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Yang M, Huang J, Zhang S, Zhao X, Feng D, Feng X. Melatonin mitigated circadian disruption and cardiovascular toxicity caused by 6-benzylaminopurine exposure in zebrafish. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 223:112555. [PMID: 34332249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As a highly effective plant hormone, the overuse of 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) may pose potential threats to organisms and the environment. Melatonin is widely known for its regulation of sleep rhythm, and it also shows a beneficial effect in a variety of adverse situations. In order to investigate the harm of 6-BA to vertebrates and whether melatonin can reverse the toxicity induced by 6-BA, we analyzed the circadian rhythm and cardiovascular system of zebrafish, and further clarified the role of the thyroid endocrine system. The exposure of well-developed embryos started at 2 hpf, then 6-BA and/or melatonin were carried out. The results indicated that 6-BA disturbed the rhythmic activities of the larvae, increased wakefulness, correspondingly reduced their rest, and induced disrupted clock gene expression. Video analysis and qRT-PCR data found that zebrafish under 6-BA exposure showed obvious cardiovascular morphological abnormalities and dysfunction, and the mRNA levels of cardiovascular-related genes (nkx2.5, gata4, myl7, vegfaa and vegfab) were significantly down-regulated. In addition, altered thyroid hormone content and hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis-related gene expression were also clearly observed. 1umol/L of melatonin had little effect on zebrafish, but its addition could significantly alleviate the circadian disturbance and cardiovascular toxicity caused by 6-BA, and simultaneously played a regulatory role in thyroid system. Our research revealed the adverse effects of 6-BA on zebrafish larvae and the protective role of melatonin in circadian rhythm, cardiovascular and thyroid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jiaxing Huang
- The Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shuhui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- The Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Daofu Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No.154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China.
| | - Xizeng Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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Yang M, Qiu J, Zhao X, Feng X. 6-benzylaminopurine exposure induced development toxicity and behaviour alteration in zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 278:116887. [PMID: 33743271 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) is one of the first synthetic hormones and has been widely used in fruit cultivation, gardening and agriculture. However, excessive use of 6-BA will cause potential harm to the environment and humans. Therefore, our research focused on assessing the impact of 6-BA on the development and neurobehavior of zebrafish. The results showed that 6-BA had little effect on the embryos from 2 hpf to 10 hpf. However, delayed development, decreased survival and hatchability were observed under 30 and 40 mg/L 6-BA from 24 hpf. 6-BA also reduced surface tension of embryonic chorions at 24 hpf. In addition, 6-BA caused abnormal morphology and promoted the accumulation of oxidative stress. Transcription of genes in connection with development and oxidative stress was also strikingly altered. Results of movement assay showed that zebrafish were less active and their behavior was significantly inhibited under the 20 and 30 mg/L 6-BA treatments. Locomotion-related genes th and mao were down-regulated by gradient, while the transcription of dbh was upregulated at a low concentration (2 mg/L) but decreased as the concentration increased. Moreover, 6-BA exposure caused increased arousal and decreased sleep. Sleep/wake related genes hcrt and hcrtr2 were upregulated, but decreased at 30 mg/L, while the mRNA level of aanat2 was reduced in a concentration-dependent manner. To sum up, our results showed that 6-BA induced developmental toxicity, promoted the accumulation of oxidative stress, and damaged locomotion and sleep/wake behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jinyu Qiu
- The Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- The Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - XiZeng Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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Qu F, Sun Y, Guo S, Yan H, You J. Fluorescent Detection of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid in Food Samples Based on Covalent Organic Frameworks and MnO2 Nanosheets. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01807-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Wang C, Zhou W, Liao X, Li W, Chen Z. Covalent immobilization of ionic liquid-based porous polymer onto poly(ether ether ketone) for stir bar sorptive extraction and its application in analysis of chlorophenoxy acid herbicides in soil. Talanta 2020; 208:120442. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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LaKind JS, Burns CJ, Naiman DQ, O'Mahony C, Vilone G, Burns AJ, Naiman JS. Critical and systematic evaluation of data for estimating human exposures to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) - quality and generalizability. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2017; 20:423-446. [PMID: 29157177 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2017.1396704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) has been commercially available since the 1940's. Despite decades of data on 2,4-D in food, air, soil, and water, as well as in humans, the quality the quality of these data has not been comprehensively evaluated. Using selected elements of the Biomonitoring, Environmental Epidemiology, and Short-lived Chemicals (BEES-C) instrument (temporal variability, avoidance of sample contamination, analyte stability, and urinary methods of matrix adjustment), the quality of 156 publications of environmental- and biomonitoring-based 2,4-D data was examined. Few publications documented steps were taken to avoid sample contamination. Similarly, most studies did not demonstrate the stability of the analyte from sample collection to analysis. Less than half of the biomonitoring publications reported both creatinine-adjusted and unadjusted urine concentrations. The scope and detail of data needed to assess temporal variability and sources of 2,4-D varied widely across the reviewed studies. Exposures to short-lived chemicals such as 2,4-D are impacted by numerous and changing external factors including application practices and formulations. At a minimum, greater transparency in reporting of quality control measures is needed. Perhaps the greatest challenge for the exposure community is the ability to reach consensus on how to address problems specific to short-lived chemical exposures in observational epidemiology investigations. More extensive conversations are needed to advance our understanding of human exposures and enable interpretation of these data to catch up to analytical capabilities. The problems defined in this review remain exquisitely difficult to address for chemicals like 2,4-D, with short and variable environmental and physiological half-lives and with exposures impacted by numerous and changing external factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy S LaKind
- f School of Arts and Sciences , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Carol J Burns
- a LaKind Associates, LLC; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Catonsville , MD , USA
| | | | - Cian O'Mahony
- c Department of Applied Mathematics & Statistics , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Giulia Vilone
- c Department of Applied Mathematics & Statistics , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Annette J Burns
- d Creme Global, Trinity Technology and Enterprise Campus , Grand Canal Quay , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Joshua S Naiman
- e Department of Anthropology , Alma College , Alma , MI , USA
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Xia L, Liu L, Xu X, Zhu F, Wang X, Zhang K, Yang X, You J. Determination of chlorophenoxy acid herbicides by using a zirconium-based metal–organic framework as special sorbent for dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj03378d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study reports a Zr-based MOF with 2-amino-benzenedicarboxylic acid ligand as an adsorbent for chlorophenoxy acid herbicides from biosamples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Xia
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu
- P. R. China
| | - Lijie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu
- P. R. China
| | - Xianli Xu
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu
- P. R. China
| | - Fenfen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu
- P. R. China
| | - Xiuli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu
- P. R. China
| | - Keyun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu
- P. R. China
| | - Xuncheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu
- P. R. China
| | - Jinmao You
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu
- P. R. China
- Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology
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Jeffries MD, Yelverton FH, Ahmed KA, Gannon TW. Persistence in and Release of 2,4-D and Azoxystrobin from Turfgrass Clippings. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2016; 45:2030-2037. [PMID: 27898773 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2016.03.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Research has shown that pesticide residue in clippings from previously treated turfgrass may become bioavailable as grass decomposes, adversely affecting off-target organisms. We conducted a field study to quantify 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and azoxystrobin (methyl(E)-2-{2[6-(2-cyanophenoxy)pyrmidin-4-yloxy]phenyl}-3-methoxyacrylate) residues in turfgrass clippings collected from hybrid bermudagrass [ (L.) Pers. × Burtt-Davy], tall fescue [ (Schreb.) S.J. Darbyshire], and zoysiagrass ( Steud.). A subsequent greenhouse experiment was conducted to measure pesticide release from clippings into water. 2,4-D (1.6 kg a.i. ha) and azoxystrobin (0.6 kg a.i. ha) were applied to field plots at 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1, or 0 d before collection of the clippings. Clippings were collected from each experimental unit to quantify pesticide release from clippings into water. Both 2,4-D and azoxystrobin were detected when turfgrass was treated over the 32-d experimental period, suggesting that clipping management should be implemented for an extended period of time after application. Pesticide residue was detected in all water samples collected, confirming 2,4-D and azoxystrobin release from turfgrass clippings; however, pesticide release varied between compounds. Two days after clippings were incorporated in water, 39 and 10% of 2,4-D and azoxystrobin were released from clippings, respectively. Our research supports the currently recommended practice of returning clippings to the turfgrass stand when mowing because removal of 2,4-D and azoxystrobin in clippings may reduce pest control and cause adverse off-target impacts.
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Lee SM, Kim JY, Lee HJ, Chang MI, Chae YS, Rhee GS. Establishment of analytical method for 6-benzylaminopurine residue, a plant growth regulator for brown rice, mandarin, pepper, potato, and soybean by using GC/NPD. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13765-013-4251-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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