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Functionalized Nitroimidazole Scaffold Construction and Their Pharmaceutical Applications: A 1950–2021 Comprehensive Overview. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050561. [PMID: 35631389 PMCID: PMC9144801 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitroimidazole represents one of the most essential and unique scaffolds in drug discovery since its discovery in the 1950s. It was K. Maeda in Japan who reported in 1953 the first nitroimidazole as a natural product from Nocardia mesenterica with antibacterial activity, which was later identified as Azomycin 1 (2-nitroimidazole) and remained in focus until now. This natural antibiotic was the starting point for synthesizing numerous analogs and regio-isomers, leading to several life-saving drugs and clinical candidates against a number of diseases, including infections (bacterial, viral, parasitic) and cancers, as well as imaging agents in medicine/diagnosis. In the present decade, the nitroimidazole scaffold has again been given two life-saving drugs (Delamanid and Pretomanid) used to treat MDR (multi-drug resistant) tuberculosis. Keeping in view the highly successful track-record of the nitroimidazole scaffold in providing breakthrough therapeutic drugs, this comprehensive review focuses explicitly on presenting the activity profile and synthetic chemistry of functionalized nitroimidazole (2-, 4- and 5-nitroimidazoles as well as the fused nitroimidazoles) based drugs and leads published from 1950 to 2021. The present review also presents the miscellaneous examples in each class. In addition, the mutagenic profile of nitroimidazole-based drugs and leads and derivatives is also discussed.
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Wong ALA, Xiang X, Ong PS, Mitchell EQY, Syn N, Wee I, Kumar AP, Yong WP, Sethi G, Goh BC, Ho PCL, Wang L. A Review on Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Methods for Rapid Quantification of Oncology Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10040221. [PMID: 30413076 PMCID: PMC6321130 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, the tremendous improvement in the sensitivity and also affordability of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has revolutionized its application in pharmaceutical analysis, resulting in widespread employment of LC-MS/MS in determining pharmaceutical compounds, including anticancer drugs in pharmaceutical research and also industries. Currently, LC-MS/MS has been widely used to quantify small molecule oncology drugs in various biological matrices to support preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic studies in R&D of oncology drugs. This mini-review article will describe the state-of-the-art LC-MS/MS and its application in rapid quantification of small molecule anticancer drugs. In addition, efforts have also been made in this review to address several key aspects in the development of rapid LC-MS/MS methods, including sample preparation, chromatographic separation, and matrix effect evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Li-Ann Wong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore.
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore.
| | - Xiaoqiang Xiang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Pei Shi Ong
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
| | - Ee Qin Ying Mitchell
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
| | - Nicholas Syn
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore.
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore.
| | - Ian Wee
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore.
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore.
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore.
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
| | - Wei Peng Yong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore.
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore.
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
| | - Boon Cher Goh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore.
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore.
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
| | - Paul Chi-Lui Ho
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore.
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
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Umamaheswari R, Akilarasan M, Chen SM, Cheng YH, Mani V, Kogularasu S, Al-Hemaid FM, Ajmal Ali M, Liu X. One-pot synthesis of three-dimensional Mn3O4 microcubes for high-level sensitive detection of head and neck cancer drug nimorazole. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 505:1193-1201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Chen HHW, Kuo MT. Improving radiotherapy in cancer treatment: Promises and challenges. Oncotarget 2017; 8:62742-62758. [PMID: 28977985 PMCID: PMC5617545 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective radiotherapy for cancer has relied on the promise of maximally eradicating tumor cells while minimally killing normal cells. Technological advancement has provided state-of-the-art instrumentation that enables delivery of radiotherapy with great precision to tumor lesions with substantial reduced injury to normal tissues. Moreover, better understanding of radiobiology, particularly the mechanisms of radiation sensitivity and resistance in tumor lesions and toxicity in normal tissues, has improved the treatment efficacy of radiotherapy. Previous mechanism-based studies have identified many cellular targets that can affect radiation sensitivity, notably reactive oxygen species, DNA-damaging response signals, and tumor microenvironments. Several radiation sensitizers and protectors have been developed and clinically evaluated; however, many of these results are inconclusive, indicating that improvement remains needed. In this era of personalized medicine in which patients’ genetic variations, transcriptome and proteomics, tumor metabolism and microenvironment, and tumor immunity are available. These new developments have provided opportunity for new target discovery. Several radiotherapy sensitivity-associated “gene signatures” have been reported although clinical validations are needed. Recently, several immune modifiers have been shown to associate with improved radiotherapy in preclinical models and in early clinical trials. Combination of radiotherapy and immunocheckpoint blockade has shown promising results especially in targeting metastatic tumors through abscopal response. In this article, we succinctly review recent advancements in the areas of mechanism-driven targets and exploitation of new targets from current radio-oncogenomic and radiation-immunotherapeutic approaches that bear clinical implications for improving the treatment efficacy of radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen H W Chen
- Division of Clinical Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Macus Tien Kuo
- Division of Clinical Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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