1
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Development of a cost-effective laser diode-induced fluorescence detection instrument for cyanide detection. ANAL SCI 2022; 38:437-442. [DOI: 10.1007/s44211-022-00065-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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2
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Tomita R, Hayama T, Nishijo N, Fujioka T. Fluorous and Fluorogenic Derivatization for Selective Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Cyanide in Human Plasma. ANAL SCI 2020; 36:1251-1254. [PMID: 32475896 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20p103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatographic (LC) method with fluorous derivatization for the determination of cyanide in human plasma is described. In this method, the cyanide was transformed to a fluorous and fluorogenic compound by derivatizing with 2,3-naphthalenedialdehyde and perfluoroalkylamine reagent under mild reaction conditions (a reaction time of 5 min at room temperature). The obtained derivative was successfully retained on the perfluoroalkyl-modified LC column with the use of a high concentration of organic solvent in the mobile phase, whereas non-fluorous derivative was hardly retained, followed by fluorometric detection at excitation and emission wavelengths of 420 and 490 nm, respectively. Under the optimized conditions, the limit of detection and the limit of quantification for cyanide in a 5-μL injection volume were 1.3 μg/L (S/N = 3) and 4.4 μg/L (S/N = 10), respectively. The recovery from spiked human plasma was achieved in the range of 54 - 90% within a relative standard deviation of 3.5%. The feasibility of this method was further evaluated by applying it to the analysis of human plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Tomita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University
| | | | - Nao Nishijo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University
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3
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Zhu Q, Zhang Q, Zhang N, Gong M. Alternate injections coupled with flow-gated capillary electrophoresis for rapid and accurate quantitative analysis of urine samples. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 978:55-60. [PMID: 28595727 PMCID: PMC5522808 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a powerful separation technique with advantages over HPLC in terms of separation efficiency, speed, and cost. However, CE suffers in poor reproducibility in quantitative chemical analysis, which is one of major drawbacks preventing its widespread use in routine analytical laboratories. Here we report a novel strategy to enhance the quantitative capability of flow-gated CE. The platform integrated dual flow branches to respectively supply a sample and its standard additions that were then alternately injected into a single capillary for rapid separations (typically 20-90 s). A micro-fabricated switch was used to enable the alternate injections. It was assumed that the analytical system maintained constant conditions during neighboring injections that served as external self-standards for quantitation. This strategy was expected to reduce uncertainties caused by the fluctuation in capillary conditions and the drift of detection systems. Experimental results demonstrated that the dual-branch flow-gated CE coupled with alternate injections significantly improved the reproducibility with respect to peak height ratios under deliberate variations in injection volumes, separation voltages, optical focusing, and laser power; and thus the interday precision was ensured. To demonstrate its applicability, cyanide and amino acids in human urine were quantified rapidly with the one-point standard addition method after fluorogenic derivatization with naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde (NDA), and the measurement accuracy was validated by determining the recovery of standard cyanide added to a urinary matrix. This strategy would be valuable to enable the quantitative capability of flow-gated CE in the measurements of a broad range of analytes, especially those lacking suited internal standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfu Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, United States
| | - Qiyang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, United States
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, United States
| | - Maojun Gong
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, United States.
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4
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Jaszczak E, Polkowska Ż, Narkowicz S, Namieśnik J. Cyanides in the environment-analysis-problems and challenges. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:15929-15948. [PMID: 28512706 PMCID: PMC5506515 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cyanide toxicity and their environmental impact are well known. Nevertheless, they are still used in the mining, galvanic and chemical industries. As a result of industrial activities, cyanides are released in various forms to all elements of the environment. In a natural environment, cyanide exists as cyanogenic glycosides in plants seeds. Too much consumption can cause unpleasant side effects. However, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is the most common source of cyanide. Live organisms have the ability to convert cyanide into less toxic compounds excreted with physiological fluids. The aim of this paper is to review the current state of knowledge on the behaviour of cyanide in the environment and its impact on the health and human life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Jaszczak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str 11/12, Wrzeszcz, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Żaneta Polkowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str 11/12, Wrzeszcz, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Sylwia Narkowicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str 11/12, Wrzeszcz, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str 11/12, Wrzeszcz, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
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5
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Jackson R, Logue BA. A review of rapid and field-portable analytical techniques for the diagnosis of cyanide exposure. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 960:18-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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6
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A direct and rapid method to determine cyanide in urine by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1414:158-62. [PMID: 26342870 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cyanides are poisonous chemicals that widely exist in nature and industrial processes as well as accidental fires. Rapid and accurate determination of cyanide exposure would facilitate forensic investigation, medical diagnosis, and chronic cyanide monitoring. Here, a rapid and direct method was developed for the determination of cyanide ions in urinary samples. This technique was based on an integrated capillary electrophoresis system coupled with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection. Cyanide ions were derivatized with naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde (NDA) and a primary amine (glycine) for LIF detection. Three separate reagents, NDA, glycine, and cyanide sample, were mixed online, which secured uniform conditions between samples for cyanide derivatization and reduced the risk of precipitation formation of mixtures. Conditions were optimized; the derivatization was completed in 2-4min, and the separation was observed in 25s. The limit of detection (LOD) was 4.0nM at 3-fold signal-to-noise ratio for standard cyanide in buffer. The cyanide levels in urine samples from smokers and non-smokers were determined by using the method of standard addition, which demonstrated significant difference of cyanide levels in urinary samples from the two groups of people. The developed method was rapid and accurate, and is anticipated to be applicable to cyanide detection in waste water with appropriate modification.
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7
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Weinert T, Huwiler SG, Kung JW, Weidenweber S, Hellwig P, Stärk HJ, Biskup T, Weber S, Cotelesage JJH, George GN, Ermler U, Boll M. Structural basis of enzymatic benzene ring reduction. Nat Chem Biol 2015; 11:586-91. [PMID: 26120796 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In chemical synthesis, the widely used Birch reduction of aromatic compounds to cyclic dienes requires alkali metals in ammonia as extremely low-potential electron donors. An analogous reaction is catalyzed by benzoyl-coenzyme A reductases (BCRs) that have a key role in the globally important bacterial degradation of aromatic compounds at anoxic sites. Because of the lack of structural information, the catalytic mechanism of enzymatic benzene ring reduction remained obscure. Here, we present the structural characterization of a dearomatizing BCR containing an unprecedented tungsten cofactor that transfers electrons to the benzene ring in an aprotic cavity. Substrate binding induces proton transfer from the bulk solvent to the active site by expelling a Zn(2+) that is crucial for active site encapsulation. Our results shed light on the structural basis of an electron transfer process at the negative redox potential limit in biology. They open the door for biological or biomimetic alternatives to a basic chemical synthetic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simona G Huwiler
- Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johannes W Kung
- Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Petra Hellwig
- Laboratoire de Bioélectrochimie et Spectroscopie, UMR 7140, Chimie de la Matière Complexe, Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hans-Joachim Stärk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Till Biskup
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Weber
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julien J H Cotelesage
- 1] Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. [2] Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Graham N George
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ulrich Ermler
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Matthias Boll
- Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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8
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Kang HI, Shin HS. Derivatization Method of Free Cyanide Including Cyanogen Chloride for the Sensitive Analysis of Cyanide in Chlorinated Drinking Water by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 87:975-81. [DOI: 10.1021/ac503401r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-In Kang
- Department of Environmental
Science and ‡Department of Environmental Education, Kongju National University, Kongju, Chungcheong 314-701, Republic of Korea
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9
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Kang HI, Shin HS. Ultra-sensitive determination of cyanide in surface water by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry after derivatization with 2-(dimethylamino)ethanethiol. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 852:168-73. [PMID: 25441894 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (GC-MS/MS) method has been established for the determination of cyanide in surface water. This method is based on the derivatization of cyanide with 2-(dimethylamino)ethanethiol in surface water. The following optimum reaction conditions were established: reagent dosage, 0.7 g L(-1) of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanethiol; pH 6; reaction carried out for 20 min at 60°C. The organic derivative was extracted with 3 mL of ethyl acetate, and then measured by using GC-MS/MS. Under the established conditions, the detection and quantification limits were 0.02 μg L(-1) and 0.07 μg L(-1) in 10-mL of surface water, respectively. The calibration curve had a linear relationship relationship with y=0.7140x+0.1997 and r(2)=0.9963 (for a working range of 0.07-10 μg L(-1)) and the accuracy was in a range of 98-102%; the precision of the assay was less than 7% in surface water. The common ions Cl(-), F(-), Br(-), NO3(-), SO4(2-), PO4(3-), K(+), Na(+), NH4(+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Ba(2+), Mn(4+), Mn(2+), Fe(3+), Fe(2+) and sea water did not interfere in cyanide detection, even when present in 1000-fold excess over the species. Cyanide was detected in a concentration range of 0.07-0.11 μg L(-1) in 6 of 10 surface water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-In Kang
- Department of Environmental Science, Kongju National University, Kongju 314-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Sang Shin
- Department of Environmental Education, Kongju National University, Kongju 314-701, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Han WS, Lee HJ, Lee JS, Lee YH, Hong TK. Cyanide ion selective solid contact electrode based on nickel complex of N,N′-bis-(4-phenylazosalicylidene)-o-phenylene diamine ionophore. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934814020142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Chen LD, Zou XU, Bühlmann P. Cyanide-Selective Electrode Based on Zn(II) Tetraphenylporphyrin as Ionophore. Anal Chem 2012; 84:9192-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac301910c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li D. Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota
55455, United States
| | - Xu U. Zou
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota
55455, United States
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota
55455, United States
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12
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Vinnakota CV, Peetha NS, Perrizo MG, Ferris DG, Oda RP, Rockwood GA, Logue BA. Comparison of cyanide exposure markers in the biofluids of smokers and non-smokers. Biomarkers 2012; 17:625-33. [PMID: 22889346 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2012.709880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cyanide is highly toxic and is present in many foods, combustion products (e.g. cigarette smoke), industrial processes, and has been used as a terrorist weapon. In this study, cyanide and its major metabolites, thiocyanate and 2-amino-2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (ATCA), were analyzed from various human biofluids of smokers (low-level chronic cyanide exposure group) and non-smokers to gain insight into the relationship of these biomarkers to cyanide exposure. The concentrations of each biomarker tested were elevated for smokers in each biofluid. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found for thiocyanate in plasma and urine, and ATCA showed significant differences in plasma and saliva. Additionally, biomarker concentration ratios, correlations between markers of cyanide exposure, and other statistical methods were performed to better understand the relationship between cyanide and its metabolites. Of the markers studied, the results indicate plasma ATCA, in particular, showed excellent promise as a biomarker for chronic low-level cyanide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chakravarthy V Vinnakota
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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13
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Logue BA, Hinkens DM, Baskin SI, Rockwood GA. The Analysis of Cyanide and its Breakdown Products in Biological Samples. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10408340903535315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Logue BA, Maserek WK, Rockwood GA, Keebaugh MW, Baskin SI. The analysis of 2-amino-2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid in the plasma of smokers and non-smokers. Toxicol Mech Methods 2010; 19:202-8. [PMID: 19730703 PMCID: PMC2736539 DOI: 10.1080/15376510802488165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
ATCA (2-amino-2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid) is a promising marker to assess cyanide exposure because of several advantages of ATCA analysis over direct determination of cyanide and alternative cyanide biomarkers (i.e. stability in biological matrices, consistent recovery, and relatively small endogenous concentrations). Concentrations of ATCA in the plasma of smoking and non-smoking human volunteers were analyzed using gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry to establish the feasibility of using ATCA as a marker for cyanide exposure. The levels of ATCA in plasma of smoking volunteers, 17.2 ng/ml, were found to be significantly (p < 0.001) higher than that of non-smoking volunteers, 11.8 ng/ml. Comparison of ATCA concentrations of smokers relative to non-smokers in both urine and plasma yielded relatively similar results. The concentration ratio of ATCA for smokers versus non-smokers in plasma and urine was compared to similar literature studies of cyanide and thiocyanate, and correlations are discussed. This study supports previous evidence that ATCA can be used to determine past cyanide exposure and indicates that further studies should be pursued to validate the use of ATCA as a marker of cyanide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Logue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA.
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15
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L⊘bger LL, Petersen HW, Andersen JET. Analysis of Cyanide in Blood by Headspace-Isotope-Dilution-GC-MS. ANAL LETT 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710802363248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Pragst F. Chapter 13 High performance liquid chromatography in forensic toxicological analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7192(06)06013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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17
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Chinaka S, Tanaka S, Takayama N, Tsuji N, Takou S, Ueda K. High-sensitivity analysis of cyanide by capillary electrophoresis with fluorescence detection. ANAL SCI 2001; 17:649-52. [PMID: 11708148 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.17.649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A capillary electrophoretic method for a high-sensitivity analysis of cyanide has been developed. Cyanide was derivatized with 2,3-naphthalenedialdehyde and taurine to give a fluorescent product of 1-cyanobenz[f]isoindole. This compound was detected with high sensitivity by fluorescence detection. The detection limit was 0.1 ng/mL, and the calibration curve was linear over the range 0.1-200 ng/mL. The precision of the migration time of within-run assays (n = 6) of 1 ng/mL cyanide standard solution was 0.14%. The precision of the peak area for the same runs was 1.0%. This method was applicable to blood analysis. Detection of the cyanide derivative by UV was also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chinaka
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Ishikawa Prefectural Police Headquarters, 2-1-1 Hirosaka, Kanazawa 920-8553, Japan
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Chinaka S, Takayama N, Michigami Y, Ueda K. Simultaneous determination of cyanide and thiocyanate in blood by ion chromatography with fluorescence and ultraviolet detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 713:353-9. [PMID: 9746250 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00176-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An ion chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of cyanide and thiocyanate in blood has been developed. After extraction by adding water and methanol to blood, cyanide was derivatized with 2,3-naphthalenedialdehyde and taurine to give a fluorescent product of 1-cyanobenz[f]isoindole. This compound was detected with high sensitivity by fluorometry and the underivatized thiocyanate was detected by ultraviolet absorption. The detection limits were 3.8 pmol ml(-1) for cyanide and 86 pmol ml(-1) for thiocyanate, and the recoveries from blood were ca. 83% and ca. 100%, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of both anions in blood from smokers, non-smokers and fire victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chinaka
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Ishikawa Pref. Police Headquarters, Hirosaka, Kanazawa, Japan
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Chinaka S, Takayama N. Determination of Cyanide in Blood by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.3408/jasti.2.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Sano A, Takimoto N, Takitani S. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of cyanide in human red blood cells by pre-column fluorescence derivatization. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1992; 582:131-5. [PMID: 1491032 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(92)80311-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A method for the determination of cyanide in human red cells has been developed. Cyanide was extracted from red cells by adding water and methanol, and then derivatized with 2,3-naphthalene-dialdehyde and taurine to give a fluorescent product, which was determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The recovery of cyanide from red cells was ca. 83%, and the limit of detection was 100 pmol/ml. The mean concentrations of red cell cyanide from ten smokers and from ten non-smokers were 705 and 466 pmol/ml, respectively. The method was also applicable to whole blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Science University of Tokyo, Japan
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