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Pelivan K, Frensemeier L, Karst U, Koellensperger G, Bielec B, Hager S, Heffeter P, Keppler BK, Kowol CR. Understanding the metabolism of the anticancer drug Triapine: electrochemical oxidation, microsomal incubation and in vivo analysis using LC-HRMS. Analyst 2018; 142:3165-3176. [PMID: 28745337 DOI: 10.1039/c7an00902j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
α-N-Heterocyclic thiosemicarbazones are among the most promising ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors identified so far. Triapine, the most prominent representative of this class of substances, has been investigated in multiple phase I and II clinical trials. With regard to clinical practice, Triapine showed activity against hematological diseases, but ineffectiveness against a variety of solid tumors. However, the reasons are still vague and the amount of ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion) data for Triapine available in the literature is very limited. Therefore, different analytical tools were used to investigate the metabolism of Triapine including electrochemical oxidations, liver microsomes and in vivo samples from mice. The main metabolic reactions, observed by all three methods, were dehydrogenation and hydroxylations, confirming that electrochemistry, as a purely instrumental approach, can be applied for the simulation of metabolic pathways. The dehydrogenated metabolite M1 was identified as a thiadiazole ring-closed oxidation product of Triapine. From a biological point of view, M1, as a key metabolite, is of interest since the crucial chemical property of α-N-heterocyclic thiosemicarbazones to bind metal ions is lost and cytotoxicity studies showed no anticancer activity of M1. The in vivo data of the urine samples revealed very high levels of the metabolites and Triapine itself already 15 min after treatment. This clearly indicates that Triapine is rapidly metabolised and excreted, which represents an important step forward to understand the possible reason for the inefficiency of Triapine against solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Pelivan
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Comparison of metabolic pathways of different α-N-heterocyclic thiosemicarbazones. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:2343-2361. [PMID: 29476231 PMCID: PMC5849672 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-0889-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Clinical failure of novel drugs is often related to their rapid metabolism and excretion. This highlights the importance of elucidation of their pharmacokinetic profile already at the preclinical stage of drug development. Triapine, the most prominent representative of α-N-heterocyclic thiosemicarbazones, was investigated in more than 30 clinical phase I/II trials, but the results against solid tumors were disappointing. Recent investigations from our group suggested that this is, at least partially, based on the fast metabolism and excretion. In order to establish more detailed structure/activity/metabolism relationships, herein a panel of 10 different Triapine derivatives was investigated for their metabolic pathways. From the biological point of view, the panel consists of terminally dimethylated thiosemicarbazones with nanomolar IC50 values, derivatives with micromolar cytotoxicities comparable to Triapine and a completely inactive representative. To study the oxidative metabolism, a purely instrumental approach based on electrochemistry/mass spectrometry was applied and the results were compared to the data obtained from microsomal incubations. Overall, the investigated thiosemicarbazones underwent the phase I metabolic reactions dehydrogenation, hydroxylation, oxidative desulfuration (to semicarbazone and amidrazone) and demethylation. Notably, dehydrogenation resulted in a ring-closure reaction with formation of thiadiazoles. Although strong differences between the metabolic pathways of the different thiosemicarbazones were observed, they could not be directly correlated to their cytotoxicities. Finally, the metabolic pathways for the most cytotoxic compound were elucidated also in tissues collected from drug-treated mice, confirming the data obtained by electrochemical oxidation and microsomes. In addition, the in vivo experiments revealed a very fast metabolism and excretion of the compound. Structure/activity/metabolisation relationships for 10 anticancer thiosemicarbazones were established using electrochemical oxidation coupled to mass spectrometry (EC-MS) and human liver microsomes analyzed by LC-MS ![]()
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Sestak V, Stariat J, Cermanova J, Potuckova E, Chladek J, Roh J, Bures J, Jansova H, Prusa P, Sterba M, Micuda S, Simunek T, Kalinowski DS, Richardson DR, Kovarikova P. Novel and potent anti-tumor and anti-metastatic di-2-pyridylketone thiosemicarbazones demonstrate marked differences in pharmacology between the first and second generation lead agents. Oncotarget 2016; 6:42411-28. [PMID: 26623727 PMCID: PMC4767442 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Di(2-pyridyl)ketone 4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (Dp44mT) and di(2-pyridyl)ketone 4-cyclohexyl-4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (DpC) are novel, highly potent and selective anti-tumor and anti-metastatic drugs. Despite their structural similarity, these agents differ in their efficacy and toxicity in-vivo. Considering this, a comparison of their pharmacokinetic and pharmaco/toxico-dynamic properties was conducted to reveal if these factors are involved in their differential activity. Both compounds were administered to Wistar rats intravenously (2 mg/kg) and their metabolism and disposition were studied using UHPLC-MS/MS. The cytotoxicity of both thiosemicarbazones and their metabolites was also examined using MCF-7, HL-60 and HCT116 tumor cells and 3T3 fibroblasts and H9c2 cardiac myoblasts. Their intracellular iron-binding ability was characterized by the Calcein-AM assay and their iron mobilization efficacy was evaluated. In contrast to DpC, Dp44mT undergoes rapid demethylation in-vivo, which may be related to its markedly faster elimination (T1/2 = 1.7 h for Dp44mT vs. 10.7 h for DpC) and lower exposure. Incubation of these compounds with cancer cells or cardiac myoblasts did not result in any significant metabolism in-vitro. The metabolism of Dp44mT in-vivo resulted in decreased anti-cancer activity and toxicity. In conclusion, marked differences in the pharmacology of Dp44mT and DpC were observed and highlight the favorable pharmacokinetics of DpC for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vit Sestak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Stariat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jolana Cermanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Simkova, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Eliska Potuckova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Chladek
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Simkova, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Roh
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Bures
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Jansova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Prusa
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Sterba
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Simkova, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Micuda
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Simkova, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Simunek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Danuta S Kalinowski
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Petra Kovarikova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Dumoga S, Dey N, Kaur A, Singh S, Mishra AK, Kakkar D. Novel biotin-functionalized lipidic nanocarriers for encapsulating BpT and Bp4eT iron chelators: evaluation of potential anti-tumour efficacy by in vitro, in vivo and pharmacokinetic studies in A549 mice models. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra03079c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This work proposes a novel strategy for delivery of iron chelators to the tumour cells which is exemplified in A549 mice models by using lipidic nanocarriers and introducing biotin based targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Dumoga
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- Timarpur
- Delhi-110054
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
| | - Namit Dey
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- Timarpur
- Delhi-110054
| | - Anivind Kaur
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- Timarpur
- Delhi-110054
| | | | - Anil K. Mishra
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- Timarpur
- Delhi-110054
| | - Dipti Kakkar
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- Timarpur
- Delhi-110054
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Tolić L, Grujić S, Mojović M, Jovanović M, Lubec G, Bačić G, Laušević M. Determination of anisomycin in tissues and serum by LC-MS/MS: application to pharmacokinetic and distribution studies in rats. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra16083b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The first study on anisomycin pharmacokinetics in rats using a new preparation method for tissues and serum and LC-MS/MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljiljana Tolić
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
- University of Belgrade
- 11000 Belgrade
- Serbia
| | - Svetlana Grujić
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
- University of Belgrade
- 11000 Belgrade
- Serbia
| | - Miloš Mojović
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry
- University of Belgrade
- 11000 Belgrade
- Serbia
| | - Miloš Jovanović
- Faculty of Biology
- University of Belgrade
- 11000 Belgrade
- Serbia
| | - Gert Lubec
- Medical University of Vienna
- Department of Pediatrics
- 1090 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Goran Bačić
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry
- University of Belgrade
- 11000 Belgrade
- Serbia
| | - Mila Laušević
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
- University of Belgrade
- 11000 Belgrade
- Serbia
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Lin H, Yu X, Eng OS, Buckley B, Kong ANT, Bertino JR, Carpizo DR, Gounder MK. A sensitive liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry bioanalytical assay for a novel anticancer candidate--ZMC1. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 29:1708-14. [PMID: 25944179 PMCID: PMC5481844 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
ZMC1 {azetidinecarbothioic acid, [1-(2-pyridinyl) ethylidene] hydrazide} is a lead compound being developed as one of the first mutant p53 targeted anti-cancer drugs. Establishing a precise quantitative method is an integral component of this development. The aim of this study was to develop a sensitive LC/MS/MS assay suitable for assessing purity, stability and preclinical pharmacokinetic studies of ZMC1. Acetonitrile protein precipitation extraction was chosen for plasma sample preparation with satisfactory recovery (84.2-92.8%) for ZMC1. Chromatographic separation was achieved on an Xterra C18 column (50 × 4.6 mm, 3.5 µm) using a gradient elution with mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile. ZMC1 and internal standard 2-amino-6-bromobenzothiazole were identified using selected-ion monitoring mode at m/z 235.2/178.2 and m/z 231.0/150.0 at retention times of 5.2 and 6.3 min, respectively. The method was validated with a linearity range of 3.9-500.0 ng/mL in human plasma and showed acceptable reproducibility with intra- and interday precisions <5.9 and 10.5%, and accuracy within ±5.4% of nominal values. This analytical method together with basic stability data in plasma and plasma binding experiments provides a reliable protocol for the study of ZMC1 pharmacokinetics. This will greatly facilitate the pre-clinical development of this novel anti-cancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Lin
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Xin Yu
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Oliver S. Eng
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Brian Buckley
- Chemical Analytical Core Laboratory, EOSHI, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Ah-Ng Tony Kong
- Ernest-Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Joseph R. Bertino
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Darren R. Carpizo
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Murugesan K. Gounder
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
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Potůčková E, Roh J, Macháček M, Sahni S, Stariat J, Šesták V, Jansová H, Hašková P, Jirkovská A, Vávrová K, Kovaříková P, Kalinowski DS, Richardson DR, Šimůnek T. In Vitro Characterization of the Pharmacological Properties of the Anti-Cancer Chelator, Bp4eT, and Its Phase I Metabolites. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139929. [PMID: 26460540 PMCID: PMC4604124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells have a high iron requirement and many experimental studies, as well as clinical trials, have demonstrated that iron chelators are potential anti-cancer agents. The ligand, 2-benzoylpyridine 4-ethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (Bp4eT), demonstrates both potent anti-neoplastic and anti-retroviral properties. In this study, Bp4eT and its recently identified amidrazone and semicarbazone metabolites were examined and compared with respect to their anti-proliferative activity towards cancer cells (HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia, MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma, HCT116 human colon carcinoma and A549 human lung adenocarcinoma), non-cancerous cells (H9c2 neonatal rat-derived cardiomyoblasts and 3T3 mouse embryo fibroblasts) and their interaction with intracellular iron pools. Bp4eT was demonstrated to be a highly potent and selective anti-neoplastic agent that induces S phase cell cycle arrest, mitochondrial depolarization and apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. Both semicarbazone and amidrazone metabolites showed at least a 300-fold decrease in cytotoxic activity than Bp4eT towards both cancer and normal cell lines. The metabolites also lost the ability to: (1) promote the redox cycling of iron; (2) bind and mobilize iron from labile intracellular pools; and (3) prevent 59Fe uptake from 59Fe-labeled transferrin by MCF-7 cells. Hence, this study demonstrates that the highly active ligand, Bp4eT, is metabolized to non-toxic and pharmacologically inactive analogs, which most likely contribute to its favorable pharmacological profile. These findings are important for the further development of this drug candidate and contribute to the understanding of the structure-activity relationships of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliška Potůčková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Roh
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Miloslav Macháček
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Sumit Sahni
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Bosch Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ján Stariat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Vít Šesták
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Jansová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Hašková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Jirkovská
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Vávrová
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Kovaříková
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Danuta S. Kalinowski
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Bosch Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Des R. Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Bosch Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail: (TS); (DRR)
| | - Tomáš Šimůnek
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
- * E-mail: (TS); (DRR)
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