Novel biomarker pipeline to probe the oxidation sites and oxidation degrees of hemoglobin in bovine erythrocytes exposed to oxidative stress

Molecular Mechanism for the Regulation of Microcystin Toxicity to Protein Phosphatase 1 by Glutathione Conjugation Pathway

Glutathione (GSH) conjugation was an important pathway to regulate the toxicity of microcystins (MCs) targeted to protein phosphatases. To explore the specific molecular mechanism for GSH detoxification, two typical MC-GSHs (derived from MCLR and MCRR) were synthesized, prepared, and purified according to previous research. Then, the reduced inhibition effect for MC-GSHs on protein phosphatase 1 was verified by comparing with their original toxins. To further clarify the molecular mechanism for MC-GSHs detoxification, we evaluated the interactions between MCs/MC-GSHs and PP1 with the assistance of MOE molecule simulation. When GSH was introduced to MCs, the covalent binding (Mdha⁷ to Cys₂₇₃), the hydrophobic interaction (Adda⁵ with PP1), the hydrogen bonds (especially for Lys²-Arg₉₆ and Glu⁶-Tyr₂₇₂), the covalent combination (between Mdha⁷ and Cys₂₇₃), and the ion bonds (between Mn²⁺ and Asn₁₂₄/His₂₄₈/Asp₆₄/His₆₆) of MCLR/MCRR-PP1 complexes weakened to a certain extent, while the ion bonds between Mn²⁺ and His₁₇₃/Asp₉₂ residues increased. It was not difficult to find that the toxicity of MCs was closely related to the above sites/interactions and the above key information for MCs-PP1; MC-GSHs-PP1 complexes were important for clarifying the detoxification mechanism of MC-GSHs pathway. This study offers a comprehensive cognition on MCs toxicity regulation and provides valid theoretical support to control their potential risk.