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Lee Y, Ki H, Im D, Eom S, Gu J, Lee S, Kim J, Cha Y, Lee KW, Zerdane S, Levantino M, Ihee H. Cerium Photocatalyst in Action: Structural Dynamics in the Presence of Substrate Visualized via Time-Resolved X-ray Liquidography. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23715-23726. [PMID: 37856865 PMCID: PMC10623567 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
[Ce(III)Cl6]3-, with its earth-abundant metal element, is a promising photocatalyst facilitating carbon-halogen bond activation. Still, the structure of the reaction intermediate has yet to be explored. Here, we applied time-resolved X-ray liquidography (TRXL), which allows for direct observation of the structural details of reaction intermediates, to investigate the photocatalytic reaction of [Ce(III)Cl6]3-. Structural analysis of the TRXL data revealed that the excited state of [Ce(III)Cl6]3- has Ce-Cl bonds that are shorter than those of the ground state and that the Ce-Cl bond further contracts upon oxidation. In addition, this study represents the first application of TRXL to both photocatalyst-only and photocatalyst-and-substrate samples, providing insights into the substrate's influence on the photocatalyst's reaction dynamics. This study demonstrates the capability of TRXL in elucidating the reaction dynamics of photocatalysts under various conditions and highlights the importance of experimental determination of the structures of reaction intermediates to advance our understanding of photocatalytic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunbeom Lee
- Center
for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute
for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hosung Ki
- Center
for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute
for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghwan Im
- Center
for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute
for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghwan Eom
- Center
for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute
for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jain Gu
- Center
for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute
for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonggon Lee
- Center
for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute
for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungmin Kim
- Center
for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute
for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjun Cha
- Center
for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute
for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Won Lee
- Center
for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute
for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Serhane Zerdane
- European
Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Matteo Levantino
- European
Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Hyotcherl Ihee
- Center
for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute
for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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Ki H, Gu J, Cha Y, Lee KW, Ihee H. Projection to extract the perpendicular component (PEPC) method for extracting kinetics from time-resolved data. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2023; 10:034103. [PMID: 37388296 PMCID: PMC10306411 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved x-ray liquidography (TRXL) is a potent method for investigating the structural dynamics of chemical and biological reactions in the liquid phase. It has enabled the extraction of detailed structural aspects of various dynamic processes, the molecular structures of intermediates, and kinetics of reactions across a wide range of systems, from small molecules to proteins and nanoparticles. Proper data analysis is key to extracting the information of the kinetics and structural dynamics of the studied system encrypted in the TRXL data. In typical TRXL data, the signals from solute scattering, solvent scattering, and solute-solvent cross scattering are mixed in the q-space, and the solute kinetics and solvent hydrodynamics are mixed in the time domain, thus complicating the data analysis. Various methods developed so far generally require prior knowledge of the molecular structures of candidate species involved in the reaction. Because such information is often unavailable, a typical data analysis often involves tedious trial and error. To remedy this situation, we have developed a method named projection to extract the perpendicular component (PEPC), capable of removing the contribution of solvent kinetics from TRXL data. The resulting data then contain only the solute kinetics, and, thus, the solute kinetics can be easily determined. Once the solute kinetics is determined, the subsequent data analysis to extract the structural information can be performed with drastically improved convenience. The application of the PEPC method is demonstrated with TRXL data from the photochemistry of two molecular systems: [Au(CN)2-]3 in water and CHI3 in cyclohexane.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - H. Ihee
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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Choi EH, Lee Y, Heo J, Ihee H. Reaction dynamics studied via femtosecond X-ray liquidography at X-ray free-electron lasers. Chem Sci 2022; 13:8457-8490. [PMID: 35974755 PMCID: PMC9337737 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00502f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) provide femtosecond X-ray pulses suitable for pump–probe time-resolved studies with a femtosecond time resolution. Since the advent of the first XFEL in 2009, recent years have witnessed a great number of applications with various pump–probe techniques at XFELs. Among these, time-resolved X-ray liquidography (TRXL) is a powerful method for visualizing structural dynamics in the liquid solution phase. Here, we classify various chemical and biological molecular systems studied via femtosecond TRXL (fs-TRXL) at XFELs, depending on the focus of the studied process, into (i) bond cleavage and formation, (ii) charge distribution and electron transfer, (iii) orientational dynamics, (iv) solvation dynamics, (v) coherent nuclear wavepacket dynamics, and (vi) protein structural dynamics, and provide a brief review on each category. We also lay out a plausible roadmap for future fs-TRXL studies for areas that have not been explored yet. Femtosecond X-ray liquidography using X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) visualizes various aspects of reaction dynamics.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Hyuk Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunbeom Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Heo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyotcherl Ihee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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