Enhanced Dissolution Rate of Dronedarone Hydrochloride via Preparation of Solid Dispersion using Vinylpyrrolidone-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer (Kollidone® VA 64)

Utilizing Drug Amorphous Solid Dispersions for the Preparation of Dronedarone per os Formulations

Dronedarone (DRN), an antiarrhythmic drug, exhibits potent pharmacological effects in the management of cardiac arrhythmias. Despite its therapeutic potential, DRN faces formulation challenges due to its low aqueous solubility. Hence, the present study is dedicated to the examination of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) as a strategic approach for enhancing the solubility of DRN. Initially, the glass forming ability (GFA) of API was assessed alongside its thermal degradation profile, and it was revealed that DRN is a stable glass former (GFA III compound) that remains thermally stable up to approximately 200 °C. Subsequently, five commonly used ASD matrix/carriers, i.e., hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), povidone (PVP), copovidone (PVP/VA), Soluplus® (SOL), and Eudragit® E PO (EPO), were screened for the formation of a DRN-based ASD using film casting and solvent shift methods, along with miscibility evaluation measurements. SOL proved to be the most promising matrix/carrier among the others, and, hence, was used to prepare DRN ASDs via the melt-quench method. The physicochemical characterization of the prepared systems (via pXRD) revealed the complete amorphization of the API within the matrix/carrier, while the system was physically stable for at least three months after its preparation. In vitro release studies for the ASDs, conducted under non-sink conditions, revealed the sustained supersaturation of the drug for at least 8 h. Finally, the use of attenuated total reflectance (ATR) FTIR spectroscopy showed the formation of a strong molecular interaction between the drug molecules and SOL.

Clove Oil Endorsed Transdermal Flux of Dronedarone Hydrochloride Loaded Bilosomal Nanogel: Factorial Design, In vitro Evaluation and Ex vivo Permeation

The goal of this study was to develop a bilosomal gel formulation to enhance transdermal permeability of dronedarone hyrdrochloride (DRN) which suffers from poor oral absorption and limited bioavailability. To overcome this obstacle, bilosomes were successfully prepared using 2³ full-factorial design. Span®40, cholesterol, sodium deoxycholate (bile salt), clove oil (permeability enhancer), and either Tween® 60 or Tween® 80 (edge activator) were used in bilosome preparation by ethanol injection method. In this design, independent variables were X1, edge activator type; X2, edge activator amount (mg); and X3, permeability enhancer concentration (% w/v). Optimal formula (B2) of the highest desirability of (0.776) demonstrated minimum vesicle size (VS) of 312.4 ± 24.42 nm, maximum absolute value of zeta potential (ZP) - 36.17 ± 2.57 mV, maximum entrapment efficiency (EE %) of 80.95 ± 3.01%, maximum deformability Index (DI) of 8.24 ± 1.26 g and maximum drug flux after 12 h (J₁₂) of 21.23 ± 1.54 µg/cm² h upon ex vivo permeation study. After 12 h, 70.29 ± 6.46% of DRN was released from B2. TEM identification of B2 showed spherical shaped nanosized vesicles which were physically stable for 3 months at different temperatures. B2 was incorporated into carboxymethylcellulose gel base for easiness of dermal application. B2 gel demonstrated good physical properties, non-Newtonian psuedoplastic flow, and enhanced release (57.0 ± 8.68% of DRN compared to only 13.3 ± 1.2% released from drug suspension after 12 h) and enhanced skin permeation.

A Review on Solid Dispersion and Carriers Used Therein for Solubility Enhancement of Poorly Water Soluble Drugs

A large number of hydrophilic and hydrophobic carriers in pharmaceutical excipients are available today which are used for formulation of solid dispersions. Depending on nature of carriers the immediate release solid dispersions and/or controlled release solid dispersions can be formulated. Initially crystalline carriers were used which are transformed into amorphous solid dispersions with enhanced properties. The carriers used previously were mostly synthetic one. Recent trend towards the use of natural carriers have replaced the use of synthetic carriers. This review is the overview of various synthetic, natural, semisynthetic, modified natural hydrophilic carriers used for formulation of solid dispersions.