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Yoshida K. Etiology of Pneumoparotid: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2022; 12:jcm12010144. [PMID: 36614949 PMCID: PMC9821654 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumoparotid describes retrogradely insufflated air within the Stensen's duct and/or parotid gland. It is a rare condition with variable causative factors. This study aimed to elucidate the clinical characteristics of pneumoparotid. Reports in all languages were evaluated following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement 2020. A literature search was conducted using electronic medical databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EBSCO, Ovid, Google Scholar, SciElo, LILIACS, and others) from 1890 to 30 June 2022. One hundred and seventy patients (mean age; 28.4 years) from 126 studies were reviewed. Common symptoms included swelling (84.7%) and pain (35.9%). Characteristic findings were crepitus in the parotid region (40%) and frothy saliva from the orifice (39.4%). The common etiologies included abnormal habits such as blowing out the cheeks (23.5%), idiopathic (20%), self-induced (15.9%), playing wind instruments such as trumpets or flutes (8.8%), and diseases inducing coughing or sneezing (8.2%). The treatments included antibiotic therapy (30%), behavioral therapy to avoid continuing causative habits (25.9%), psychiatric therapy (8.2%), and surgical procedures (8.2%). Treatment should be individualized and etiology-based. However, the etiology was not identified in 20% of patients. Further detailed data from larger samples are required to clarify and improve the recognition of this entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Yoshida
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Hospital Organization, Kyoto Medical Center, 1-1 Mukaihata-cho, Fukakusa, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan
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2
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Chidipothu K, Verma NC, Madavi S, Jadhav JA. Acute Bilateral Swelling of the Parotid Gland After General Anesthesia in Lateral Decubitus Position. Cureus 2022; 14:e29154. [PMID: 36259034 PMCID: PMC9572808 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.29154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A rare but well-known anesthetic side effect is acute parotid gland enlargement after general anesthesia, sometimes known as anesthesia mumps or acute post-operative sialadenitis. Acute dehydration, obstruction of glandular excretory ducts caused by the position of the patient, and/or medications such as atropine that increase saliva viscosity have all been proposed as potential causes, while the specific cause is still unknown. We present a case of a 41-year-old patient who underwent a right open anatrophic pyelolithotomy for a staghorn calculus in the left lateral decubitus position and had swelling in the right and left preauricular and postauricular regions, which had progressed to the angle of the mandible post-operatively.
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Gazia F, Freni F, Galletti C, Galletti B, Bruno R, Galletti C, Meduri A, Galletti F. Pneumoparotid and Pneumoparotitis: A Literary Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17113936. [PMID: 32498334 PMCID: PMC7313030 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17113936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pneumoparotid is a rare condition of parotid swelling. The presence of the air in gland parenchyma is caused by an incompetent Stensen’s duct with high pressure may cause the acini’s rupture. We reviewed 49 manuscripts, from 1987 to today, that enrolled a total of 54 patients with pneumoparotid. Our review evaluated the following evaluation parameters: gender, age, etiology, clinical presentation, treatment, days of resolution after diagnosis, relapse and complications. The most frequent etiology is self-induction by swelling the cheeks (53.7%). This cause mainly involves children (74%), for conflicts with parents, excuses for not going to school, nervous tics or adults (16%) with psychiatric disorders. Iatrogenic causes are also frequent (16.6%), for dental treatments (55.5%) or use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) (33.4%). Medical therapy is the most practiced (53.7%), in most cases it is combined with behavioral therapy (25.9%) or psychotherapy (25.9%). Surgery is rarely used (9.2%) as a definitive solution through parotidectomy (50%) or ligation of the duct (50%). The most common complication is subcutaneous emphysema (24.1%), sometimes associated with pneumomediastinum (5.5%). Careful treatment and management are necessary to ensure the resolution of the pathology and counteract the onset of complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Gazia
- Department of Adult and Development Age Human Pathology “Gaetano Barresi”, Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (F.F.); (C.G.); (B.G.); (R.B.); (F.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0902212248; Fax: +39-0902212242
| | - Francesco Freni
- Department of Adult and Development Age Human Pathology “Gaetano Barresi”, Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (F.F.); (C.G.); (B.G.); (R.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Cosimo Galletti
- Department of Adult and Development Age Human Pathology “Gaetano Barresi”, Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (F.F.); (C.G.); (B.G.); (R.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Bruno Galletti
- Department of Adult and Development Age Human Pathology “Gaetano Barresi”, Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (F.F.); (C.G.); (B.G.); (R.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Rocco Bruno
- Department of Adult and Development Age Human Pathology “Gaetano Barresi”, Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (F.F.); (C.G.); (B.G.); (R.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Cosimo Galletti
- Comprehensive Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitat de Barcelona, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), 08907 Catalonia, Spain;
| | - Alessandro Meduri
- Department of Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e Delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali, Unit of Ophthalmology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Francesco Galletti
- Department of Adult and Development Age Human Pathology “Gaetano Barresi”, Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (F.F.); (C.G.); (B.G.); (R.B.); (F.G.)
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4
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Lagunas JG, Fuertes AF. Self-induced parapharyngeal and parotid emphysema: A case of pneumoparotitis. ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY CASES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.omsc.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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5
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To document the etiology and successful treatment of severe recurrent pneumoparotid. STUDY DESIGN: Computed tomography, ductal measurement by probe size, surgical treatment. RESULTS: We performed a superficial parotidectomy for a 13-year-old with a history of recurrent parotitis. He subsequently developed recurrent pneumoparotid in the contralateral gland with subcutaneous dissection of air into the face, neck, and mediastinum. At surgery, Stensen's ducts were measured and found to be abnormally patent bilaterally compared to standardized norms. Parotid duct ligation, commonly used for sialorrhea, was employed as a novel treatment and was curative. CONCLUSION: Insufflation of air into the parotid duct system can trouble woodwind instrument players, can complicate dental procedures, or can be self-induced. It is generally a benign condition requiring no therapy. Occasionally, pneumoparotid can be recurrent and lead to inflammation and infection of the parotid or subcutaneous emphysema. SIGNIFICANCE: In selected cases of recurrent pneumoparotid, ductal ligation may be curative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehjin Han
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Nicot R, Myon L, Konopnicki S, Ferri J, Raoul G. [Pneumoparotid: a rare cause of recurrent parotid swelling]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 115:111-3. [PMID: 24703198 DOI: 10.1016/j.revsto.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 05/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pneumoparotid is a rare cause of recurrent parotid swelling. It is often fortuitous, caused by an action inducing intraoral pressure, increased or self-induced. OBSERVATION An 8-year-old boy presented with recurrent right unilateral parotid swelling for 2 years. A CT-scan was performed, outside of the acute phase, which revealed the presence of intraparotid air bubbles. DISCUSSION Pneumoparotitis results from air flowing back into Stensen's duct, due to an anatomical abnormality and a significant increase of intraoral pressure. The diagnosis is made on clinical examination, often completed by a morphological examination (cervicofacial CT-scan or parotid ultrasound investigation). The outcome is most often favorable, with symptomatic treatment, and sometimes antibiotic prophylaxis. Patient education is the best means to prevent recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nicot
- Service de chirurgie maxillo-faciale et stomatologie, hôpital Roger Salengro, 2, avenue Oscar-Lambret, 59037 Lille cedex, France; Université de Lille Nord de France, UDSL, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - L Myon
- Service de chirurgie maxillo-faciale et stomatologie, hôpital Roger Salengro, 2, avenue Oscar-Lambret, 59037 Lille cedex, France; Université de Lille Nord de France, UDSL, 59000 Lille, France
| | - S Konopnicki
- Service de chirurgie maxillo-faciale et stomatologie, hôpital Roger Salengro, 2, avenue Oscar-Lambret, 59037 Lille cedex, France; Université de Lille Nord de France, UDSL, 59000 Lille, France
| | - J Ferri
- Service de chirurgie maxillo-faciale et stomatologie, hôpital Roger Salengro, 2, avenue Oscar-Lambret, 59037 Lille cedex, France; Université de Lille Nord de France, UDSL, 59000 Lille, France; Inserm U 1008, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, 59000 Lille, France; International Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine (IAOMM), 7, bis rue de la Créativité, 59650 Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France
| | - G Raoul
- Service de chirurgie maxillo-faciale et stomatologie, hôpital Roger Salengro, 2, avenue Oscar-Lambret, 59037 Lille cedex, France; Université de Lille Nord de France, UDSL, 59000 Lille, France; Inserm U 1008, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, 59000 Lille, France; International Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine (IAOMM), 7, bis rue de la Créativité, 59650 Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France
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7
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Postaci A, Aytac I, Oztekin CV, Dikmen B. Acute unilateral parotid gland swelling after lateral decubitus position under general anesthesia. Saudi J Anaesth 2012; 6:295-7. [PMID: 23162409 PMCID: PMC3498674 DOI: 10.4103/1658-354x.101227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute swelling of the parotid gland after general anesthesia (commonly known as anesthesia mumps or acute postoperative sialadenitis) is a rare but declared complication of anesthesia. The etiology is not clear, but some possible causes such as obstruction of glandular excretory ducts caused by patient position and increase in the viscosity of the saliva because of acute dehydratation and/or medications like atropin have been proposed. We report a swelling in the left preauricular and postauricular region extending to the angle of the mandibule in a 35-year-old patient after left lateral decubitus position for laparoscopic nephrectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysun Postaci
- Department of Anesthesiology & Reanimation, Numune Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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8
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McGreevy AE, O'Kane AM, McCaul D, Basha SI. Pneumoparotitis: a case report. Head Neck 2012; 35:E55-9. [PMID: 22431013 DOI: 10.1002/hed.21873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumoparotid is a rare cause of parotid enlargement. Pneumatic enlargement of the gland is caused by retrograde insufflation via Stensen's duct. Most reported cases have been managed conservatively, thus running a short course. METHODS AND RESULTS We report on a case of a 48-year-old man with a chronic painful right facial swelling and symptoms of repeated infection. Clinical examination found a parotid swelling with surgical emphysema and a dilated Stensen's duct. Pneumoparotitis with cystic changes and dilated intraparotid ducts was confirmed by CT. The patient proceeded to undergo excision of the gland, with subsequent resolution of symptoms. CONCLUSION Repeated retrograde movement of air and contaminated saliva leads to chronic infection and sialectasis. Management is aimed at preventing these sequelae by identifying and addressing the insult early; however, repeated pneumoparotid leads to chronic pneumoparotitis, the management of which is excision of the gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela E McGreevy
- ENT Department, Craigavon Area Hospital, Portadown, Northern Ireland.
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9
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Ghanem M, Brown J, McGurk M. Pneumoparotitis: a diagnostic challenge. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011; 41:774-6. [PMID: 22209185 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pneumoparotitis is a rare cause of recurrent parotid swelling and its diagnosis can be challenging if the patient does not present with typical symptoms and is not in a risk group for parotitis. Several diagnostic techniques have been described in the literature including plain radiography, sialography and CT scanning. This report suggests that ultrasound is an efficient diagnostic aid and should be routinely used for the diagnosis of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ghanem
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nasser Institute Hospital, Cairo, Egypt.
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10
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Head-neck and mediastinal emphysema caused by playing a wind instrument. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis 2010; 127:221-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anorl.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Luaces R, Ferreras J, Patiño B, Garcia-Rozado A, Vázquez I, López-Cedrún JL. Pneumoparotid: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008; 66:362-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2006.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2006] [Revised: 06/07/2006] [Accepted: 10/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Huang PC, Schuster D, Misko G. Pneumoparotid: A Case Report and Review of its Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2000. [DOI: 10.1177/014556130007900420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumoparotid is considered to be a rare entity, but the diagnosis might not be as uncommon as reported. We report a case in which computed tomography incidentally revealed air in the parotid ducts bilaterally. Treatment is aimed at the elimination of predisposing and causative factors, but because our patient denied any symptoms or precipitating factors and had a benign presentation, no immediate intervention was initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patti C. Huang
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C
| | - David Schuster
- Department of Radiology, Asheville (N.C.) VA Medical Hospital
| | - Glen Misko
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C
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13
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Martín-Granizo R, Herrera M, García-González D, Mas A. Pneumoparotid in childhood: report of two cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1999; 57:1468-71. [PMID: 10596673 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-2391(99)90737-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Martín-Granizo
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Kirsch CM, Shinn J, Porzio R, Trefelner E, Kagawa FT, Wehner JH, Jensen WA. Pneumoparotid due to spirometry. Chest 1999; 116:1475-8. [PMID: 10559118 DOI: 10.1378/chest.116.5.1475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumoparotid has been described in patients who generate increased intraoral pressures when playing wind instruments, while coughing, and when undergoing dental work. Some patients have intentionally created pneumoparotid to avoid duties at school or in the military, or to gain attention. We describe a patient who developed pneumoparotid during pulmonary function testing. The diagnosis of pneumoparotid depends on a suggestive clinical situation and glandular swelling with or without crepitus. Observation of aerated saliva per Stensen's duct or air in the parotid duct and/or gland by any imaging study is diagnostic if infection with a gas-forming organism can be reasonably excluded. No specific treatment is required, other than the avoidance of predisposing activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Kirsch
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, CA 95128, USA
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15
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Abstract
Acute infection can involve any salivary gland, but it predominately affects the major salivary glands, especially the parotid gland. The anatomic and physiologic factors accounting for the parotid gland's predilection for infection are reviewed. Numerous conditions that are predisposed to acute bacterial sialadenitis and differ from risk factors associated with viral infection are also reviewed. The pathogenesis, diagnostic evaluation, treatment, complications, and prognosis of bacterial infections are discussed and contrasted with those of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J McQuone
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.
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16
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Golz A, Joachims HZ, Netzer A, Westerman ST, Gilbert LM. Pneumoparotitis: diagnosis by computed tomography. Am J Otolaryngol 1999; 20:68-71. [PMID: 9950118 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-0709(99)90055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Golz
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Rambam Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Alcalde
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery II, Okayama University Dental School, Japan
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nassimbeni
- Department of Pediatrics, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Trieste, Italy
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19
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Birzgalis AR, Curley JW, Camphor I. Pneumoparotitis, subcutaneous emphysema and pleomorphic adenoma. J Laryngol Otol 1993; 107:349-51. [PMID: 8391561 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215100123011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Self-induced pneumoparotitis is a distinct clinical entity which should be considered in any inflammatory swelling of the parotid gland. When complicated by subcutaneous emphysema, other more important causes should be excluded. An unusual case is presented, which was further complicated by the presence of a pleomorphic adenoma.
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20
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Abstract
Self-induced pneumoparotitis has not been commonly associated with orthodontic treatment nor dental treatment in general. However, the patient described previously and the other reported cases demonstrate the distinct possibility that accommodation to appliance irritation by "puffing out" the cheeks could result in parotid swelling. Pneumoparotitis should definitely be considered in the evaluation of patients with parotid swelling, particularly in cases of unexplained swelling with rapid onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W McDuffie
- Department of Orthodontics, Eglin Air Force Base, Fla
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21
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Ferlito A, Andretta M, Baldan M, Candiani F. Non-occupational recurrent bilateral pneumoparotitis in an adolescent. J Laryngol Otol 1992; 106:558-60. [PMID: 1624898 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215100120146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This is a case report of recurrent bilateral parotid swelling with intraglandular gaseous bubbles in a 14-year-old boy, together with a review of the literature on this condition, which is usually called pneumoparotitis. The disorder has been reported as an occupational hazard in wind instrument players and glass-blowers and also as a rare non-occupational disease, mainly in adolescents and often associated with psychological problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ferlito
- ENT Department, University of Padua, Italy
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22
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Abstract
Pneumoparotitis is a rare cause of parotid enlargement. It is due to a reflux of air through Stensen's duct into the acini of the parotid gland with subsequent dilatation. We report a case which followed a long history of autoinflation of the middle ears by the Valsalva manoeuvre. The plain radiographic, sialographic and ultrasound findings are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Curtin
- X-Ray Department, Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow, Middlesex
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23
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Takenoshita Y, Kawano Y, Oka M. Pneumoparotis, an unusual occurrence of parotid gland swelling during dental treatment. Report of a case with a review of the literature. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 1991; 19:362-5. [PMID: 1795051 DOI: 10.1016/s1010-5182(05)80280-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A 24-year-old male with pneumoparotis caused by the use of an air syringe during a routine restorative dental procedure during clinical training is presented. Reflux of air into the parotid gland due to increasing pressure is a rare cause of acute parotid swelling.--A discussion of this unusual case and review of the literature including its differential diagnosis and management form the basis of this report. Judicious use of intra-oral dental instruments using compressed air or gas is advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Takenoshita
- Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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