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Favretto D, Stocchero G, Pertile R, Stimamiglio R, Cirnelli A, Amico I, Galeazzi M. The importance of including anabolic steroids in systematic toxicological analysis: A case study. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:1003-1009. [PMID: 36543583 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Donata Favretto
- Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Giulia Stocchero
- Toxicology Sector, Provincial Health Services Agency, Trento, Italy
| | - Roberto Pertile
- Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Antonello Cirnelli
- Specialist in Legal Medicine, Forensic Medical Center, Portogruaro, Italy
| | - Irene Amico
- School of Specialisation in Legal Medicine, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Maddalena Galeazzi
- School of Specialisation in Legal Medicine, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
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2
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de la Torre X, Iannone M, Botrè F. Improving the detection of anabolic steroid esters in human serum by LC-MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 194:113807. [PMID: 33281003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The detection of the abuse of pseudo-endogenous steroids in sport is articulated in two different levels: an initial testing procedure, based on the longitudinal evaluation of the urinary androgenic steroid profile by gas-chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MSn), and a confirmation analysis, based on the differentiation between the endogenous and exogenous origin of the pseudo-endogenous steroids by gas-chromatography coupled to isotopic ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS). The abuse of pharmaceutical preparations displaying a carbon isotopic composition values within a range similar to those reported for endogenous urinary steroids makes more difficult the application of GC/C/IRMS technique. To overcome this limitation, the direct detection of an intact synthetic anabolic steroid ester in blood matrices (plasma and/or serum) could supply the unequivocal proof of exogenous administration of pseudo-endogenous steroids. Here we are presenting a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the analysis of 14 testosterone (T) esters and 2 nandrolone (Nand) esters in human serum. Sample pre-treatment consisted of protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction and derivatization. The formation of three different derivatives (oxime derivatives, Girard P and Girard T hydrazones) is considered, in order to guarantee an improvement in the detection capability of the assay with respect to underivatized compounds. Once the most suitable derivative was selected, the method was validated, according to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) criteria, in terms of specificity, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), extraction recovery, matrix effect (ion suppression/enhancement), carry over and autosampler stability. The formation of Girard P hydrazones of T and Nand esters provides the best results compared to the underivatized compounds, oxime and Girard T derivatives, respectively. The presented analytical method is specific for all considered compounds and linear in the range of concentrations investigated (0.25-10 ng/mL). The LODs are between 0.03 and 0.30 ng/mL, the extraction recovery higher than 70 % for all esters and no remarkable matrix effect, expressed in terms of ion enhancement and ion suppression, was observed. Finally, the developed and validate method was applied in the analysis of serum samples collected after the administration of a single dose (40 mg, 1 capsule) of testosterone undecanoate (Andriol ®) demonstrating its applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele Iannone
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, Rome, Italy; Institute of Sport Science, University of Lausanne (ISSUL), Synathlon, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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3
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Gray B, Viljanto M, Menzies E, Vanhaecke L. Detection of prohibited substances in equine hair by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry - application to doping control samples. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1050-1060. [PMID: 29430877 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The detection of drugs in human hair samples has been performed by laboratories around the world for many years and the matrix is popular in disciplines, such as workplace drug testing. To date, however, hair has not become a routinely utilised matrix in sports drug detection. The analysis of hair samples offers several potential advantages to doping control laboratories, not least of which are the greatly extended detection window and the ease of sample collection and storage. This article describes the development, validation, and utilisation of a sensitive ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method for the detection of 50 compounds. This provides significantly improved coverage for those analytes which would be of particular interest if detected in hair, such as anabolic steroid esters and selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs). Qualitative validation of the method resulted in estimated limits of detection as low as 0.1 pg/mg for the majority of compounds, with all being detected at 2 pg/mg or below. The suitability of the method for the detection of prohibited substances in incurred material was demonstrated by the successful detection of several compounds, such as stanozolol, boldenone undecylenate, clenbuterol, and GW-501516, in genuine equine hair samples. Estimated concentrations of the detected substances ranged from 0.27 to 8.6 pg/mg. The method has been shown to be fit-for-purpose for routine screening of equine hair samples by the analysis of over 400 genuine hair samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gray
- LGC Ltd, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | | | - E Menzies
- LGC Ltd, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - L Vanhaecke
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
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4
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Pizzato EC, Filonzi M, Rosa HSD, de Bairros AV. Pretreatment of different biological matrices for exogenous testosterone analysis: a review. Toxicol Mech Methods 2017; 27:641-656. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2017.1351015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcelo Filonzi
- Setor de Química Especial, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hemerson Silva da Rosa
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento e Controle de Qualidade, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
| | - André Valle de Bairros
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento e Controle de Qualidade, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
- Núcleo Aplicado a Toxicologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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Stradaioli G, Peric T, Montillo M, Comin A, Corazzin M, Veronesi MC, Prandi A. Hair cortisol and testosterone concentrations and semen production of Bos taurus bulls. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2017.1303339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Stradaioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze AgroAlimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Tanja Peric
- Dipartimento di Scienze AgroAlimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- Center za biomedicinske znanosti in inženiring, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Marta Montillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze AgroAlimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Antonella Comin
- Dipartimento di Scienze AgroAlimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Mirco Corazzin
- Dipartimento di Scienze AgroAlimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Veronesi
- Dipartimento di Scienze veterinarie per la salute, la produzione animale e la sicurezza alimentare, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Prandi
- Dipartimento di Scienze AgroAlimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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Fabresse N, Grassin-Delyle S, Etting I, Alvarez JC. Detection and quantification of 12 anabolic steroids and analogs in human whole blood and 20 in hair using LC-HRMS/MS: application to real cases. Int J Legal Med 2017; 131:989-999. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-017-1552-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Forsdahl G, Erceg D, Geisendorfer T, Turkalj M, Plavec D, Thevis M, Tretzel L, Gmeiner G. Detection of testosterone esters in blood. Drug Test Anal 2015; 7:983-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guro Forsdahl
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH; Seibersdorf Austria
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Department of Pharmacy; University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway; Tromsø Norway
| | - Damir Erceg
- Childrens Hospital Srebrnjak, Clinical Trials Unit; Zagreb Croatia
- Josip Juraj Strostamyer University of Osijek, Medical School; Osijek Croatia
| | | | - Mirjana Turkalj
- Childrens Hospital Srebrnjak, Clinical Trials Unit; Zagreb Croatia
- Josip Juraj Strostamyer University of Osijek, Medical School; Osijek Croatia
| | - Davor Plavec
- Childrens Hospital Srebrnjak, Clinical Trials Unit; Zagreb Croatia
- Josip Juraj Strostamyer University of Osijek, Medical School; Osijek Croatia
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University; Cologne Germany
| | - Laura Tretzel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University; Cologne Germany
| | - Günter Gmeiner
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH; Seibersdorf Austria
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8
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Use of dried blood spots in doping control analysis of anabolic steroid esters. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 96:21-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Forsdahl G, Vatne H, Geisendorfer T, Gmeiner G. Screening of testosterone esters in human plasma. Drug Test Anal 2013; 5:826-33. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Forsdahl
- Doping Control Laboratory; Seibersdorf Labor GmbH; Seibersdorf Austria
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Tromsø; Tromsø Norway
| | - H.K. Vatne
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Tromsø; Tromsø Norway
| | - T. Geisendorfer
- Doping Control Laboratory; Seibersdorf Labor GmbH; Seibersdorf Austria
| | - G. Gmeiner
- Doping Control Laboratory; Seibersdorf Labor GmbH; Seibersdorf Austria
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Strano-Rossi S, Castrignanò E, Anzillotti L, Odoardi S, De-Giorgio F, Bermejo A, Pascali VL. Screening for exogenous androgen anabolic steroids in human hair by liquid chromatography/orbitrap-high resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 793:61-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Gray BP, Viljanto M, Bright J, Pearce C, Maynard S. Investigations into the feasibility of routine ultra high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis of equine hair samples for detecting the misuse of anabolic steroids, anabolic steroid esters and related compounds. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 787:163-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Vincenti M, Salomone A, Gerace E, Pirro V. Application of mass spectrometry to hair analysis for forensic toxicological investigations. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2013; 32:312-32. [PMID: 23165962 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The increasing role of hair analysis in forensic toxicological investigations principally owes to recent improvements of mass spectrometric instrumentation. Research achievements during the last 6 years in this distinctive application area of analytical toxicology are reviewed. The earlier state of the art of hair analysis was comprehensively covered by a dedicated book (Kintz, 2007a. Analytical and practical aspects of drug testing in hair. Boca Raton: CRC Press and Taylor & Francis, 382 p) that represents key reference of the present overview. Whereas the traditional organization of analytical methods in forensic toxicology divided target substances into quite homogeneous groups of drugs, with similar structures and chemical properties, the current approach often takes advantage of the rapid expansion of multiclass and multiresidue analytical procedures; the latter is made possible by the fast operation and extreme sensitivity of modern mass spectrometers. This change in the strategy of toxicological analysis is reflected in the presentation of the recent literature material, which is mostly based on a fit-for-purpose logic. Thus, general screening of unknown substances is applied in diverse forensic contexts than drugs of abuse testing, and different instrumentation (triple quadrupoles, time-of-flight analyzers, linear and orbital traps) is utilized to optimally cope with the scope. Other key issues of modern toxicology, such as cost reduction and high sample throughput, are discussed with reference to procedural and instrumental alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vincenti
- Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia A. Bertinaria, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
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Fabregat A, Pozo OJ, Marcos J, Segura J, Ventura R. Alternative markers for the long-term detection of oral testosterone misuse. Steroids 2011; 76:1367-76. [PMID: 21782838 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The screening of testosterone misuse in the doping control field is normally performed by the measurement of the ratio between the concentrations of testosterone and epitestosterone excreted as glucuronides (T/E). Despite the satisfactory results obtained with this approach, the measurement of T/E presents some limitations like the long-term detection of oral testosterone administration. Recently, several testosterone metabolites released after basic treatment of the urine have been reported (androsta-1,4-dien-3,17-dione, androsta-4,6-dien-3,17-dione, 17β-hydroxy-androsta-4,6-dien-3-one and 15-androsten-3,17-dione). In the present work, the usefulness of these metabolites for the detection of oral testosterone misuse has been evaluated and compared with the conventional T/E measurement. For this purpose, 173 urine samples collected from healthy volunteers were analysed in order to obtain reference concentrations for the four metabolites released after alkaline treatment. On the other hand, urine samples collected from five volunteers before and after testosterone undecanoate administration were also analysed. Concentrations of androsta-4,6-dien-3,17-dione and 17β-hydroxy-androsta-4,6-dien-3-one showed a similar behaviour as the T/E, allowing the detection of the misuse for several hours after administration. More promising results were obtained by quantifying androsta-1,4-dien-3,17-dione and 15-androsten-3,17-dione. The time in which the concentrations of these analytes could be differentiated from the basal level was between 3 and 6 times longer than the obtained with T/E, as a result, an improvement in the detection of testosterone abuse can be achieved. Moreover, several ratios between these compounds were evaluated. Some of them improved the detection of testosterone misuse when comparing with T/E. The best results were obtained with those ratios involving androsta-1,4-dien-3,17-dione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Fabregat
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
An increasing number of toxicology laboratories are choosing to expand the services they offer to include hair testing in response to customer demands. Hair provides the toxicologist with many advantages over conventional matrices in that it is easy to collect, is a robust and stable matrix that does not require refrigeration, and most importantly, provides a historical profile of an individual's exposure to drugs or analytes of interest. The establishment of hair as a complementary technique in forensic toxicology is a direct result of the success of the matrix in medicolegal cases and the wide range of applications. However, before introducing hair testing, laboratories must consider what additional requirements they will need that extend beyond simply adapting methodologies already validated for blood or urine. Hair presents many challenges with respect to the lack of available quality control materials, extensive sample handling protocols and low drug concentrations requiring greater instrument sensitivity. Unfortunately, a common pitfall involves over-interpretation of the findings and must be avoided.
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Applicability of a yeast bioassay in the detection of steroid esters in hair. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:1031-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4401-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Pozo OJ, Van Eenoo P, Deventer K, Elbardissy H, Grimalt S, Sancho JV, Hernandez F, Ventura R, Delbeke FT. Comparison between triple quadrupole, time of flight and hybrid quadrupole time of flight analysers coupled to liquid chromatography for the detection of anabolic steroids in doping control analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 684:98-111. [PMID: 21167991 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Triple quadrupole (QqQ), time of flight (TOF) and quadrupole-time of flight (QTOF) analysers have been compared for the detection of anabolic steroids in human urine. Ten anabolic steroids were selected as model compounds based on their ionization and the presence of endogenous interferences. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses were evaluated. QqQ allowed for the detection of all analytes at the minimum required performance limit (MRPL) established by the World Anti-Doping Agency (between 2 and 10 ng mL(-1) in urine). TOF and QTOF approaches were not sensitive enough to detect some of the analytes (3'-hydroxy-stanozolol or the metabolites of boldenone and formebolone) at the established MRPL. Although a suitable accuracy was obtained, the precision was unsatisfactory (RSD typically higher than 20%) for quantitative purposes irrespective of the analyser used. The methods were applied to 30 real samples declared positives either for the misuse of boldenone, stanozolol and/or methandienone. Most of the compounds were detected by every technique, however QqQ was necessary for the detection of some metabolites in a few samples. Finally, the possibility to detect non-target steroids has been explored by the use of TOF and QTOF. The use of this approach revealed that the presence of boldenone and its metabolite in one sample was due to the intake of androsta-1,4,6-triene-3,17-dione. Additionally, the intake of methandienone was confirmed by the post-target detection of a long-term metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar J Pozo
- DoCoLab, UGent, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Technologiepark 30, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
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Current Awareness in Drug Testing and Analysis. Drug Test Anal 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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