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Jo J, Kim S, Park S, Kim S, Lee S, Choi JH, Chung WJ. Study on Pyridine-Boryl Radical-Promoted, Ketyl Radical-Mediated Carbon-Carbon Bond-Forming Reactions. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38861548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Ketyl radicals are synthetically versatile reactive species, but their applications have been hampered by harsh generation conditions employing highly reducing metals. Recently, the pyridine-boryl radical received wide attention as a promising organic reductant because of its mildness as well as convenience in handling. While probing the utility of the pyridine-boryl radical, our group observed facile pinacol coupling reactivity that had not been known at that time. This serendipitous finding was successfully rendered into a practical synthesis of tetraaryl-1,2-diols in up to 99% yield within 1 h. Subsequently, upon examinations of various reaction manifolds, a diastereoselective ketyl-olefin cyclization was accomplished to produce cycloalkanols such as trans-2-alkyl-1-indanols. Compared to the previous methods, the stereocontrolling ability was considerably enhanced by taking advantage of the structurally modifiable boryl group that would be present near the bond-forming site. In this full account, our synthetic efforts with the O-boryl ketyl radicals are disclosed in detail, covering the discovery, optimization, scope expansion, and mechanistic analysis, including density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhyuk Jo
- Department of Chemistry, GIST, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Somi Kim
- Department of Chemistry, GIST, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonyoung Park
- Department of Chemistry, GIST, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonyul Kim
- Department of Chemistry, GIST, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunggi Lee
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, 333 Techno jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Ho Choi
- Department of Chemistry, GIST, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Jin Chung
- Department of Chemistry, GIST, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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Lee J, Lee S. Dehalogenative deuteration of alkyl and aryl bromides by thiyl radical catalysis under visible-light irradiation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:5526-5529. [PMID: 38695506 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00474d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a mild and practical method for the deuteration of alkyl and aryl bromides by a thiyl radical catalyst and halogen-atom transfer (XAT) using disulfides and silanes under visible-light irradiation. In this study, various organic bromides such as 1°, 2°, and 3°-alkyl bromides and aryl bromides were converted to deuterated products in good to excellent yields and D-incorporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiin Lee
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sunggi Lee
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Basic Science, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
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Malviya BK, Hansen EC, Kong CJ, Imbrogno J, Verghese J, Guinness SM, Salazar CA, Desrosiers JN, Kappe CO, Cantillo D. Metal-Free Electrochemical Reduction of Disulfides in an Undivided Cell under Mass Transfer Control. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302664. [PMID: 37608784 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Electroorganic synthesis is generally considered to be a green alternative to conventional redox reactions. Electrochemical reductions, however, are less advantageous in terms of sustainability, as sacrificial metal anodes are often employed. Divided cell operation avoids contact of the reduction products with the anode and allows for convenient solvent oxidation, enabling metal free greener electrochemical reductions. However, the ion exchange membranes required for divided cell operation on a commercial scale are not amenable to organic solvents, which hinders their applicability. Herein, we demonstrate that electrochemical reduction of oxidatively sensitive compounds can be carried out in an undivided cell without sacrificial metal anodes by controlling the mass transport to a small surface area electrode. The concept is showcased by an electrochemical method for the reductive cleavage of aryl disulfides. Fine tuning of the electrode surface area and current density has enabled the preparation of a wide variety of thiols without formation of any oxidation side products. This strategy is anticipated to encourage further research on greener, metal free electrochemical reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanwar K Malviya
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010, Graz, Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Eric C Hansen
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Caleb J Kong
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Joseph Imbrogno
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Jenson Verghese
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Steven M Guinness
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Chase A Salazar
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Jean-Nicolas Desrosiers
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010, Graz, Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010, Graz, Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
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Nguyen AT, Kim HK. Visible-light-mediated synthesis of oxime esters via multicomponent reactions of aldehydes, aryl amines, and N-hydroxyphthalimide esters. RSC Adv 2023; 13:31346-31352. [PMID: 37901270 PMCID: PMC10600831 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06737h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxime esters are useful scaffolds in many organic chemistry transformations. Herein, a novel visible-light-mediated three-component reaction for synthesis of oxime esters is reported. Aldehydes, aniline, and N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) esters were used as substrates in this three-component reaction, and eosin Y was used as a crucial photocatalyst for the reaction. Wide ranges of aldehydes and NHPI esters were well tolerated in this reaction method, generating various oxime esters with high efficiency under mild reaction conditions. This visible-light-mediated methodology will be a promising approach to synthesize useful oxime esters in a single step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Thu Nguyen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital Jeonju 54907 Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Kwon Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital Jeonju 54907 Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital Jeonju 54907 Republic of Korea
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Kim S, Jo J, Lee S, Chung WJ. Stereochemical modulation of ketyl radical cyclization enabled by pyridine-boryl radicals: catalytic diastereoselective synthesis of trans-2-alkyl-1-indanols. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:11983-11986. [PMID: 37727049 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02248j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Previously available ketyl radical cyclization conditions suffer from low and uncontrollable diastereoselectivity because of the absence of reagent-substrate interactions. In this report, stereochemical modulation was accomplished by taking advantage of the pyridine-boryl radical, which leaves the synthetically modifiable boronate moiety on the carbonyl oxygen near the reacting center during the stereo-determining cyclization step. In consequence, a catalytic diastereoselective synthesis of trans-2-substituted-1-indanols was achieved in the presence of a sterically congested six-membered diboronic ester and an efficient hydrogen atom donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somi Kim
- Department of Chemistry, GIST, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junhyuk Jo
- Department of Chemistry, GIST, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sunggi Lee
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, 333 Techno jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Won-Jin Chung
- Department of Chemistry, GIST, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
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Luu TG, Kim HK. Visible-light-driven reactions for the synthesis of sulfur dioxide-inserted compounds: generation of S-F, S-O, and S-N bonds. RSC Adv 2023; 13:14412-14434. [PMID: 37180001 PMCID: PMC10172883 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02067c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfur dioxide-containing compounds such as sulfonyl fluorides, sulfonyl esters, and sulfonyl amides are important structural frameworks in many natural products, pharmaceuticals, and organic compounds. Thus, synthesis of these molecules is a very valuable research topic in organic chemistry. Various synthetic methods to introduce SO2 groups into the structure of organic compounds have been developed for the synthesis of biologically and pharmaceutically useful compounds. Recently, visible-light-driven reactions were carried out to create SO2-X (X = F, O, N) bonds, and their effective synthetic approaches were demonstrated. In this review, we summarized recent advances in visible-light-mediated synthetic strategies for generation of SO2-X (X = F, O, N) bonds for various synthetic applications along with proposed reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truong Giang Luu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital Jeonju 54907 Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk, National University-Biomedical Research, Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital Jeonju 54907 Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Kwon Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital Jeonju 54907 Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk, National University-Biomedical Research, Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital Jeonju 54907 Republic of Korea
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Thia-Michael Reaction under Heterogeneous Catalysis. ORGANICS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/org4010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Thia-Michael reactions between aliphatic and aromatic thiols and various Michael acceptors were performed under environmentally-friendly solvent-free conditions using Amberlyst® A21 as a recyclable heterogeneous catalyst to efficiently obtain the corresponding adducts in high yields. Ethyl acrylate was the main acceptor used, although others such as acrylamide, linear, and cyclic enones were also utilized successfully. Bifunctional Michael donor, 3-mercaptopropanoic acid, positively furnished the product, albeit in a lower yield and after leaving the reaction to take place for a longer time. The catalyst was easy and safe to handle and successfully recycled for five consecutive cycles.
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Lee J, Yu E, Park CM. Catalyst-free electrosynthesis of benzothiophenes from 2-alkenylaryl disulfides. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:7499-7502. [PMID: 36106773 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01402e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of benzothiophenes through electrosynthesis under oxidant- and metal-free conditions has been discovered. Electrolysis of symmetrical 2-alkenylaryl disulfides using an undivided cell leads to the formation of the corresponding benzothiophenes in good to moderate yields with good functional group tolerance. The usefulness of this methodology was further investigated with a scale-up experiment, which delivered a similar result to that of the small scale reaction. Several mechanistic investigations including DFT calculations were carried out to elucidate the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyeong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, UNIST (Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology), Ulsan 44919, Korea.
| | - Eunsoo Yu
- Department of Chemistry, UNIST (Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology), Ulsan 44919, Korea.
| | - Cheol-Min Park
- Department of Chemistry, UNIST (Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology), Ulsan 44919, Korea.
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