed. Microbial metabolic engineering for converting xylose to value-added bioproducts based on redox pathways, non-redox pathways, pentose phosphate pathway, and improving inhibitors resistance were summarized. Thirdly, strategies for degrading lignocellulosic polysaccharides and fully converting hemicellulose to value-added bioproducts through microbial metabolic engineering were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Geng
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaojing Jia
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaowei Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yejun Han
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Augustiniene E, Valanciene E, Matulis P, Syrpas M, Jonuskiene I, Malys N. Bioproduction of l- and d-lactic acids: advances and trends in microbial strain application and engineering. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:342-360. [PMID: 34412525 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1940088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lactic acid is an important platform chemical used in the food, agriculture, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. It serves as a building block for the production of polylactic acid (PLA), a biodegradable polymer, which can replace traditional petroleum-based plastics and help to reduce environmental pollution. Cost-effective production of optically pure l- and d-lactic acids is necessary to achieve a quality and thermostable PLA product. This paper evaluates research advances in the bioproduction of l- and d-lactic acids using microbial fermentation. Special emphasis is given to the development of metabolically engineered microbial strains and processes tailored to alternative and flexible feedstock concepts such as: lignocellulose, glycerol, C1-gases, and agricultural-food industry byproducts. Alternative fermentation concepts that can improve lactic acid production are discussed. The potential use of inducible gene expression systems for the development of biosensors to facilitate the screening and engineering of lactic acid-producing microorganisms is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesta Augustiniene
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Bioprocess Research Centre, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Egle Valanciene
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Bioprocess Research Centre, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Paulius Matulis
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Bioprocess Research Centre, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Michail Syrpas
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Bioprocess Research Centre, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ilona Jonuskiene
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Bioprocess Research Centre, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Naglis Malys
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Bioprocess Research Centre, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Batch and Continuous Lactic Acid Fermentation Based on A Multi-Substrate Approach. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8071084. [PMID: 32708134 PMCID: PMC7409180 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8071084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilisation of waste materials and industrial residues became a priority within the bioeconomy concept and the production of biobased chemicals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility to continuously produce L-lactic acid from different renewable substrates, in a multi-substrate strategy mode. Based on batch experiments observations, Bacillus coagulans A534 strain was able to continuously metabolise acid whey, sugar beet molasses, sugar bread, alfalfa press green juice and tapioca starch. Additionally, reference experiments showed its behaviour in standard medium. Continuous fermentations indicated that the highest productivity was achieved when molasses was employed with a value of 10.34 g·L−1·h−1, while the lactic acid to sugar conversion yield was 0.86 g·g−1. This study demonstrated that LA can be efficiently produced in continuous mode regardless the substrate, which is a huge advantage in comparison to other platform chemicals.
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Coelho LF, Sass DC, Avila Neto PM, Contiero J. Evaluation of a new method for (L+) lactic acid purification, using ethyl ether. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Production of Lactic Acid from Carob, Banana and Sugarcane Lignocellulose Biomass. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25132956. [PMID: 32605022 PMCID: PMC7412479 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25132956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass from agricultural residues is a promising feedstock for lactic acid (LA) production. The aim of the current study was to investigate the production of LA from different lignocellulosic biomass. The LA production from banana peduncles using strain Bacillus coagulans with yeast extract resulted in 26.6 g LA·L−1, and yield of 0.90 g LA·g−1 sugars. The sugarcane fermentation with yeast extract resulted in 46.5 g LA·L−1, and yield of 0.88 g LA·g−1 sugars. Carob showed that addition of yeast extract resulted in higher productivity of 3.2 g LA·L−1·h−1 compared to without yeast extract where1.95 g LA·L−1·h−1 was obtained. Interestingly, similar LA production was obtained by the end where 54.8 and 51.4 g·L−1 were obtained with and without yeast extract, respectively. A pilot scale of 35 L using carob biomass fermentation without yeast extract resulted in yield of 0.84 g LA·g−1 sugars, and productivity of 2.30 g LA·L−1·h−1 which indicate a very promising process for future industrial production of LA.
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