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Zuo H, Li T, Zhang D, Ma J, Zhang Z, Ou Y, Lian X, Yin J, Li Q, Zhao X. Enhancing Chromatographic Performance of Immobilized Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor by Strain-Promoted Alkyne Azide Cycloaddition through Genetically Encoded Unnatural Amino Acid. Anal Chem 2022; 94:15711-15719. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyue Zuo
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Ting Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Jing Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Zilong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ou
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Xiaojuan Lian
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Jiatai Yin
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Xinfeng Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
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Li H, Wei W, Li Z, Wang M, Wei X, Cheng M, Yao C, Bi Q, Zhang J, Li J, Guo DA. An enhanced strategy integrating offline two-dimensional separation with data independent acquisition mode and deconvolution: Characterization of metabolites of Uncaria rhynchophylla in rat plasma as a case. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1181:122917. [PMID: 34509821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The importance to clarify the drug metabolites is beyond doubt in view of their potential efficacy and safety. However, due to the complex matrix interference, relatively low content and the co-eluting effect, it is of a great challenge to comprehensively and systematically characterize the metabolites in vivo, especially for the traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) due to the numerous types of components. In the present study, a comprehensive off-line two-dimensional separation system combining with data independent acquisition (DIA) mode and multi-dimensional data deconvolution method was established for chromatographic separation, data acquisition and data procession of indole alkaloids in rat plasma after intragastrically administrated with the extract of Uncaria rhynchophylla at the dose of 1 g/kg. The orthogonality of the off-line 2D separation system consisting of HILIC for first-dimensional separation and the PRLC for second-dimensional separation was valuated with the "asterisk" equations, and the results showed that off-line 2D separation system had passable orthogonality (A0 = 53.3%). Furthermore, the DIA mode was applied to capture MS/MS spectra in view of its advantage in acquiring MS data, and an effective multi-dimensional deconvolution method integrating the calculation of chemical formula, the extraction of diagnostic ion, the filter of ring double bond (RDB) and the judgement of neutral loss was established to parse the spectra for the complicated DIA data for comprehensive analysis of metabolites in rat plasma. Ultimately, a total of 127 indole alkaloids were tentatively characterized, and the main metabolic pathways were inferred as demethylation, dehydrogenation, hydroxylation and deglycosylation. The off-line two-dimensional separation system was applied for the comprehensive characterization of metabolites in vivo for the first time. This study suggested a new approach to enable the enrichment, separation and analysis of the low content components in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojv Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenlong Wei
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhenwei Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mengyuan Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xuemei Wei
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mengzhen Cheng
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Changliang Yao
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qirui Bi
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianqing Zhang
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiayuan Li
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - De-An Guo
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Simultaneous Determination of Six Uncaria Alkaloids in Mouse Blood by UPLC-MS/MS and Its Application in Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1030269. [PMID: 32879877 PMCID: PMC7448256 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1030269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A specific ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of six Uncaria alkaloids in mouse blood with midazolam as the internal standard (IS). Only 20 μL blood was needed for sample preparation, and the protein was precipitated with acetonitrile. The UPLC BEH C18 column (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.7 μm) was used for chromatographic separation. The mobile phase consisted of 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile with gradient elution within 5.5 min. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) and the positive electrospray ionization model were used for quantitative analysis. The accuracy of the UPLC-MS/MS method ranged from 86.5% to 110.4%. The precision for intraday and interday was ≤15% each. The mean recovery and the matrix effects were found to be 64.4-86.8% and 94.1-109.4%, respectively. The calibration curves in blood were linear in the range of 1-1000 ng/mL with a favorable correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.995. The pharmacokinetic results showed that six Uncaria alkaloids metabolized rapidly in mice with a half-life between 0.6 h and 4.4 h. The bioavailability of corynoxeine, isocorynoxeine, rhynchophylline, isorhynchophylline, hirsutine, and hirsuteine was 27.3%, 32.7%, 49.4%, 29.5%, 68.9%, and 51.0%, respectively, which showed satisfactory oral absorption of each alkaloid.
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Zhou Q, Ma J, Chen L. Tissue Distribution of Hirsutine and Hirsuteine in Mice by Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2020; 2020:7204315. [PMID: 32399311 PMCID: PMC7201850 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7204315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Hirsutine and hirsuteine were two alkaloid monomers extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Uncaria rhynchophylla, which have pharmacological effects such as antihypertension, anti-infection, and heart protection. An ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was established for the determination of hirsutine and hirsuteine in tissues (liver, kidney, heart, spleen, brain, and lung), and their absorption, distribution, and metabolism were studied for providing information on its pharmacological mechanism. UPLC BEH C18 column (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.7 μm) was used for chromatographic separation. The mobile phase was acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid, with a gradient elution, and the total run time was 4 min. Electrospray was used in the positive ion mode, and the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was for quantification. The acetonitrile precipitation method was used to remove protein-treated mouse plasma and tissue homogenate samples. In the concentration range of 2-5000 ng/g, hirsutine and hirsuteine in tissues showed good linearity (r > 0.995), and the lower limit of quantification was 2 ng/g. In the plasma and liver tissues, the interday and intraday precision of hirsutine and hirsuteine was less than 15%, the accuracy was between 90.9% and 110.1%, and the average recovery was better than 73.0%. The matrix effect was between 86.2% and 104.7%. The results showed that the precision, accuracy, recovery, and matrix effects meet the requirements for the study on the distribution of hirsutine and hirsuteine. After intraperitoneal administration of 10 mg/kg hirsutine and hirsuteine in mice, the distribution levels were highest in liver and kidney tissues, followed by the spleen and lung. Hirsutine and hirsuteine were low in brain tissue, but had obvious distribution, suggesting that they may pass through the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhou
- The Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Jianshe Ma
- School of Basic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Limei Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
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Han A, Lin G, Cai J, Wu Q, Geng P, Ma J, Wang X, Lin C. Pharmacokinetic study on hirsutine and hirsuteine in rats using UPLC–MS/MS. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2019. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2017.00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aixia Han
- Department of Pharmacy, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Guanyang Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Jinzhang Cai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Qing Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Peiwu Geng
- Department of Pharmacy, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Jianshe Ma
- Analytical and Testing Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xianqin Wang
- Analytical and Testing Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Chongliang Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
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Wei S, Luo Z, Cui S, Qiao J, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Fu J, Ma X. Molecular Identification and Targeted Quantitative Analysis of Medicinal Materials from Uncaria Species by DNA Barcoding and LC-MS/MS. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24010175. [PMID: 30621230 PMCID: PMC6337676 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Uncaria is an important source of traditional Chinese medicines with multiple therapeutic effects. The identification of the correct species and accurate determination of the contents of bioactive constituents are important for quality control of Uncaria medicinal materials. Here, an integrated evaluation system based on DNA barcoding for species identification and quantitative analysis by LC-MS/MS has been established. DNA barcoding based on the ITS2 barcode region showed sufficient discriminatory power to precisely identify 24 samples from seven Uncaria species. The length of the 24 ITS2 sequences of Uncaria samples is 227 bp, and 17 variation sites were detected. Additionally, the results of qualitative and quantitative chemical analyses by LC-MS/MS indicated that the chemical compositions of all Uncaria samples were similar; while their contents of targeted alkaloids in samples from different species and origin areas were different. The contents of rhynchophylline (RC) and isorhynchophylline (IRC) were 2.9⁻1612 mg/kg and 2.60⁻1299 mg/kg in all tested samples, respectively. This study concludes that DNA barcoding should be used as the first screening step for Uncaria medicinal materials. Then, integration of DNA barcoding with chemical analyses should be applied in quality control of Uncaria medicinal materials in the medicinal industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shugen Wei
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China.
| | - Zuliang Luo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Shengrong Cui
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jing Qiao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Zhonglian Zhang
- Yunnan Branch, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jing Hong 666100, China.
| | - Lixia Zhang
- Yunnan Branch, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jing Hong 666100, China.
| | - Jine Fu
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China.
| | - Xiaojun Ma
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
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Li T, Xu K, Che D, Huang Z, Jahan N, Wang S. Endothelium-independent vasodilator effect of isocorynoxeine in vitro isolated from the hook of Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miquel). Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2018; 391:1285-1293. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1536-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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The Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability of Six Indole Alkaloids from Uncariae Ramulus Cum Uncis in the MDCK-pHaMDR Cell Monolayer Model. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22111944. [PMID: 29125571 PMCID: PMC6150385 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncariae Ramulus Cum Uncis (URCU) is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine, and is reported to have various central nervous system effects. Alkaloids have been demonstrated to be the predominant pharmacological active components of URCU. In order to evaluate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and transport mechanism of six typical indole alkaloids from URCU, the MDCK-pHaMDR cell monolayer model was used as an in vitro surrogate model for BBB. The samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography, and the apparent permeability coefficients (Papp) were calculated. Among the six alkaloids, isorhynchophylline (2), isocorynoxeine (4), hirsutine (5) and hirsuteine (6) showed high permeability, with Papp values at 10−5 cm/s level in bidirectional transport. For rhynchophylline (1) and corynoxeine (3), they showed moderate permeability, with Papp values from the apical (AP) side to the basolateral (BL) side at 10−6 cm/s level and efflux ratio (Papp BL→AP/Papp AP→BL) above 2. The time- and concentration-dependency experiments indicated that the main mechanism for 2, 4, 5 and 6 through BBB was passive diffusion. The efflux mechanism involved in the transports of compounds 1 and 3 could be reduced significantly by verapamil, and molecular docking screening also showed that 1 and 3 had strong bindings to P-glycoprotein. This study provides useful information for predicting the BBB permeability for 1–6, as well as better understanding of their central nervous system pharmacological activities.
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Simultaneous separation and determination of four uncaria alkaloids by capillary electrophoresis using dual cyclodextrin system. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 141:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chang CW, Yeh YY, Chang LC, Hsu MC, Wu YT. Rapid determination of oxindole alkaloids in cat's claw by HPLC using ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction and silica monolithic column. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 31. [PMID: 28009448 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cat's claw is a large woody vine with hook-like thorns, and has been traditionally used to treat inflammatory disorders in South and Central America. In this study, a rapid, validated high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method using a silica monolithic column was developed for the simultaneous determination of oxindole alkaloids, namely rhynchophylline, pteropodine, isomitraphylline and isopteropodine, in cat's claw. The ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction (ILMAE), considered as an environmentally friendly and powerful tool, was first applied in the extraction of oxindole alkaloids. To optimize the HPLC method, the stationary phases, pH values of mobile phase and flow rates were investigated. The validated HPLC method using a Monolithic RP18e column (100 × 4.6 mm) enables these analytes to be separated almost twice as fast as with a conventional particulate column (~16 vs ~30 min) with limits of quantification and detection of 0.5 and 0.15 μg/mL, respectively. The ILMAE conditions were optimized by the Taguchi orthogonal array design. In comparison with conventional water boiling extraction, ILMAE offers almost four times higher yields within an extremely short extraction time. The developed HPLC coupled with ILMAE method could be efficient and practical for rapid determination of oxindole alkaloids in cat's claw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wei Chang
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ying Yeh
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ching Chang
- Department of Occupational Therapy, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chich Hsu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tse Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Pan HQ, Yang WZ, Zhao D, Luo C, Yao CL, Shi XJ, Zhang YB, Li SY, Bi Y, Wang Z, Yao S, Wu WY, Guo DA. New monoterpenoid oxindole alkaloid derivatives from the stems of Uncaria hirsuta Havil. and their cytotoxicity and tandem mass spectrometric fragmentation. Fitoterapia 2017; 116:85-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Pharmacokinetic interactions of herbal medicines for the treatment of chronic hepatitis. J Food Drug Anal 2016; 25:209-218. [PMID: 28911662 PMCID: PMC9332521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver disease is a serious global health problem, and an increasing number of patients are seeking alternative medicines or complementary treatment. Herbal medicines account for 16.8% of patients with chronic liver disease who use complementary and alternative therapies. A survey of the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan reported that Long-Dan-Xie-Gan-Tang, Jia-Wei-Xia-Yao-San, and Xiao-Chai-Hu-Tang (Sho-saiko-to) were the most frequent formula prescriptions for chronic hepatitis used by traditional Chinese medicine physicians. Bioanalytical methods of herbal medicines for the treatment of chronic hepatitis were developed to investigate pharmacokinetics properties, but multicomponent herbal formulas have been seldom discussed. The pharmacokinetics of herbal formulas is closely related to efficacy, efficiency, and patient safety of traditional herbal medicines. Potential herbal formula–drug interactions are another essential issue during herbal formula administration in chronic hepatitis patients. In a survey with the PubMed database, this review article evaluates the existing evidence-based data associated with the documented pharmacokinetics profiles and potential herbal–drug interactions of herbal formulas for the treatment of chronic hepatitis. In addition, the existing pharmacokinetic profiles were further linked with clinical practice to provide insight for the safety and specific use of traditional herbal medicines.
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Chang CW, Wong CY, Wu YT, Hsu MC. Development of a Solid Dispersion System for Improving the Oral Bioavailability of Resveratrol in Rats. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2016; 42:239-249. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-016-0339-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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