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Lee CW, Su H, Hsu YW, Su LZ, Wu YH, Hou CY, Shih SY, Shiea J. Rapid Characterization of Undeclared Pharmaceuticals in Herbal Preparations by Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Emergency Care. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:960-971. [PMID: 38616559 PMCID: PMC11066970 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.4c00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
In Asia, some herbal preparations have been found to be adulterated with undeclared synthetic medicines to increase their therapeutic efficiency. Many of these adulterants were found to be toxic when overdosed and have been documented to bring about severe, even life-threatening acute poisoning events. The objective of this study is to develop a rapid and sensitive ambient ionization mass spectrometric platform to characterize the undeclared toxic adulterated ingredients in herbal preparations. Several common adulterants were spiked into different herbal preparations and human sera to simulate the clinical conditions of acute poisoning. They were then sampled with a metallic probe and analyzed by the thermal desorption-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The experimental parameters including sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and turnaround time were prudently optimized in this study. Since tedious and time-consuming pretreatment of the sample is unnecessary, the toxic adulterants could be characterized within 60 s. The results can help emergency physicians to make clinical judgments and prescribe appropriate antidotes or supportive treatment in a time-sensitive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Wei Lee
- Institute
of Medical Science and Technology, National
Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804201, Taiwan, ROC
- Rapid
Screening Research Center for Toxicology and Biomedicine, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804201, Taiwan, ROC
- Research
Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung
Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hung Su
- Department
of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Wen Hsu
- Institute
of Medical Science and Technology, National
Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Lin-Zhen Su
- Institute
of Medical Science and Technology, National
Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yen-Hung Wu
- Department
of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Yi Hou
- Department
of Clinical Pathology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Liouying 73659, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shu-Yu Shih
- Department
of Emergency Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Liouying 73659, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jentaie Shiea
- Department
of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804201, Taiwan, ROC
- Department
of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung
Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan, ROC
- Rapid
Screening Research Center for Toxicology and Biomedicine, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804201, Taiwan, ROC
- Research
Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung
Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan, ROC
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2
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dos Santos BP, Eller S, Borges GR, de Gouveia GC, Sebben VC, Arbo MD, de Oliveira TF. A multi-analyte LC-MS/MS method for the determination of 57 pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in plasma, and its application to poisoning cases. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 222:115082. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Ping T, Zheng M, Zhang P, Yan T, Miao X, Wang K, Lian K. Determination of 12 anti-obesity drugs in human plasma by a 96-well protein precipitation plate using HPLC-MS. RSC Adv 2022; 12:26016-26022. [PMID: 36199600 PMCID: PMC9469181 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03423a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An analytical method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of 12 anti-obesity drugs (methylephedrine (MER), amphetamine (AMP), fenfluramine (FEN), bupropion (BUP), fluoxetine (FLU), sibutramine (SIBU), bisacodyl (BISA), bumetanide (BUM), lovastatin (LOVA), simvastatin (SIM), rimonabant (RIMO), and fenofibrate (FENO)) in human plasma by a 96-well protein precipitation plate combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The 96-well protein precipitation plate was chosen for simultaneous pretreatment of large sample volumes, making the whole process more efficient and faster. Drugs were separated on an Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C18 column, and detected by MS/MS under multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The developed method was validated in terms of linearity, matrix effect, accuracy and precision. A good linearity was obtained in the range of 0.1-20.0 ng mL-1 for fenfluramine, bupropion, fluoxetine, sibutramine, bisacodyl, and rimonabant; and 0.5-20.0 ng mL-1 for methylephedrine, amphetamine, bumetanide, lovastatin, simvastatin, and fenofibrate with a correlation coefficient above 0.995. The method was fully validated with an acceptable accuracy of 75.63-108.21%, matrix effect of 80.41-117.71% except for fenofibrate (76.07% at low concentration levels), and precision of 0.32-13.12%. Owing to the advantages of simple operation, high accuracy and sensitivity, this method is suitable for the rapid and simultaneous detection of 12 anti-obesity drugs in human plasma, providing support for clinically monitoring the development of adverse reactions and guiding the rational and appropriate use of weight-loss drugs for obese people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengteng Ping
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang 050017 China
| | - Min Zheng
- Jinan Centre for Disease Control and Prevention Jinan 250000 China
| | - Pingping Zhang
- Department of Reproductive Genetic Family, Hebei General Hospital Shijiazhuang Hebei 050000 China
| | - Tianhao Yan
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang 050017 China
| | - Xufeng Miao
- Physical Education Department, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang 050017 China
| | - Ke Wang
- Shijiazhuang Centre for Disease Control and Prevention Shijiazhuang 050011 China
| | - Kaoqi Lian
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang 050017 China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health Shijiazhuang 050017 China
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4
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Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
This paper examines the scope of anorectics in counterfeit weight-reducing formulations and provides insight into the present state of research in determining such adulterants. Analytical techniques utilised in profiling adulterants found in slimming products, including limitations and mitigation steps of these conventional methods are also discussed. The current legal status of the anorectics and analogues routinely encountered in non-prescription slimming formulations is also explored.
Methods
All reviewed literature was extracted from Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases using relevant search terms, such as, ‘counterfeit drugs’, ‘weight loss drugs’, ‘weight-reducing drugs’, ‘slimming drugs’, ‘anorectic agents’, and ‘counterfeit anorexics’. Legislation related to anorectics was obtained from the portals of various government and international agencies.
Results
Anorectics frequently profiled in counterfeit slimming formulations are mostly amphetamine derivatives or its analogues. Five routinely reported pharmacological classes of adulterants, namely anxiolytics, diuretics, antidepressants, laxatives, and stimulants, are mainly utilised as coadjuvants in fake weigh-reducing formulations to increase bioavailability or to minimise anticipated side effects. Liquid and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric detectors are predominantly used techniques for anorectic analysis due to the possibility of obtaining detailed information of adulterants. However, interference from the complex sample matrices of these fake products limits the accuracy of these methods and requires robust sample preparation methods for enhanced sensitivity and selectivity. The most common anorectics found in counterfeit slimming medicines are either completely banned or available by prescription only, in many countries.
Conclusions
Slimming formulations doped with anorectic cocktails to boost their weight-reducing efficacy are not uncommon. Liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry remains the gold standard for counterfeit drug analysis, and requires improved preconcentration methods for rapid and quantitative identification of specific chemical constituents. Extensive method development and validation, targeted at refining existing techniques while developing new ones, is expected to improve the analytical profiling of counterfeit anorectics significantly.
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5
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Zhang SW, Sun YY, Sun YM, Wang H, Li ZF, Xu ZL. Visual upconversion nanoparticle-based immunochromatographic assay for the semi-quantitative detection of sibutramine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:8135-8144. [PMID: 32914397 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02944-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Immunochromatographic assay (ICA) has been used widely for the onsite monitoring of illegal additives due to its simplicity, speed, and low cost. However, a scanner is commonly required for ICA to achieve quantitative results. In this work, we developed a visual semi-quantitative ICA for sibutramine, a banned additive in diet foods, without the need for a scanner for measurement. Monoclonal antibodies specific for sibutramine were raised and conjugated with upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) as the luminescent tracer. ICA was developed by employing multiple test lines to achieve the semi-quantitative detection of sibutramine. Based on the optimal conditions, the cutoff levels (limit of quantitation, LOQ) of T1 line, T2 line, T3 line, and T4 line were 0.02 μg/mL, 0.15 μg/mL, 1.0 μg/mL, and 7.5 μg/mL, respectively, in buffer system. The ICA demonstrated a LOQ at 0.2 mg/kg for sibutramine in diet food samples. The assay (including pretreatment) can be finished within 30 min without the aid of other instruments, except a laser pen. No false positive or false negative results were observed. The results indicated that the proposed method was reliable, simple, and rapid for the screening of sibutramine abuse in diet food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Wei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.,National Nutrition Food Testing Center, Shenzhen Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan-Yan Sun
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yuan-Ming Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhen-Feng Li
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Zhen-Lin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.
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6
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Borges CS, Silva PV, Lozano AFQ, Missassi G, Silva RF, Anselmo-Franci JA, Kempinas WG. Impact of timing of the anorexigen sibutramine administration on reproductive end-points of male rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 127:525-532. [PMID: 32632976 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sibutramine is a non-selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor orally administered for weight loss. In a previous study, we showed pharmacological mechanisms involved in the reduction of sperm quality and fertility of rats exposed for 30 days to this anorexigen in the light phase of the light-dark (l/d) cycle. It is already known that rodents are nightlife animals, with higher metabolic activity during the dark phase than in the light phase of the light-dark (l/d) cycle. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate whether the deleterious effects on reproductive parameters after sibutramine administration would be enhanced after a shorter period of exposure during the dark phase of the l/d cycle. For this, adult male Wistar rats were treated with sibutramine (10 mg/kg/d) or vehicle for 15 days during the dark phase of the l/d cycle. Sibutramine treatment decreased final body and reproductive organ weights, as well as serum testosterone levels. Sperm transit time through the epididymis was accelerated, and sperm concentration and motility were diminished in the sibutramine-exposed rats. The decrease in sperm concentration was also verified in the epididymal histological sections. In conclusion, the deleterious effects of sibutramine on reproductive parameters of male rats were enhanced when the exposure occurred in the dark phase of the l/d cycle, even after a short exposure duration. Our results reinforce the impact of timing on drug therapeutic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cibele S Borges
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Patrícia V Silva
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia Q Lozano
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Missassi
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Raquel F Silva
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Janete A Anselmo-Franci
- Department of Morphology, Stomatology and Physiology, USP - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Wilma G Kempinas
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
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7
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Analytical Methodologies for the Stereoselective Determination of Sibutramine: An Overview. ACTA MEDICA MARISIENSIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/amma-2017-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Sibutramine is a chiral anti-obesity drug which decreases food intake and increases energy expenditure. In therapy it is used as a racemic mixture; however both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data have revealed enantioselective behavior of sibutramine and its major active metabolites. Several chromatographic and electrophoretic analytical methods have been published so far for the chiral determination of sibutramine from pharmaceutical preparations and biological samples. The current paper aims to provide a systematic review of the stereochemical aspects and analytical methods used for the enantiodetermination of sibutramine and its active enantiomers covering the last 15 years.
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8
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Mao H, Qi M, Zhou Y, Huang X, Zhang L, Jin Y, Peng Y, Du S. Discrimination of sibutramine and its analogues based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics: toward the rapid detection of synthetic anorexic drugs in natural slimming products. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09636c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new approach, which uses SERS measurement and chemometrical tool, is developed to discriminate between sibutramine and its analogues, and successfully applied to the NSP quality screening without sample pretreatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Mao
- School of Pharmacy
- Nanjing Medical University
- Nanjing
- China
- Nuclear Medicine Department
| | - Meihui Qi
- School of Pharmacy
- Nanjing Medical University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Yujie Zhou
- School of Pharmacy
- Nanjing Medical University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Xiaoyan Huang
- School of Pharmacy
- Nanjing Medical University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Liying Zhang
- School of Pharmacy
- Nanjing Medical University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Yang Jin
- School of Pharmacy
- Nanjing Medical University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Yan Peng
- School of Pharmacy
- Nanjing Medical University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Shuhu Du
- School of Pharmacy
- Nanjing Medical University
- Nanjing
- China
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9
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Detection of sibutramine in adulterated dietary supplements using attenuated total reflectance-infrared spectroscopy. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 100:279-283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Song F, Monroe D, El-Demerdash A, Palmer C. Screening for multiple weight loss and related drugs in dietary supplement materials by flow injection tandem mass spectrometry and their confirmation by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 88:136-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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11
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Iwakura K, Ogawa T, Hattori H, Iwai M, Suzuki O, Nakagawa T. Simultaneous and sensitive analysis of fourth-generation antidepressants in human plasma by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Forensic Toxicol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-013-0197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Oberholzer HM, Van Der Schoor C, Pretorius E. The effect of sibutramine on platelet morphology of Spraque-Dawley rats fed a high energy diet. Microsc Res Tech 2013; 76:653-7. [PMID: 23576325 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Sibutramine on platelet ultrastructure and discuss the morphological observations in relation to known physiological effects of the compound. Six-week-old, female Spraque-Dawley rats were used in this study. The animals were placed on a high energy diet after which sibutramine administration followed. Blood was drawn on the day of termination and platelet rich plasma was obtained to prepare plasma smears for analysis. Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the ultrastructure of the platelets. Platelets of the Sibutramine-treated animals showed smooth surface with limited pseudopodia formation when compared with that of the control animals. Higher magnification of the platelet surface showed membrane tears and swelling, typically seen in necrotic cells. It can therefore be concluded from these results that Sibutramine alters the membrane morphology of platelets to that typical of necrotic cells.
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13
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Saka C, Şahin Ö. Determination of Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor Antidepressants in Pharmaceuticals and Biological Material. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2011.645377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cafer Saka
- a School of Health, Sıırt University , Sıırt , Turkey
| | - Ömer Şahin
- b Faculty of Engineering and Architecture , Sıırt University , Sıırt , Turkey
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14
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Ponnuru VS, Challa BR, Nadendla R. Quantification of sibutramine and its two metabolites in human plasma by LC-ESI-MS/MS and its application in a bioequivalence study. J Pharm Anal 2012; 2:249-257. [PMID: 29403750 PMCID: PMC5760908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity can be considered as a chronic illness of epidemic proportion and its incidents have increased exponentially in recent years. The use of anti-obesity drugs such as sibutramine is somewhat helpful. There is a need to quantify such drugs in biological samples, which is generally quite difficult. In this report, we developed and validated a simple, sensitive and specific liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method for the quantification of sibutramine (SB) and its two metabolites N-des methyl sibutramine (DSB) and N-di desmethyl sibutramine (DDSB) in human plasma. Zorbax SB-C18 (4.6 mm×75 mm, 3.5 μm, 80 Å) analytical column and 5 mM ammonium formate:acetonitrile (10:90, v/v) mobile phase were used for chromatographic separation of SB, DSB and DDSB. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in the positive mode was used to detect SB, DSB and DDSB at m/z 280.3/124.9, 266.3/125.3 and 252.2/124.9, respectively. Liquid–liquid extraction was used for the extraction of analytes and internal standard from human plasma. This method was validated over a linear concentration range of 10.0–10,000.0 pg/mL for SB, DSB and DDSB with correlation coefficients (r) of ≥0.9997. The drug and the two metabolites were stable in plasma samples. The validated method was successfully applied in a bioequivalence and pharmacokinetic study with human volunteers under fasting condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Suresh Ponnuru
- Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lam, Guntur 522034, Andhra pradesh, India.,Krishna University, Machilipatnam 521001, Andhra pradesh, India
| | - B R Challa
- Nirmala College of Pharmacy, Kadapa 516002, Andhra pradesh, India
| | - RamaRao Nadendla
- Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lam, Guntur 522034, Andhra pradesh, India
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15
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A validated Ultra High Pressure Liquid Chromatographic method for the characterisation of confiscated illegal slimming products containing anorexics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 59:38-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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