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Flores L, Hargrave S, Clifford A, Alarcio G, Moeller BC. Detection of doping peptides and basic drugs in equine urine using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2024; 16:406-419. [PMID: 37548131 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The abuse of prohibited agents including peptides and basic small-molecule drugs is an area of great concern in horseracing due to their high potential to act as doping agents. These compound classes include agents such as growth hormone-releasing peptides, peptide analgesics, beta-2-adrenergic receptor agonists, and quaternary ammonium drugs that can be challenging to detect and regulate because of their chemical properties and potential rapid elimination following administration. The use of highly sensitive and selective analytical techniques such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is necessary to provide coverage of these substances and their potential metabolites. This study describes the development and validation of methodology capable of the detection of over 50 different peptide-based doping agents, related secretagogues, quaternary ammonium drugs, and other challenging small molecules in equine urine following solid-phase extraction using a mixed mode weak cation exchange sorbent. Following sample extraction, the compounds were analyzed using LC-MS with chromatographic separation via a reverse phase gradient and detection via selective reaction monitoring following introduction to a triple-stage quadrupole mass spectrometer using positive mode electrospray ionization. Validation parameters including limits of detection and quantitation, accuracy, precision, linear range, recovery, stability, and matrix effects were determined. Briefly, the limits of detection for most compounds were in the sub-ng/mL ranges with adequate precision and accuracy sufficient for an initial testing procedure. Stability studies indicated that most compounds were sufficiently stable to allow for effective screening using conditions commonly utilized in drug testing laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Flores
- KL Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sabine Hargrave
- KL Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Amel Clifford
- KL Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Gwendolyne Alarcio
- KL Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Benjamin C Moeller
- KL Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Baghban HN, Hasanzadeh M. Multifunctional one-droplet microfluidic chemosensing of ractopamine in real samples: a user-oriented flexible nano-architecture for on-site food and pharmaceutical analysis using optical sensors. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:4506-4517. [PMID: 37615053 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01064c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Illegal use of ractopamine (RAC) in the food industry has dire consequences for health which should be curbed by inexpensive on-site checks. In this study, four advanced nanostructures of AuNPs were examined for this purpose. For the first time, a novel cost-effective colorimetric opto-sensor based on gold nanoparticles in aqueous solution was developed and successfully utilized for the recognition of RAC in real samples. The colorimetric chemosensor based on AuNPs-CysA exhibited a linear range of 0.1 μM to 0.01 M with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.001 μM. Also, using AuNPs-DDT as a photonic probe two ranges of linearity of 0.01 to 50 μM and 0.005 to 0.01 M were obtained (LOD = 1 nM). The outstanding features of the utilized nanostructures are the simple preparation, the suitable stability of AuNPs-CysA and the excellent selectivity of AuNPs-DDT toward RAC recognition. Finally, the engineered colorimetric systems were combined with a simple and inexpensive optimized microfluidic glass fiber-based device. This work paves the way for devising inexpensive and efficient on-site recognition devices for food safety checks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Hasanzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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3
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Cloteau C, Dervilly G, Loup B, Delcourt V, Kaabia Z, Bagilet F, Groseille G, Dauriac K, Fisher S, Popot MA, Garcia P, Le Bizec B, Bailly-Chouriberry L. Performance assessment of an equine metabolomics model for screening a range of anabolic agents. Metabolomics 2023; 19:38. [PMID: 37027080 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-023-01985-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite their ban, Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) are considered as the most important threat for equine doping purposes. In the context of controlling such practices in horse racing, metabolomics has emerged as a promising alternative strategy to study the effect of a substance on metabolism and to discover new relevant biomarkers of effect. Based on the monitoring of 4 metabolomics derived candidate biomarkers in urine, a prediction model to screen for testosterone esters abuse was previously developed. The present work focuses on assessing the robustness of the associated method and define its scope of application. MATERIALS AND METHODS Several hundred urine samples were selected from 14 different horses of ethically approved administration studies involving various doping agents' (AAS, SARMS, β-agonists, SAID, NSAID) (328 urine samples). In addition, 553 urine samples from untreated horses of doping control population were included in the study. Samples were characterized with the previously described LC-HRMS/MS method, with the objective of assessing both its biological and analytical robustness. RESULTS The study concluded that the measurement of the 4 biomarkers involved in the model was fit for purpose. Further, the classification model confirmed its effectiveness in screening for testosterone esters use; and it demonstrated its ability to screen for the misuse of other anabolic agents, allowing the development of a global screening tool dedicated to this class of substances. Finally, the results were compared to a direct screening method targeting anabolic agents demonstrating complementary performances of traditional and omics approaches in the screening of anabolic agents in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cloteau
- LABERCA, ONIRIS, INRAE, 44300, Nantes, France.
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (GIE-LCH), 91370, Verrières Le Buisson, France.
| | - G Dervilly
- LABERCA, ONIRIS, INRAE, 44300, Nantes, France
| | - B Loup
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (GIE-LCH), 91370, Verrières Le Buisson, France
| | - V Delcourt
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (GIE-LCH), 91370, Verrières Le Buisson, France
| | - Z Kaabia
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (GIE-LCH), 91370, Verrières Le Buisson, France
| | - F Bagilet
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (GIE-LCH), 91370, Verrières Le Buisson, France
| | - G Groseille
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (GIE-LCH), 91370, Verrières Le Buisson, France
| | - K Dauriac
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (GIE-LCH), 91370, Verrières Le Buisson, France
| | - S Fisher
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (GIE-LCH), 91370, Verrières Le Buisson, France
| | - M A Popot
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (GIE-LCH), 91370, Verrières Le Buisson, France
| | - P Garcia
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (GIE-LCH), 91370, Verrières Le Buisson, France
| | - B Le Bizec
- LABERCA, ONIRIS, INRAE, 44300, Nantes, France
| | - L Bailly-Chouriberry
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (GIE-LCH), 91370, Verrières Le Buisson, France
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4
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From targeted methods to metabolomics based strategies to screen for growth promoters misuse in horseracing and livestock: A review. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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5
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A Fast Method for the Simultaneous Analysis of 26 Beta-Agonists in Swine Muscle with a Multi-Functional Filter by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9050121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A rapid and simplified sample preparation method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 26 beta-agonists in swine muscle using a multi-functional filter (MFF) based on quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe methods (QuEChERS). MFF integrated the cleanup and filter procedures, thereby significantly improving the efficiency of sample preparation compared with traditional solid-phase extraction. The sample was processed via enzymatic hydrolysis, purified with the optimized MFF containing 150 mg magnesium sulfate, 50 mg PSA, and 50 mg C18, and then analyzed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. All procedures can be completed in 6.5 h. Good linearity (R2 > 0.99) was detected in all analytes. The recoveries ranged from 71.2% to 118.6%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of less than 18.37% in all spiked concentrations. The limits of detection (LOD) and the limits of quantitation (LOQ) were 0.01–0.10 and 0.10–0.50 μg/kg, respectively. The decision limit (CCα) and detection capacity (CCβ) values fluctuated in the range of 3.44–25.71 and 6.38–51.21 μg/kg, respectively. This method is a good alternative for detecting beta-agonist residues in swine muscle and can be successfully applied to the national risk monitoring of agro-product quality and safety in China.
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Fan S, Li C, Ma J, Meng Z, Zhao L, Zhang Y. Surface plasmon resonance biosensor for the detection of phenylethanolamine A in swine urine. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:1278-1285. [PMID: 33624658 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00132a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, an antibody against phenylethanolamine A (PEA) was produced, confirmed, and used in a surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based measurement. Bovine serum albumin (BSA)-conjugated PEA was linked to nano-gold particles bound to l-cysteine modified on the surface of a Au-NP sensor chip. The concentrations of antigen and antibody were optimized, and the designed biosensor chip was investigated to examine the stability and accuracy of the proposed method. The recovery of PEA ranged from 80.4-93.4% in swine urine samples with spike levels of 5, 10 and 20 ng mL-1, and the relative standard deviations of PEA were less than 2%. PEA analogues, such as clenbuterol, ractopamine, and salbutamol, did not influence the PEA measurement. The developed method could be used to measure PEA in swine urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufang Fan
- Hebei Food Safety Key Laboratory, Hebei Food Inspection and Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, 050227, China.
| | - Chunsheng Li
- Biology Institute of Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Junmei Ma
- Hebei Food Safety Key Laboratory, Hebei Food Inspection and Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, 050227, China.
| | - Zhijuan Meng
- Hebei Food Safety Key Laboratory, Hebei Food Inspection and Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, 050227, China.
| | - Limin Zhao
- Hebei Food Safety Key Laboratory, Hebei Food Inspection and Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, 050227, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Hebei Food Safety Key Laboratory, Hebei Food Inspection and Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, 050227, China. and Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
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Moreira F, Carmo H, Guedes de Pinho P, Bastos MDL. Doping detection in animals: A review of analytical methodologies published from 1990 to 2019. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:474-504. [PMID: 33440053 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the impressive innate physical abilities of horses, camels, greyhounds, or pigeons, doping agents might be administered to these animals to improve their performance. To control these illegal practices, anti-doping analytical methodologies have been developed. This review compiles the analytical methods that have been published for the detection of prohibited substances administered to animals involved in sports over 30 years. Relevant papers meeting the search criteria that discussed analytical methods aiming to detect and/or quantify doping substances in animal biological matrices published from 1990 to 2019 were considered. A total of 317 studies were included, of which 298 were related to horses, demonstrating significant advances toward the development of doping detection methods for equine sports. However, analytical methods for the detection of doping agents in sports involving other species are lacking. Due to enhanced accuracy and specificity, chromatographic analysis coupled to mass spectrometry detection is preferred over immunoassays. Regarding biological matrices, blood and urine remain the first choice, although alternative biological matrices, such as hair and feces, have been considered. With the increasing number and type of drugs used as doping agents, the analytes addressed in the published papers are diverse. It is very important to continue to detect and quantify these drugs, recognizing those that are most frequently used, in order to punish the abusers, protect animals' health, and ensure a healthier and genuine competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Moreira
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Área Técnico-Científica de Farmácia, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Carmo
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Guedes de Pinho
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Jacobson GA, Hostrup M. The salmeterol anomaly and the need for a urine threshold. Drug Test Anal 2020; 14:997-1003. [PMID: 32314556 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Salmeterol is a long acting beta2-agonist (LABA) used widely for the treatment of airways disease. There is evidence that beta2-agonists, including salmeterol, have the potential for performance enhancing effects when delivered at supratherapeutic doses. For this reason, all beta2-agonists are currently on the Prohibited List issued by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), regardless of dosing route with some exemptions for inhaled salbutamol, formoterol, and salmeterol when used at therapeutic inhaled doses. For 2020, salmeterol use is permitted up to a therapeutic dosing threshold of 200 μg daily, but unlike salbutamol and formoterol, there is an anomaly; currently there is no urine threshold to control for supratherapeutic dosing beyond this dosing threshold. Salmeterol, however, is reportable as an adverse analytical finding (AAF) at levels above 10 ng/mL. Complicating matters is that following inhalation, salmeterol parent drug is present at relatively low levels compared with other beta2-agonists due to rapid metabolism to the metabolite, alpha-hydroxysalmeterol, which is typically present at higher levels than the parent drug. Moreover, peak parent drug levels following permitted therapeutic dosing are below the minimum required performance level (MRPL) of 10 ng/mL for salmeterol (50% of the MRPL that analytical laboratories are required to meet for non-threshold beta2-agonists), hence the presence of salmeterol may be unreported. For consistency, a urine threshold should be introduced for salmeterol as a matter of priority, to balance the needs of athletes who use salmeterol therapeutically up to the agreed dosing threshold, with the need to control supratherapeutic dosing for doping intentions and athlete harm minimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn A Jacobson
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Morten Hostrup
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Xu C, Gao H, Pan N, Jiang M, Huang Y, Zhu K, Gong P, Lv S. Clenbuterol, salbutamol, and ractopamine in fresh meat products in Jilin province, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2019.1634100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaojian Xu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haicheng Gao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Nanzhu Pan
- College of food engineering, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Mengmeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ketong Zhu
- College of food engineering, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Pingsheng Gong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shaowu Lv
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Guo P, Wan J, Zhan C, Zhu C, Jiang W, Ke Y, Ding S, Wang D. A simplified sample pretreatment for the rapid determination of 22 β-agonist residues in swine muscle and liver tissues by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1096:122-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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11
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Moreira FX, Silva R, André MB, de Pinho PG, Bastos ML, Ruivo J, Ruivo P, Carmo H. Quantification of doping compounds in faecal samples from racing pigeons, by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1089:33-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bozzolino C, Leporati M, Gani F, Ferrero C, Vincenti M. Development and validation of an UHPLC-MS/MS method for β 2-agonists quantification in human urine and application to clinical samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 150:15-24. [PMID: 29202304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A fast analytical method for the simultaneous detection of 24 β2-agonists in human urine was developed and validated. The method covers the therapeutic drugs most commonly administered, but also potentially abused β2-agonists. The procedure is based on enzymatic deconjugation with β-glucuronidase followed by SPE clean up using mixed-phase cartridges with both ion-exchange and lipophilic properties. Instrumental analysis conducted by UHPLC-MS/MS allowed high peak resolution and rapid chromatographic separation, with reduced time and costs. The method was fully validated according ISO 17025:2005 principles. The following parameters were determined for each analyte: specificity, selectivity, linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, precision, accuracy, matrix effect, recovery and carry-over. The method was tested on real samples obtained from patients subjected to clinical treatment under chronic or acute therapy with either formoterol, indacaterol, salbutamol, or salmeterol. The drugs were administered using pressurized metered dose inhalers. All β2-agonists administered to the patients were detected in the real samples. The method proved adequate to accurately measure the concentration of these analytes in the real samples. The observed analytical data are discussed with reference to the administered dose and the duration of the therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bozzolino
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Marta Leporati
- Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia "A. Bertinaria", Regione Gonzole 10/1, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy.
| | - Federica Gani
- Malattie dell'apparato respiratorio 2, Ospedale San Luigi Gonzaga, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Cinzia Ferrero
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Malattie dell'apparato respiratorio, Università degli Studi di Torino, via G. Verdi 8, 10124, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Vincenti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy; Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia "A. Bertinaria", Regione Gonzole 10/1, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy
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Fragkaki AG, Kioukia-Fougia N, Kiousi P, Kioussi M, Tsivou M. Challenges in detecting substances for equine anti-doping. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1291-1303. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. G. Fragkaki
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens; Olympic Athletic Center of Athens ‘Spyros Louis’; 37 Kifisias Avenue 15123 Maroussi Greece
| | - N. Kioukia-Fougia
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens; Olympic Athletic Center of Athens ‘Spyros Louis’; 37 Kifisias Avenue 15123 Maroussi Greece
| | - P. Kiousi
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens; Olympic Athletic Center of Athens ‘Spyros Louis’; 37 Kifisias Avenue 15123 Maroussi Greece
| | - M. Kioussi
- Laboratory of Pesticides Residues, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy; Benaki Phytopathological Institute; 8 St. Delta str., 14561 Kifissia Athens Greece
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry; University of Athens; 15771 Panepistimiopolis-Zographou Athens Greece
| | - M. Tsivou
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens; Olympic Athletic Center of Athens ‘Spyros Louis’; 37 Kifisias Avenue 15123 Maroussi Greece
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Al-Majed AA, Khalil NY, Khbrani I, Abdel-Aziz HA. Clenbuterol Hydrochloride. PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS, AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2017; 42:91-123. [PMID: 28431781 DOI: 10.1016/bs.podrm.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Clenbuterol (Broncodil and trade) is a direct-acting sympathomimetic agent with mainly beta-adrenergic activity and a selective action on β2 receptors (a β2 agonist). It has properties similar to those of salbutamol. It is used as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airways obstruction, as in asthma and in certain patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The uses, applications, and the synthetic pathways of this drug are outlined. Physical characteristics including: ionization constant, solubility, X-ray powder diffraction pattern, thermal methods of analysis, UV spectrum, IR spectrum, mass spectrum are all produced. This profile also includes the monograph of British Pharmacopoeia, together with several reported analytical methods including spectrophotometric, electrochemical, chromatographic, immunochemical methods, and capillary electrophoretic methods. The stability, the pharmacokinetic behavior, and the pharmacology of the drug are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nasr Y Khalil
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Wu Y, Bi Y, Bingga G, Li X, Zhang S, Li J, Li H, Ding S, Xia X. Metabolomic analysis of swine urine treated with β2-agonists by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1400:74-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Xiong L, Gao YQ, Li WH, Yang XL, Shimo SP. Simple and sensitive monitoring of β2-agonist residues in meat by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using a QuEChERS with preconcentration as the sample treatment. Meat Sci 2015; 105:96-107. [PMID: 25828164 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection (LC-MS/MS) method was established for the simultaneous determination of the levels of 10 β2-agonists in meat. The samples were extracted using an aqueous acidic solution and cleaned up using a Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) technique utilising a DVB-NVP-SO3Na sorbent synthesised in-house. First, the β2-agonist residues were extracted in an aqueous acidic solution, followed by matrix solid-phase dispersion for clean-up. The linearities of the method were R(2)=0.9925-0.9998, with RSDs of 2.7-15.3% and 73.7-103.5% recoveries. Very low limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) of 0.2-0.9 μg/kg and 0.8-3.2 μg/kg, respectively, were achieved for spiked meat. The values obtained were lower than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) established by the EU and China. These results clearly demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach. The evaluated method provided reliable screening, quantification and identification of 10 β2-agonists in meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xiong
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock Product (Lanzhou), Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou 730050, China.
| | - Ya-Qin Gao
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock Product (Lanzhou), Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Wei-Hong Li
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock Product (Lanzhou), Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Yang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock Product (Lanzhou), Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Shimo Peter Shimo
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock Product (Lanzhou), Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou 730050, China
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17
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Junhua L, Chunsheng L, Meng W, Yan Z, Xiaofei M, Hua C, Jinghui Y. Development of an ultrasensitive immunochromatographic assay (ICA) strip for the rapid detection of phenylethanolamine A in urine and pork samples. J Food Sci 2015; 80:T894-9. [PMID: 25754291 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study a one-step immunochromatographic assay based on competitive format was developed for the rapid detection of phenylethanolamine A (PEAA) residues in urine and pork samples. A monoclonal antibody against PEAA was produced from BALB/c mice immunized with the PEAA-BSA conjugate. The results of this qualitative test strip were to be interpreted visually. The visual detection limit (VDL) and threshold level of the optimized immunochromatographic assay for PEAA were 0.1 ng/mL and 0.5 ng/mL, respectively. Cross-reactions with other β-agonists were not significant inhibitions to the performance of the test strip assay. The results from the test strip were in a good agreement with those obtained using a high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) assay. The immunochromatographic assay developed here was a useful on-site screening tool that is rapid to use, low in cost, and extremely convenient for the detection of PEAA in urine samples and pork samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Junhua
- Biology Inst. of Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, PR, China
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18
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Wu Y, Xu F, Jiang H, Tao X, Zhu K, Liu W, Cui Y, Huang X, Ding S. Determination of Salbutamol, Clenbuterol, and Brombuterol in Urine by a Highly Sensitive Chemiluminescence Enzyme Immunoassay. ANAL LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2014.917422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Mauro D, Ciardullo S, Civitareale C, Fiori M, Pastorelli A, Stacchini P, Palleschi G. Development and validation of a multi-residue method for determination of 18 β-agonists in bovine urine by UPLC–MS/MS. Microchem J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Evaluation of horse urine sample preparation methods for metabolomics using LC coupled to HRMS. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:785-803. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Horse urine is the medium of choice for the implementation of metabolomic approaches aimed at improving horse doping control. However, drug analysis in this biofluid is a challenging task due to the presence of large amounts of interfering compounds. Methodology & Results: A comparative study of sample preparation has been conducted to evaluate five sample-preparation methods, namely acetonitrile precipitation, proteinase K hydrolysis, membrane filtration and sample dilution with water by factors of five and 20, for metabolome analysis using liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. Assessment was performed at both global and targeted levels, by using a few thousand features obtained from peak detection software, and internal standards and 100 annotated or identified metabolites. Conclusion: By considering the number of detected signals, their intensity and their detection repeatability, acetonitrile precipitation was selected as the most efficient sample-preparation method for the analysis of horse urine metabolome in liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry conditions.
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21
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A generic screening methodology for horse doping control by LC–TOF-MS, GC–HRMS and GC–MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 941:69-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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He G, Lu J, Wang X, Xu Y, Wu Y, Dong Y, Shen L, He Z, Zhao J, Yuan H. An Improved Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometric Method to Quantify Formoterol in Human Urine. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 52:848-51. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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23
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Furusawa N. An isocratic solvent-free mobile phase HPLC-PDA analysis of clenbuterol and ractopamine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcas.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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Sanghvi M, Ramamoorthy A, Strait J, Wainer IW, Moaddel R. Development and validation of a sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the determination of fenoterol in human plasma and urine samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 933:37-43. [PMID: 23872161 PMCID: PMC3767123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Due to the lack of sensitivity in current methods for the determination of fenoterol (Fen), a rapid LC-MS/MS method was developed for the determination of (R,R')-Fen and (R,R';S,S')-Fen in plasma and urine. The method was fully validated and was linear from 50pg/ml to 2000pg/ml for plasma and from 2.500ng/ml to 160ng/ml for urine with a lower limit of quantitation of 52.8pg/ml in plasma. The coefficient of variation was <15% for the high QC standards and <10% for the low QC standards in plasma and was <15% for the high and low QC standards in urine. The relative concentrations of (R,R')-Fen and (S,S')-Fen were determined using a chirobiotic T chiral stationary phase. The method was used to determine the concentration of (R,R')-Fen in plasma and urine samples obtained in an oral cross-over study of (R,R')-Fen and (R,R';S,S')-Fen formulations. The results demonstrated a potential pre-systemic enantioselective interaction in which the (S,S')-Fen reduces the sulfation of the active (R,R')-Fen. The data suggest that a non-racemic mixture of the Fen enantiomers may provide better bioavailability of the active (R,R')-Fen for use in the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Sanghvi
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - A. Ramamoorthy
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - J. Strait
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD. 21224, USA
| | - I. W. Wainer
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - R. Moaddel
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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25
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[Determination of nine beta-agonist residues in pig tissues by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry combining with library search]. Se Pu 2013; 31:200-5. [PMID: 23785990 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2012.11004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A new method has been developed using a hybrid triple-quadrupole linear ion trap (QTrap) mass spectrometer for the fast detection and identification of nine beta-agonists, clenbuterol, salbutamol, ractopamine, ritodrine, terbutaline, isoxsuprine, tulobuterol, cimaterol and bambuterol, in one single liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. The homogenized tissue samples were purified with liquid-liquid extraction after enzymatic hydrolysis by P-glucuronidase/aryl sulfatase. After gradient elution separation on C(18) LC column using acetonitrile and formic acid aqueous solution as the mobile phases, a multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) scan as survey scan and an enhanced product ion (EPI) scan as dependent scan were performed in an information dependent acquisition (IDA) experiment. Finally, the identification of the drugs was carried out by library search with a newly developed MS/MS library based on EPI spectra at three different collision energies in positive mode. The analytical method in the present study was well validated and good results were obtained with respect to precision, repeatability and spiked recovery. The limits of detection of residues were 0.1 -0.2 micro g/kg for beta-agonists, and with a linear range from 0.1 to 50.0 micro g/L. Three concentration levels of 0. 5, 1. 0 and 5. 0 pg/kg were spiked in pig tissues, and the overall recoveries were between 72.0% and 95.1% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) between 3. 1% and 12.1%. The real sample test showed that this method could be used for sensitive and accurate determination of beta-agonist residues in pig tissue
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26
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Wang CC, Lu CC, Chen YL, Cheng HL, Wu SM. Chemometric optimization of cation-selective exhaustive injection sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography for quantification of ractopamine in porcine meat. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:5914-5920. [PMID: 23718839 DOI: 10.1021/jf401064x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An online stacking capillary electrophoresis (CE) method, cation-selective exhaustive injection sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography (CSEI-sweep-MEKC), is developed and optimized for analysis of ractopamine (RP) and its homologue dehydroxyractopamine (DRP) in porcine meat. Chemometric experimental design was used to achieve the best possible optimization and reduce the number of trials and errors. The CSEI-sweep-MEKC method enables nanogram per gram level analysis, with limits of detection (LODs) in meat of 5 ng/g for RP and 3 ng/g for DRP (S/N = 3). A higher conductivity buffer (HCB) zone was injected into the capillary, allowing for the analytes to be electrokinetically injected at a voltage of 9 kV for 12 min. Using 125 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate and 15% methanol in the sweeping buffer, RP and DRP were well-separated. The method was validated with a linear calibration curve of 10-300 ng/g (r > 0.994). In comparison to the normal capillary zone electrophoresis method (1 psi for 10 s), this stacking strategy resulted in 900 times sensitivity enhancement. This technique was further applied for analyzing seven kinds of commercial meats, and the residual RP was detected in one (5.76 ng/g of RP). The data were corresponding to the data analyzed by the commercial testing kit and mass spectrometry spectra. This method was successfully used on real samples and is considered feasible for serving as a tool for routine examination in markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, and ‡Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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27
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Chiral Determination of Salbutamol, Salmeterol and Atenolol by Two-Dimensional LC–LC: Application to Urine Samples. Chromatographia 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-012-2353-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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28
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Ho ENM, Kwok WH, Wong ASY, Wan TSM. High resolution accurate mass screening of prohibited substances in equine plasma using liquid chromatography - Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2012; 5:509-28. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmie N. M. Ho
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin; N.T.; Hong Kong, China
| | - W. H. Kwok
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin; N.T.; Hong Kong, China
| | - April S. Y. Wong
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin; N.T.; Hong Kong, China
| | - Terence S. M. Wan
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin; N.T.; Hong Kong, China
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29
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Wang LQ, Zeng ZL, Su YJ, Zhang GK, Zhong XL, Liang ZP, He LM. Matrix effects in analysis of β-agonists with LC-MS/MS: influence of analyte concentration, sample source, and SPE type. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:6359-6363. [PMID: 22670564 DOI: 10.1021/jf301440u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The synergistic influences of analyte concentration, sample source, and solid-phase extraction (SPE) type on matrix effects in the multiresidue analyses of eight β-agonists with LC-ESI-MS/MS were evaluated. Porcine muscle and liver extracts and urine from diverse sources were purified by strong or mixed-mode cation exchange and molecularly imprinted polymer SPE cartridges, respectively. Three spiked concentrations (2, 10, and 20 ng/mL) of eight β-agonists in the purified matrices and the different sample sources were analyzed. The results show that for most β-agonists there are significant differences in matrix effects between analyte concentrations or sample sources (P < 0.05), whereas there is no significant difference in matrix effects between different SPE cartridges (P > 0.05). Results from main effects testing indicated that analyte concentration was the main effector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qi Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, China
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30
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Zhang D, Teng Y, Chen K, Liu S, Wei C, Wang B, Yuan G, Zhang R, Liu X, Guo R. Determination of salbutamol in human plasma and urine using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry and its pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 26:1176-82. [PMID: 22213268 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dujuan Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology; Qilu Hospital of Shandong University; 107 West Wenhua Road; Jinan; 250012; People's Republic of China
| | - Yanni Teng
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology; Qilu Hospital of Shandong University; 107 West Wenhua Road; Jinan; 250012; People's Republic of China
| | - Keguang Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology; Qilu Hospital of Shandong University; 107 West Wenhua Road; Jinan; 250012; People's Republic of China
| | - Sha Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology; Qilu Hospital of Shandong University; 107 West Wenhua Road; Jinan; 250012; People's Republic of China
| | - Chunmin Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology; Qilu Hospital of Shandong University; 107 West Wenhua Road; Jinan; 250012; People's Republic of China
| | - Benjie Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology; Qilu Hospital of Shandong University; 107 West Wenhua Road; Jinan; 250012; People's Republic of China
| | - Guiyan Yuan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology; Qilu Hospital of Shandong University; 107 West Wenhua Road; Jinan; 250012; People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology; Qilu Hospital of Shandong University; 107 West Wenhua Road; Jinan; 250012; People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology; Qilu Hospital of Shandong University; 107 West Wenhua Road; Jinan; 250012; People's Republic of China
| | - Ruichen Guo
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology; Qilu Hospital of Shandong University; 107 West Wenhua Road; Jinan; 250012; People's Republic of China
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31
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Silvestro L, Savu SR, Savu SN, Tudoroniu A, Tarcomnicu I. Development of a sensitive method for simultaneous determination of fluticasone propionate and salmeterol in plasma samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 26:627-35. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Silvestro
- 3S-Pharmacological Consultation and Research GmbH; Koenigsbergerstrasse 1; 27243; Harpstedt; Germany
| | - Simona Rizea Savu
- 3S-Pharmacological Consultation and Research GmbH; Koenigsbergerstrasse 1; 27243; Harpstedt; Germany
| | - Simona Nicoleta Savu
- Pharma Serv Int'l SRL; 52 Sabinelor Str., 5th District; 050853; Bucharest; Romania
| | - Ariana Tudoroniu
- Pharma Serv Int'l SRL; 52 Sabinelor Str., 5th District; 050853; Bucharest; Romania
| | - Isabela Tarcomnicu
- Pharma Serv Int'l SRL; 52 Sabinelor Str., 5th District; 050853; Bucharest; Romania
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