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Passarella S, Schurr A, Portincasa P. Mitochondrial Transport in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis: Achievements and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312620. [PMID: 34884425 PMCID: PMC8657705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Some metabolic pathways involve two different cell components, for instance, cytosol and mitochondria, with metabolites traffic occurring from cytosol to mitochondria and vice versa, as seen in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. However, the knowledge on the role of mitochondrial transport within these two glucose metabolic pathways remains poorly understood, due to controversial information available in published literature. In what follows, we discuss achievements, knowledge gaps, and perspectives on the role of mitochondrial transport in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. We firstly describe the experimental approaches for quick and easy investigation of mitochondrial transport, with respect to cell metabolic diversity. In addition, we depict the mitochondrial shuttles by which NADH formed in glycolysis is oxidized, the mitochondrial transport of phosphoenolpyruvate in the light of the occurrence of the mitochondrial pyruvate kinase, and the mitochondrial transport and metabolism of L-lactate due to the L-lactate translocators and to the mitochondrial L-lactate dehydrogenase located in the inner mitochondrial compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Passarella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-3293606374
| | - Avital Schurr
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
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Kanemoto N, Okamoto T, Tanabe K, Shimada T, Minoshima H, Hidoh Y, Aoyama M, Ban T, Kobayashi Y, Ando H, Inoue Y, Itotani M, Sato S. Antidiabetic and cardiovascular beneficial effects of a liver-localized mitochondrial uncoupler. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2172. [PMID: 31092829 PMCID: PMC6520346 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09911-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducing mitochondrial uncoupling (mUncoupling) is an attractive therapeutic strategy for treating metabolic diseases because it leads to calorie-wasting by reducing the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in mitochondria. Here we report a safe mUncoupler, OPC-163493, which has unique pharmacokinetic characteristics. OPC-163493 shows a good bioavailability upon oral administration and primarily distributed to specific organs: the liver and kidneys, avoiding systemic toxicities. It exhibits insulin-independent antidiabetic effects in multiple animal models of type I and type II diabetes and antisteatotic effects in fatty liver models. These beneficial effects can be explained by the improvement of glucose metabolism and enhancement of energy expenditure by OPC-163493 in the liver. Moreover, OPC-163493 treatment lowered blood pressure, extended survival, and improved renal function in the rat model of stroke/hypertension, possibly by enhancing NO bioavailability in blood vessels and reducing mitochondrial ROS production. OPC-163493 is a liver-localized/targeted mUncoupler that ameliorates various complications of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohide Kanemoto
- Department of Lead Discovery Research, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan.
| | - Takashi Okamoto
- Department of Lead Discovery Research, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Koji Tanabe
- Department of CNS Research, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shimada
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Nonclinical Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Hitomi Minoshima
- Pharmaceutical Planning Group, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2-16-4 Shinagawa Grand Central Tower Minatominami Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8242, Japan
| | - Yuya Hidoh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Nonclinical Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Masashi Aoyama
- Biology and Translational Research Unit, Department of Medical Innovations, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Takashi Ban
- Department of Renal and Cardiovascular Research, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kobayashi
- Department of Lead Discovery Research, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Hikaru Ando
- Department of Lead Discovery Research, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Yuki Inoue
- Department of Drug Safety Research, Nonclinical Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Motohiro Itotani
- Quality Assurance Section (Tokushima Wajiki Factory), Quality Assurance Department, Headquarters for Product Safety and Quality Assurance, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 306-2 Otsubo Koniu aza Naka-cho Naka-gun, Tokushima, 771-5209, Japan
| | - Seiji Sato
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
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Gournas C, Athanasopoulos A, Sophianopoulou V. On the Evolution of Specificity in Members of the Yeast Amino Acid Transporter Family as Parts of Specific Metabolic Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1398. [PMID: 29738448 PMCID: PMC5983819 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the recent years, molecular modeling and substrate docking, coupled with biochemical and genetic analyses have identified the substrate-binding residues of several amino acid transporters of the yeast amino acid transporter (YAT) family. These consist of (a) residues conserved across YATs that interact with the invariable part of amino acid substrates and (b) variable residues that interact with the side chain of the amino acid substrate and thus define specificity. Secondary structure sequence alignments showed that the positions of these residues are conserved across YATs and could thus be used to predict the specificity of YATs. Here, we discuss the potential of combining molecular modeling and structural alignments with intra-species phylogenetic comparisons of transporters, in order to predict the function of uncharacterized members of the family. We additionally define some orphan branches which include transporters with potentially novel, and to be characterized specificities. In addition, we discuss the particular case of the highly specific l-proline transporter, PrnB, of Aspergillus nidulans, whose gene is part of a cluster of genes required for the utilization of proline as a carbon and/or nitrogen source. This clustering correlates with transcriptional regulation of these genes, potentially leading to the efficient coordination of the uptake of externally provided l-Pro via PrnB and its enzymatic degradation in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Gournas
- Microbial Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Biosciences and Applications (IBE), National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos" (NCSRD), Patr. Grigoriou E & 27 Neapoleos St., 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Greece.
| | - Alexandros Athanasopoulos
- Microbial Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Biosciences and Applications (IBE), National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos" (NCSRD), Patr. Grigoriou E & 27 Neapoleos St., 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Greece.
| | - Vicky Sophianopoulou
- Microbial Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Biosciences and Applications (IBE), National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos" (NCSRD), Patr. Grigoriou E & 27 Neapoleos St., 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Greece.
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Ipata PL, Pesi R. Metabolic interaction between purine nucleotide cycle and oxypurine cycle during skeletal muscle contraction of different intensities: a biochemical reappraisal. Metabolomics 2018; 14:42. [PMID: 30830332 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-018-1341-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A substrate cycle is a metabolic transformation in which a substrate A is phosphorylated to A-P at the expense of ATP (or another "high energy" compound), and A-P is converted back to A by a nucleotidase or a phosphatase. Many biochemists resisted the idea of such an ATP waste. Why a non-phosphorylated metabolite should be converted into a phosphorylated form, and converted back to its non-phosphorylated form through a "futile cycle"? AIM OF REVIEW In this Review we aim at presenting our present knowledge on the biochemical features underlying the interrelation between the muscle purine nucleotide cycle and the oxypurine cycle, and on the metabolic responses of the two cycles to increasing intensities of muscle contraction. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW Nowadays it is widely accepted that the substrate cycles regulate many vital functions depending on the expense of large amounts of ATP, including skeletal muscle contraction, so that the expense of some extra ATP and "high energy" compounds, such as GTP and PRPP via substrate cycles, is not surprising. The Review emphasizes the strict metabolic interrelationship between the purine nucleotide cycle and the oxipurine cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero L Ipata
- Department of Biology, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 51, 56127, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Rossana Pesi
- Department of Biology, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 51, 56127, Pisa, Italy
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