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De Hondt L, Cosemans C, Plusquin M, Mangelings D, Van Eeckhaut A, Tommelein E. Quantification of ADHD medication in biological fluids of pregnant and breastfeeding women with liquid chromatography: a comprehensive review. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1437328. [PMID: 39171321 PMCID: PMC11335559 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1437328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that has long been considered a concern only in the pediatric population. However, symptoms often sustain into adulthood and may require medication. For women with ADHD, this also means dealing with the disorder during the reproductive period. Medication safety during pregnancy and breastfeeding is a critical concern, and the potential transfer of ADHD medication to infants remains a topic of scientific interest. The quantification of ADHD medications in both maternal blood and breast milk are vital for understanding their pharmacokinetics and potential exposure risks for (nursing) infants. This review aims (1) to compile and critically assess existing research on the transfer of ADHD medications into breast milk and the potential implications for nursing infants and (2) to provide a comprehensive overview and discussion of the literature regarding the quantification of methylphenidate, amphetamine, atomoxetine, viloxazine, guanfacine, clonidine and bupropion in the blood, urine, oral fluid, and breast milk with liquid chromatography. A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, to identify relevant articles published from January 2014 up to December 2023. We illustrate the lack of methods to simultaneously monitor multiple ADHD medications as well as the lack of developed methods for breast milk. Finally, we highlight the need for continued research to refine our understanding of medication transfer into breast milk and potential risks, and to develop clinical guidelines to support mothers with ADHD in making informed choices regarding medication use during pregnancy and lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena De Hondt
- Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Jette, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Cosemans
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Michelle Plusquin
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Debby Mangelings
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Applied Chemometrics and Molecular Modelling, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Jette, Belgium
| | - Ann Van Eeckhaut
- Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Jette, Belgium
| | - Eline Tommelein
- Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Jette, Belgium
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Zhang S, Zhang Q, Xu R, Ma J, Fang L. Realizing zero-order controlled transdermal drug permeation through competing doubly ionic H-bond in patch. Int J Pharm 2023; 645:123410. [PMID: 37703958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) was an effective way to realize controlled drug delivery. However, realizing zero-order controlled drug skin delivery was still challenging in the drug-in-adhesive patch. This study provided a strategy to accomplish this delivery form by stabilizing the drug concentration in adhesive through concentration-dependent competitive interaction. Clonidine (CLO) and Granisetron (GRA) were chosen as the model drugs which were of high skin permeability, and polydimethylaminoethyl acrylate (EA) as an excipient to interact with hydroxyphenyl adhesive (HP). Drug release, permeation and pharmacokinetic study were conducted to evaluate the controlled effect of HP-EA. The molecular interaction was characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR and XPS. Dynamic simulation and molecular docking further clarified the competitive interaction involved in the release process. Both the drug skin permeation study of CLO and GRA patch based on the HP-EA adhesive showed good zero-order fitting with r of 0.994 and 0.998, compared with non-functional adhesive (0-PSA). Furthermore, the pharmacokinetic study of the CLO patch showed a plateau phase for around 52 h without influencing the area under concentration-time curve (AUC), indicating that the HP-EA could realize zero-order drug skin delivery. The mechanism study revealed that EA serving as a 'buffer component' promoted the conversion of the ionic CLO to the neutrals the as the neutrals released, which stabilized '1% neutrals CLO concentration'. In conclusion, the drug delivery system based on the concentration-dependent competitive interaction broadened our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in zero-order controlled release in transdermal patches which would promote the development of zero-order drug delivery in TDDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Quanzhi Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Runmei Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Junyao Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Liang Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China.
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Zhang S, Liu C, Song Y, Ruan J, Quan P, Fang L. High drug-loading and controlled-release hydroxyphenyl-polyacrylate adhesive for transdermal patch. J Control Release 2023; 353:475-489. [PMID: 36473608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Long-acting transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) requires high drug-loading and drug controlled-release. To simultaneously improve drug-polymer miscibility and realize drug controlled-release, this work aimed to develop a new pressure sensitive adhesive modified with hydroxyphenyl (HP-PSA) by introducing doubly ionic H-bond into drug-PSA interaction. Eight model drugs divided into R3N, R2NH and no N type were chosen to understand the characteristics of the HP-PSA and inner mechanism. The results showed that the doubly ionic H-bond between R3N and R2NH type drugs and HP-PSA, differing from the ionic bond and neutral H-bond, was a reversible and relatively strong interaction. It could significantly enhance their drug-loading by 1.5 to 7 times and control drug release rate to its 1/5 to 1/2 without altering its total release properties, outperforming the commercial Duro-Tak® 87-2510 and Duro-Tak® 87-2852 adhesives. According to the pharmacokinetics results, the high drug-loading patches based on HP-PSA achieved a sustainable plasma drug concentration avoiding burst release, and over 2 times area under concentration-time curve (AUC) as well as 6 times mean residence time (MRT) revealed its potential to realize long-acting drug delivery. Additionally, its safety and mechanical features were satisfied. The mechanism study showed that the repulsion of the ionic drugs in HP-PSA increased drug-loading, and the relatively strong interaction could also control drug release. The incomplete H-bond transfer determined its reversibility, thus making the drug release percentage up to that of non-functional PSA. In conclusion, the high drug-loading efficiency and drug controlled-release capacity of HP-PSA, as well as its unique interaction, would contribute to the development of TDDS. Moreover, the construction of the doubly ionic H-bond would provide further inspiration for various drug delivery systems in the non-polar environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Yilin Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Jiuheng Ruan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Peng Quan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Liang Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China.
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Zhao J, Guo D, Fan M, Liu Y. Analysis of the effects of Zhenju antihypertensive tablet on efficacy, safety and vascular endothelial function in patients with essential hypertension: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e27501. [PMID: 34797276 PMCID: PMC8601270 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000027501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND : As a compound preparation of traditional Chinese and western medicine included in Volume 20 of Chinese traditional Medicine prescription, Zhenju antihypertensive tablet has been widely used in the treatment of patients with essential hypertension (EH) for many years. This study intends to evaluate the efficacy, safety and vascular endothelial function of Zhenju antihypertensive tablet in the treatment of essential hypertension. METHODS : The search strategies of different websites were searched on Cochrane Central controlled Trials Registry, PubMed, excerpt database, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, China National knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Science and Technology Journal Database, WanFang, and other websites. All qualified studies were confirmed to include randomized controlled trials. The search time range was from January 1, 1900 to August 31, 2021. At the same time, the list of references and related reviews were checked. Two evaluators were responsible for the extraction and management of the data independently. The literature quality was evaluated according to Cochrane manual 4.2.2. Heterogeneity test and Meta analysis were carried out by Review ManagerV.5.3 software. The bias risk included in the study was evaluated by Cochrane "bias risk" tool. In addition, the relevant statistical data were evaluated by GRADE3.6 evidence quality grading system. RESULTS : This study intends evaluate the efficacy and safety of Zhenju antihypertensive tablet in the treatment of EH from 4 aspects, including changes in blood pressure (systolic blood pressure, diastolic Blood pressure), effective hypotension, changes in endothelial function (NO, the level of plasma endothelin-1 in serum), and adverse reactions. CONCLUSION : The conclusion of this study intends to provide evidence for judging the effectiveness and safety of ZJAHC intervention on EH patients and their endothelial function.PROSPERO registration number: PROSPERO CRD42021235309.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisen Zhao
- The First Clinical Medical College of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Dong Guo
- Teacher Development Center of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Maoxia Fan
- The First Clinical Medical College of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yongcheng Liu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
- Shandong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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AlRabiah H, Attia SM, Al-Shakliah NS, Mostafa GAE. Development and Validation of an HPLC-UV Detection Assay for the Determination of Clonidine in Mouse Plasma and Its Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184109. [PMID: 32911847 PMCID: PMC7571031 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
An accurate and simple HPLC-UV method has been developed for the determination of clonidine in mouse plasma. A reversed phase C18 Nova Pack® column (125 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., × 3 μm particle size) was used as stationary phase. The mobile phase composition was a mixture of 0.1% diethylamine/acetonitrile (70:30, v/v) at pH 8 in an isocratic mode at flow rate was 1.0 mL/min. Detection was set at 210 nm. Tizanidine was used as an internal standard. The clonidine and tizanidine were extracted from plasma matrix using the deproteinization technique. The developed method exhibited a linear calibration range 100.0–2000 ng/mL and the lower limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 31.0 and 91.9 ng/mL, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day accuracy and precision of the method were within 8.0% and 3.0%, respectively, relative to the nominal concentration. The developed method was validated with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision, and selectivity according to the US Food and drug guideline. Minimal degradation was demonstrated during the determination of clonidine under different stability conditions. The suggested method has been successfully applied during a pharmacokinetic study of clonidine in mouse plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham AlRabiah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (H.A.); (G.A.E.M.)
| | - Sabry M. Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nasser S. Al-Shakliah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Gamal A. E. Mostafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
- Micro-Analytical Laboratory, Applied Organic Chemistry Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
- Correspondence: (H.A.); (G.A.E.M.)
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Tang F, Bada H, Ng CM, Leggas M. Validation of a HPLC/MS method for simultaneous quantification of clonidine, morphine and its metabolites in human plasma. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4527. [PMID: 30830964 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of morphine, morphine's major metabolites morphine-3-glucuronide and morphine-6-glucuronide, and clonidine, to support the pharmacokinetic analysis of an ongoing double-blinded randomized clinical trial that compares the use of morphine and clonidine in infants diagnosed with neonatal abstinence syndrome. Plasma samples were processed by solid-phase extraction and separated on an Inertsil ODS-3 (4 μm) column using an 0.1% formic acid in water-0.1% formic acid in methanol gradient. Detection of the analytes was conducted in the positive multiple reaction monitoring mode. The range of quantitation was 1-1000 ng/mL for morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide and morphine-6-glucuronide, and 0.25-100 ng/mL for clonidine. Intra-day and inter-day accuracy and precision were ≤15% for all analytes across the quantitation range. Extraction recovery rates were ≥94% for morphine, ≥90% for M3G, ≥87% for M6G and ≥ 79% for clonidine. Matrix effect ranged from 85-94% for clonidine to 101-106% for M3G. The method fulfilled all predetermined acceptance criteria and required only 100 μL of starting plasma volume. Furthermore, it was successfully applied to 30 clinical trial plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Henrietta Bada
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Chee M Ng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Markos Leggas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Shi P, Lin X, Yao H. A comprehensive review of recent studies on pharmacokinetics of traditional Chinese medicines (2014–2017) and perspectives. Drug Metab Rev 2017; 50:161-192. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2017.1417424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peiying Shi
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Bee Products, Bee Science College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinhua Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hong Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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