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Chen J, Li J, Wang F, Ge R, Wang L, Huang J. Metabolite profiling of liquiritin in acute myocardial infarction model rat after intragastric administration using an information-dependent acquisition-mediated ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5933. [PMID: 38863152 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Liquiritin (LQ), a kind of flavonoid isolated from licorice, was proven to have great potential in treating heart failure. Pharmacokinetic evaluation is important for demonstrating clinical efficacy and mechanisms, and the prototype drug and its metabolite profiling are important for drug discovery and development. However, the metabolism of LQ in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) model rats still needs to be studied in depth. An information-dependent acquisition (IDA)-ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was applied to profile LQ metabolites in AMI model rat plasma. Protein precipitation and extraction were used for sample preparation. Chromatographic separation was achieved using an XSelect BEH C18 column (2.1 × 150 mm, 2.5 μm) using gradient elution method combining 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile with a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. Twelve metabolites were identified in IDA mode, sulfation, glucuronidation, methylation, methyl esterification, glutamine conjugation, and valine conjugation, and their composite reactions were presumed as the primary pathways of LQ metabolism. The variation in the peak areas showed that the time to reach the peak drug concentration of LQ and 12 metabolites was within 5 h. In summary, IDA-bridged UHPLC-MS/MS from characteristic fragment ions toward confidence-enhanced identification could effectively screen and profile metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Feng Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Ruirui Ge
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Liang Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jinling Huang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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Fu X, Zheng T, Li Z, Wu H. Metabolic profiling of Qi-Yu-San-Long decoction in rat feces by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with a post-targeted screening strategy. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5748. [PMID: 37750002 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Research into traditional Chinese medicine metabolism in feces is one of the key avenues to understanding the fate of traditional Chinese medicines in vivo. In this study, we used ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight MS in combination with a post-targeted screening strategy to identify the prototype components and metabolites in rat feces after oral administration. Based on our group's previous research, the component database of Qi-Yu-San-Long decoction (QYSLD) was established. Prototype components were screened from the fecal samples based on summarized chromatographic and MS behaviors. According to the chemical structure characteristics of related compounds, the possible metabolic pathways were inferred, and the metabolites related to QYSLD were predicted. We extracted ion chromatograms by predicting the m/z values of metabolite excimer ions and identified related metabolites based on their retention time and fragmentation behavior. A total of 93 QYSLD-related xenobiotics were confirmed or tentatively identified in rat fecal samples, and the results indicated that the main metabolic pathways of QYSLD were hydrolysis, deglycosylation, oxidation, reduction, decarboxylation, methylation and acetylation. This study presents a rapid method for identifying the prototype components and metabolites, and offers valuable insights into the biotransformation profiling of QYSLD in rat feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Ting Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Zegeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Huan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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Pengwei G, Song Q, Li T, Cao L, Tang H, Wang Y, Tu P, Zheng J, Song Y, Li J. Confirmative Structural Annotation for Metabolites of ( R)-7,3'-Dihydroxy-4'-methoxy-8-methylflavane, A Natural Sweet Taste Modulator, by Liquid Chromatography-Three-Dimensional Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:12454-12466. [PMID: 33084329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids occupy the largest family of natural products and possess a broad spectrum of health benefits. Their metabolites are sometimes the truly effective molecules in vivo. It is still challenging, however, to unambiguously identify flavonoid metabolites using conventional LC-MS/MS. Herein, we aimed to pursue auxiliary structural clues to m/z values in both MS1 and MS2 spectra through LC coupled to three-dimensional MS (LC-3D MS). MS1, as the first dimension, was in charge of suggesting theoretical molecular formulas, MS2, the as second dimension, was responsible for offering substructures, and exactly, online energy-resolved MS (ER-MS), as the third dimension, provided optimal collision energies (OCEs) that reflected the linkage manners among the substructures. Metabolic characterization of a natural sweet taste modulator, namely, (R)-7,3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxy-8-methylflavane (DHMMF), was conducted as a proof-of-concept. Extensive efforts, such as full MS1 and MS2 scans on IT-TOF-MS and predictive selected-reaction monitoring mode on Qtrap-MS, were made for in-depth metabolite mining. Seventeen metabolites (M1-M17) were captured from DHMMF-treated biological samples, including 17 (M1-M17), 10 (M4-M9, M11, M13, M14, and M16), and 2 (M5 and M10) metabolites from urine, plasma, and feces, respectively. Their structures were configured by integrating MS1, MS2, and OCE information. Except M10, all metabolites were new compounds. LC-MS/MS-guided chromatographic purification yielded three glucuronyl-conjugated metabolites (M5, M8, and M11), and NMR spectroscopic assays consolidated the structures transmitted from LC-3D MS. Demethylation, glucuronidation, and sulfation occurred as the primary metabolic pathways of DHMMF. Above all, LC-3D MS bridged LC-MS/MS from putatively structural annotation toward confidence-enhanced identification, beyond the metabolite characterization of flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Pengwei
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qingqing Song
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ting Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Libo Cao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Huiting Tang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa 999078, Macao
| | - Pengfei Tu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jiao Zheng
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuelin Song
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jun Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
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UPLC-MS/MS Method for the Simultaneous Quantification of Eight Compounds in Rat Plasma and Its Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study after Oral Administration of Veratrum (Veratrum nigrum L.) Extract. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8883277. [PMID: 33134392 PMCID: PMC7593722 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8883277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Veratrum nigrum L. is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine with a lot of pharmacological activities including antihypertensive, anticancer, and antifungal effects. In the current experiment, a rapid and sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method that takes only 7 min run time has been established and validated for simultaneous determination of eight bioactive compounds including cyclopamine, jervine, veratramine, polydatin, quercetin, apigenin, resveratrol, and veratrosine in rat plasma. The chromatographic separation of analytes and internal standard was performed on a Phenyl-Hexyl column (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.7 μm) with the mobile phase consisting of water (0.1% formic acid) and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. An electrospray ionization (ESI) source was used to detect the samples in both positive and negative ion modes. The intra- and interday precisions of the compounds were less than 9.5% and the accuracy ranged from -10.8% to 10.4%. The extraction recoveries of the compounds were in the range of 85.1 ± 1.5% to 102.6 ± 8.0%, and the matrix effect ranged from 91.2 ± 4.5% to 113.8 ± 1.5%. According to the results of the stability test, the eight compounds have good stability under various conditions and the relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 13.2%. The pharmacokinetic parameters of the eight compounds in rat plasma after oral administration of Veratrum nigrum L. extract were successfully determined by the established UPLC-MS/MS method.
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Melnik EV, Belova MV, Tyurin IA, Ramenskaya GV. [Chemical-toxicological diagnosis of hellebore (veratrum) poisoning]. Sud Med Ekspert 2020; 63:34-38. [PMID: 32686389 DOI: 10.17116/sudmed20206304134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The problem of laboratory diagnosis of acute and fatal poisoning by hellebore, which is possible when used in traditional medicine, the erroneous use of hellebore preparations orally or use of various types of this plant for food, remains relevant. Currently, in the practice of chemical-toxicological laboratories and the bureau of forensic medical examination there is no single approach to the laboratory diagnosis of such poisoning. The diagnosis is most often based on anamnesis. In this regard, the development and validation of a legally significant methodology for the determination of hellebore alkaloids in various biological objects seems relevant. The physicochemical and toxic properties of alkaloids of various types of hellebore are characterized. It was shown that for the identification of hellebore alkaloids, it is advisable to use HPLC-MS/MS as the most sensitive and specific instrumental method corresponding to the characteristics of hellebore alkaloids (high molecular weight, high thermal lability, high polarity).
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Melnik
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University) of Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - M V Belova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University) of Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia.,N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute of Emergency Medicine of Department of Health of Moscow, Moscow, Russia
| | - I A Tyurin
- N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute of Emergency Medicine of Department of Health of Moscow, Moscow, Russia
| | - G V Ramenskaya
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University) of Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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Lv S, Wang H, Yan Y, Ge M, Guan J. Quantification and confirmation of four aflatoxins using a LC-MS/MS QTRAP system in multiple reaction monitoring, enhanced product ion scan, and MS 3 modes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2020; 26:63-77. [PMID: 31357879 DOI: 10.1177/1469066719866050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A simple, rapid, and efficient liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, operated in electrospray ionization and quadrupole linear ion trap modes, has been developed for the identification and structural characterization of aflatoxins in peanuts and its derivative products or bean sauce. Samples (5 g) were extracted with acetonitrile/water/formic acid (79:20:1, v/v). After centrifugation and dilution, the extracts were separated on a C18 analytical column by gradient elution (acetonitrile/0.2% formic acid) and analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS. External calibration was used for qualification. The developed multiple reaction monitoring-information-dependent acquisition-enhanced product ion method enabled quantification and confirmation of the analytes in a single run. Enhanced product ion mode was used for qualitative analysis, while multiple reaction monitoring mode was used for quantitative analysis. An in-house library was constructed for identification. Calibration curves showed good linearity with correlation coefficients (r) higher than 0.994. Limits of detection were determined to be below 0.26 µg kg-1 for most analytes. The recoveries for those substances were in the acceptable range of 80.2%-119.1%. A new LC-MS3 method was established for further confirmation. One pickled pepper peanut was found to contain aflatoxins B1, B2, and G1 with contents of 90.93, 26.64, and 1.92 µg kg-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shencong Lv
- Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang, China
| | - Henghui Wang
- Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong Yan
- Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang, China
| | - Miaohua Ge
- Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Guan
- Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang, China
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Cong Y, Wu Y, Shen S, Liu X, Guo J. A Structure-Activity Relationship between the Veratrum Alkaloids on the Antihypertension and DNA Damage Activity in Mice. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e1900473. [PMID: 31961474 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Veratrum plant contains a family of compounds called steroidal alkaloids which have been previously reported to cause DNA damage and blood pressure decrease in vivo. In this study, the antihypertensive effects and DNA damage in brain cells of 12 steroidal alkaloids separated from Veratrum plant were all evaluated to develop a relationship among chemical structure, antihypertensive activity and neurotoxicity by utilization of chemical principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Twelve steroidal alkaloids markedly reduced high blood pressure of hypertensive mice and also similarly induced varying degrees of DNA single-strand breaks in mouse cerebellum and cerebral cortex after oral administration. On the basis of the PCA and HCA results, it was suggested that the 3-carboxylic esters and benzene group play a core role in the DNA damage of brain cells, while more hydroxy groups in the A-ring and B-ring structure of jervine-type alkaloid led to stronger antihypertensive activity. The primary structure, activity and neurotoxicity relationship were discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Cong
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical College, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Yantong Wu
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical College, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Shan Shen
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical College, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China.,Ludong Hospital, Yantai, 265500, P. R. China
| | - Xiping Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical College, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Jinggong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
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Zheng B, Wang C, Song W, Ye X, Xiang Z. Pharmacokinetics and enterohepatic circulation of jervine, an antitumor steroidal alkaloid from Veratrum nigrum in rats. J Pharm Anal 2019; 9:367-372. [PMID: 31929946 PMCID: PMC6951481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Jervine, a novel steroidal alkaloid from Veratrum nigrum L., exhibits both antitumor effect and potential toxicity. The aim of study was to characterize the pharmacokinetic behaviors and enterohepatic circulation of jervine in rats. A rapid and simple ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method was developed and validated for quantification of jervine and alpinetin (internal standard) in rat plasma. After extraction from rat plasma by a simple protein-precipitation method, the analyte was separated on a C18 column (2.1 mm × 50 mm, 1.7 μm) using water with 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile as the mobile phase delivered at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. Jervine and alpinetin were determined in the positive mode with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) of the ion transitions at m/z 426.3 → 108.8 and m/z 271.0 → 166.9, respectively. Molecular docking method was used to investigate the binding of jervine to p-glycoprotein and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfotransferase. The method was well validated within acceptance limits including specificity, matrix effect, recovery, precision, accuracy, and stability, and was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of jervine after oral and intravenous administration to rats. Jervine presented a small volume of distribution, fast absorption, high oral bioavailability, and enterohepatic circulation. The enterohepatic circulation was first observed in veratrum alkaloids, and was further investigated by molecular docking studies, which was related to the binding of jervine to p-glycoprotein and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfotransferase. The pharmacokinetic properties and enterohepatic circulation of jervine in rats provided a significant basis for the drug-drug interaction and toxicity study in the future. It is the first pharmacokinetic and bioavailability study of jervine in rats. A simple protein precipitation was used for pretreatment and the LLOQ was 0.25 ng/mL. The enterohepatic circulation was first observed in veratrum alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjing Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Wenwen Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xiaoxia Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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Wu Y, Li S, Liu J, Liu X, Ruan W, Lu J, Liu Y, Lawson T, Shimoni O, Lovejoy DB, Walker AK, Cong Y, Shi B. Stilbenes from Veratrum maackii Regel Protect against Ethanol-Induced DNA Damage in Mouse Cerebellum and Cerebral Cortex. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:1616-1624. [PMID: 29708326 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethanol is a principle ingredient of alcoholic beverages with potential neurotoxicity and genotoxicity, and the ethanol-associated oxidative DNA damage in the central nervous system is well documented. Natural source compounds may offer new options to protect the brain against ethanol-induced genotoxicity. Veratrum maackii Regel is a toxic rangeland plant linked to teratogenicity which is also used in traditional Chinese medicine as "Lilu" and is reported to contain a family of compounds called stilbenes that can have positive biological activity. In this study, nine stilbenes were isolated from the aerial parts of V. maackii Regel, and their structures were identified as cis-mulberroside A (1), resveratrol-4,3'- O-β-d-diglucopyranoside (2), mulberroside A (3), gentifolin K (4), resveratrol-3,5- O-β-d-diglucopyranoside (5), oxyresveratrol- 4'- O-β-d-glucopyranoside (6), oxyresveratrol-3- O-β-d-glucopyranoside (7), oxyresveratrol (8), and resveratrol (9) using ESI-MS and NMR techniques. The total concentration of extracted compounds 2-9 was 2.04 mg/g, suggesting that V. maackii Regel is a novel viable source of these compounds. In an in vivo comet assay, compounds 1-9 were observed to decrease DNA damage in mouse cerebellum and cerebral cortex caused by acute ethanol administration. Histological observation also revealed decreased brain injury in mice administered with compounds 1-9 after acute ethanol administration. The protective effects of compound 6 were associated with increasing T-SOD and GSH-PX activities and a decrease in NO and MDA concentrations. These findings suggest that these compounds are potent inhibitors of ethanol-induced brain injury possibly via the inhibition of oxidative stress and may be valuable leads for future therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yantong Wu
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical College, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Shasha Li
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical College, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Jinjin Liu
- Zhengzhou Translational Medicine Research Center, Zhengzhou Sixth’s People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Xiping Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical College, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Weimin Ruan
- International Joint Center for Biomedical Innovation, College of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jin Ming Avenue, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Jengwei Lu
- International Joint Center for Biomedical Innovation, College of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jin Ming Avenue, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biosensing and Bioimaging, Institute of Advanced Materials for Nano-Bio Applications, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Tom Lawson
- Centre for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Olga Shimoni
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - David B. Lovejoy
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Adam K. Walker
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Yue Cong
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical College, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Bingyang Shi
- International Joint Center for Biomedical Innovation, College of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jin Ming Avenue, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
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