1
|
Mehta L, Grover P, Naved T, Mukherjee D. Metabolite Detection and Profiling Using Analytical Methods. CURR PHARM ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412915666190906142536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To develop effective and safe drugs and to take them to the market in short period of time is
the mission of pharmaceutical research companies. A selection of few of the lead compounds are done
for the evaluation of safety and their ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicology)
properties are tested in in-vitro (test systems), in-vivo (living organisms) and in-silico (computational
methods). From initial stages to final stages of modern drug discovery processes, the vital tool
for detecting and characterizing metabolites is MS (Mass spectrometry) hyphenated with other techniques.
The methods used for generation of metabolites are in vitro techniques and cell lines (containing
expressing drug metabolizing enzymes and heterologous genes). The use of HPLC-MS/UPLC-MS
and high resolution MS, enables the in depth metabolite detection and profiling studies and it may also
be likely to identify and characterize the site and types of biotransformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Parul Grover
- KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Institute, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Tanveer Naved
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ulenberg S, Bączek T. Metabolic stability studies of lead compounds supported by separation techniques and chemometrics analysis. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:373-386. [PMID: 33006800 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With metabolism being one of the main routes of drug elimination from the body (accounting for removal of around 75% of known drugs), it is crucial to understand and study metabolic stability of drug candidates. Metabolically unstable compounds are uncomfortable to administer (requiring repetitive dosage during therapy), while overly stable drugs increase risk of adverse drug reactions. Additionally, biotransformation reactions can lead to formation of toxic or pharmacologically active metabolites (either less-active than parent drug, or even with different action). There were numerous approaches in estimating metabolic stability, including in vitro, in vivo, in silico, and high-throughput screening to name a few. This review aims at describing separation techniques used in in vitro metabolic stability estimation, as well as chemometric techniques allowing for creation of predictive models which enable high-throughput screening approach for estimation of metabolic stability. With a very low rate of drug approval, it is important to understand in silico methods that aim at supporting classical in vitro approach. Predictive models that allow assessment of certain biological properties of drug candidates allow for cutting not only cost, but also time required to synthesize compounds predicted to be unstable or inactive by in silico models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Ulenberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tuzimski T, Petruczynik A. Review of Chromatographic Methods Coupled with Modern Detection Techniques Applied in the Therapeutic Drugs Monitoring (TDM). Molecules 2020; 25:E4026. [PMID: 32899296 PMCID: PMC7504794 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25174026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a tool used to integrate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics knowledge to optimize and personalize various drug therapies. The optimization of drug dosing may improve treatment outcomes, reduce toxicity, and reduce the risk of developing drug resistance. To adequately implement TDM, accurate and precise analytical procedures are required. In clinical practice, blood is the most commonly used matrix for TDM; however, less invasive samples, such as dried blood spots or non-invasive saliva samples, are increasingly being used. The choice of sample preparation method, type of column packing, mobile phase composition, and detection method is important to ensure accurate drug measurement and to avoid interference from matrix effects and drug metabolites. Most of the reported procedures used liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) techniques due to its high selectivity and sensitivity. High-performance chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) methods are also used when a simpler and more cost-effective methodology is desired for clinical monitoring. The application of high-performance chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) with and without derivatization processes and high-performance chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ED) techniques for the analysis of various drugs in biological samples for TDM have been described less often. Before chromatographic analysis, samples were pretreated by various procedures-most often by protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, and solid-phase extraction, rarely by microextraction by packed sorbent, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. The aim of this article is to review the recent literature (2010-2020) regarding the use of liquid chromatography with various detection techniques for TDM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Tuzimski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Petruczynik
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Investigating the Utility of Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction and HPLC-UV-Vis/DAD to Determine Antidepressant Drugs in Environmental Aqueous Samples. SEPARATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/separations7030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is considered to be one of the most prevalent mental disorders in humans. Antidepressant drugs are released in large concentrations and cause adverse effects on the environment and/or human health. Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction (FPSE), a contemporary solid sorbent-handling technique, is a quick, sensitive, and simple analytical process. This paper describes a micro-extraction FPSE procedure coupled with High-Performance Liquid-Chromatography–Photodiode Array Detection (FPSE-HPLC–DAD) for the simultaneous extraction and analysis of five antidepressants, namely citalopram, clozapine, mirtazapine, bupropion and sertraline. Three fabric media (Whatman Cellulose filter, Whatman Microfiber Glass filter and Polylactic acid disks) and two different sol–gel sorbents (polyethylene glycol (PEG 300), alongside poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-PPG-PEG 5.800)) were tested. The best FPSE device was observed to be the microfiber glass filter coated with PEG 300 sol–gel sorbent. In addition, the parameters that affect the efficiency of the process (FPSE media and sorbents, sample pH, extraction time, elution time, etc.) were optimized. The proposed methodology displays a linear range with absolute recovery values higher than 60%, RSD% of less than 13% and LOQs in the range between 1.9–10.7 μg·L−1. Finally, the method was applied in hospital and urban effluents and lake water samples, but none of the analytes were detected.
Collapse
|
5
|
Mifsud Buhagiar L, Sammut C, Chircop Y, Axisa K, Sammut Bartolo N, Vella Szijj J, Serracino Inglott A, LaFerla G. Practical liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of amitriptyline, nortriptyline and their hydroxy metabolites in human serum. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4679. [PMID: 31415098 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Amitriptyline (AMI) has been in use for decades in treating depression and more recently for the management of neuropathic pain. A highly sensitive and specific LC-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for simultaneous determination of AMI, its active metabolite nortriptyline (NOR) and their hydroxy-metabolites in human serum, using deuterated AMI and NOR as internal standards. The isobaric E-10-hydroxyamitriptyline (E-OH AMI), Z-10-hydroxyamitriptyline (Z-OH AMI), E-10-hydroxynortriptyline (E-OH NOR) and Z-10-hydroxynortriptyline (Z-OH NOR), together with their parent compounds, were separated on an ACE C18 column using a simple protein precipitation method, followed by dilution and analysis using positive electrospray ionisation with multiple reaction monitoring. The total run time was 6 min with elution of E-OH AMI, E-OH NOR, Z-OH AMI, Z-OH NOR, AMI (+ deuterated AMI) and NOR (+ deuterated NOR) at 1.21, 1.28, 1.66, 1.71, 2.50 and 2.59 min, respectively. The method was validated in human serum with a lower limit of quantitation of 0.5 ng/mL for all analytes. A linear response function was established for the range of concentrations 0.5-400 ng/mL (r2 > .999). The practical assay was applied on samples from patients on AMI, genotyped for CYP2C19 and CYP2D6, to understand the influence of metaboliser status and concomitant medication on therapeutic drug monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luana Mifsud Buhagiar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta.,Malta Medicines Authority, Life Sciences Park, San Ġwann, Malta
| | - Carmel Sammut
- Department of Pathology, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
| | - Yana Chircop
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Kersty Axisa
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | | | - Janis Vella Szijj
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Anthony Serracino Inglott
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta.,Malta Medicines Authority, Life Sciences Park, San Ġwann, Malta
| | - Godfrey LaFerla
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zilfidou E, Kabir A, Furton KG, Samanidou V. An improved fabric phase sorptive extraction method for the determination of five selected antidepressant drug residues in human blood serum prior to high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1125:121720. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
7
|
Magalhães P, Alves G, Llerena A, Falcão A. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Fluoxetine, Norfluoxetine and Paroxetine: A New Tool Based on Microextraction by Packed Sorbent Coupled to Liquid Chromatography. J Anal Toxicol 2017; 41:631-638. [PMID: 28873974 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkx043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present article reports the first liquid chromatography (LC) assay for the simultaneous quantification of fluoxetine (FLU), its metabolite norfluoxetine (NFLU) and paroxetine (PAR) in human plasma, applying the microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) technology in sample preparation. Chromatographic analysis of FLU, NFLU and PAR was achieved in <13 min on a reverse-phase C18 column using isocratic elution and fluorescence detection (FLD). The mobile phase was composed by an aqueous solution of 25 mM sodium phosphate monobasic anhydrous and 7.5 mM di-potassium hydrogen phosphate anhydrous (pH 3.0)/acetonitrile/methanol (70:23:7, v/v/v). The detector was set at 240/312 nm for FLU, NFLU and IS and at 295/350 nm for PAR. The method showed linearity in the ranges of 20-750 ng mL-1 for FLU and NFLU, and 5-750 ng mL-1 for PAR (r2 ≥ 0.9919). The overall intra- and interday precision did not exceed 13.6% and the corresponding accuracy (bias) ranged from 0.02 to 16.7%. The method was successfully applied in the analysis of authentic plasma samples. Hence, this new MEPS/LC-FLD assay ensures robust and low-cost analyses representing, therefore, a good alternative to support therapeutic drug monitoring and clinical studies involving these antidepressant drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Magalhães
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal.,CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Ave. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.,CICAB, Clinical Research Centre, Extremadura University Hospital and Medical School, Ave. de Elvas, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Gilberto Alves
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal.,CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Ave. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Adrián Llerena
- CICAB, Clinical Research Centre, Extremadura University Hospital and Medical School, Ave. de Elvas, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Amílcar Falcão
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Schimek D, Francesconi KA, Mautner A, Libiseller G, Raml R, Magnes C. Matrix removal in state of the art sample preparation methods for serum by charged aerosol detection and metabolomics-based LC-MS. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 915:56-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
9
|
Petruczynik A, Wróblewski K, Deja M, Waksmundzka-Hajnos M. Ion-exchange vs reversed-phase chromatography for separation and determination of basic psychotropic drugs. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 29:1700-7. [PMID: 25944095 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Ion exchange chromatography, an alternative to reversed-phase (RP) chromatography, is described in this paper. We aimed to obtain optimal conditions for the separation of basic drugs because silica-based RP stationary phases show silanol effect and make the analysis of basic analytes hardly possible. The retention, separation selectivity, symmetry of peaks and system efficiency were examined in different eluent systems containing different types of buffers at acidic pH and with the addition of organic modifiers: methanol and acetonitrile. The obtained results reveal a large influence of the salt cation used for buffer preparation and the type of organic modifier on the retention behavior of the analytes. These results were also compared with those obtained on an XBridge C18 column. The obtained results demonstrated that SCX stationary phases can be successfully used as alternatives to C18 stationary phases in the separation of basic compounds. The most selective and efficient chromatographic systems were applied for the quantification of some psychotropic drugs in fortified human serum samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Petruczynik
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a, Lublin, 20-093, Poland
| | - Karol Wróblewski
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a, Lublin, 20-093, Poland
| | - Michał Deja
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a, Lublin, 20-093, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Agrawal N, Esteve-Romero J, Bose D, Dubey NP, Peris-Vicente J, Carda-Broch S. Determination of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in plasma and urine by micellar liquid chromatography coupled to fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 965:142-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
11
|
Facile preparation of boronic acid-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles with a high capacity and their use in the enrichment ofcis-diol-containing compounds from plasma. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 29:312-20. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
12
|
Dziomba S, Biernacki M, Olędzka I, Skrzydlewska E, Bączek T, Kowalski P. Repetitive injection field-amplified sample stacking for cationic compounds determination. Talanta 2014; 125:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
13
|
Sieradzka E, Witt K, Milnerowicz H. The application of capillary electrophoresis techniques in toxicological analysis. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 28:1507-13. [PMID: 24828301 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) comprises a group of techniques used to separate chemical mixtures. Analytical separation is based on different electrophoretic mobilities, thereby allowing qualitative and quantitative evaluations to be made. The application of CE in medical science, especially in toxicological studies, is developing rapidly because of the short time required for analysis and its high sensitivity, selectivity and ability to determine substances of an acidic, alkaline and neutral character. This review focuses on the possibility of applying CE in toxicological analysis. Advances in different CE analyses and detection techniques connected with this method are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Sieradzka
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Knobel G, Calimag-Williams K, Campiglia AD. Solid-phase extraction, sample stacking and capillary zone electrophoresis for the analysis of urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites. Analyst 2012; 137:5639-47. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an36265a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
15
|
Garg U, Ferguson A. Challenges in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Classical Tricyclic and Newer Antidepressants. Ther Drug Monit 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385467-4.00013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
16
|
Pascali JP, Bortolotti F, Tagliaro F. Recent advances in the application of CE to forensic sciences, an update over years 2009-2011. Electrophoresis 2011; 33:117-26. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|