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Zhao C, Zhang Z, Li J, Lu Y, Ma F, Wang Z, Geng J, Huang B, Qin Y. Development of a Quick and Highly Sensitive Amplified Luminescent Proximity Homogeneous Assay for Detection of Saxitoxin in Shellfish. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:341. [PMID: 39195751 PMCID: PMC11360761 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16080341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Saxitoxin (STX), an exceptionally potent marine toxin for which no antidote is currently available, is produced by methanogens and cyanobacteria. This poses a significant threat to both shellfish aquaculture and human health. Consequently, the development of a rapid, highly sensitive STX detection method is of great significance. The objective of this research is to create a novel approach for identifying STX. Therefore, amplified luminescent proximity homogeneous assay (AlphaLISA) was established using a direct competition method based on the principles of fluorescence resonance energy transfer and antigen-antibody specific binding. This method is sensitive, rapid, performed without washing, easy to operate, and can detect 8-128 ng/mL of STX in only 10 min. The limit of detection achieved by this method is as low as 4.29 ng/mL with coefficients of variation for the intra-batch and inter-batch analyses ranging from 2.61% to 3.63% and from 7.67% to 8.30%, respectively. In conclusion, our study successfully establishes a simple yet sensitive, rapid, and accurate AlphaLISA method for the detection of STX which holds great potential in advancing research on marine biotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Biao Huang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (C.Z.); (Z.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Yuan Qin
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (C.Z.); (Z.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.W.); (J.G.)
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Watanabe R, Oikawa H, Tsunemitsu T, Miyahara K, Ozawa M, Numano S, Uchida H, Matsushima R, Suzuki T. A case of paralytic shellfish poisoning caused by consumption of visceral balls from geoduck Panopea japonica in Japan. Toxicon 2024; 243:107738. [PMID: 38685389 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
In the end of March 2018, an unprecedented food poisoning incident due to ingestion of the visceral balls of geoduck Panopea japonica occurred in Japan. The patient, presented with symptoms of numbness on the lips and general weakness, was diagnosed as paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). The patient immediately treated with the mechanical ventilation recovered and left the hospital after 3 days treatment. Saxitoxins (STXs) in the plasma and urinary samples collected from the patient on the first and second day after hospitalization were analyzed by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC/MS/MS) and liquid chromatography with post-column fluorescent detection (LC/FLD). The STXs levels of 499.1 and 6.0 μg/L of STX dihydrochloride equivalent (STX·2HCl eq.) were quantitated by LC/FLD in the urinary samples on the first and second day, respectively. In addition, geoducks harvested from the same areas of the PSP causative specimens after the incident were analyzed by LC/FLD, and the results showed the level of STXs in their whole bodies of the geoducks exceeding 0.8 mg STX·2HCl eq./kg which is the maximum levels of STX in CODEX STAN 292-2008. Prominent toxins in STXs that detected in urinary and geoduck samples and identified by UHPLC/MS/MS and LC/FLD were gonyautoxin-1+4 (GTX1+4). These results concluded that the incident was the food poisoning due to STXs accumulated in the geoducks. This is the first PSP case caused by consumption of geoducks in Japan. This is also the first PSP case that causative toxins are detected in urinary samples of patients involved in PSP in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Watanabe
- Fisheries Technology Institute, National Research and Development Agency, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Oikawa
- Fisheries Technology Institute, National Research and Development Agency, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Takefumi Tsunemitsu
- Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, 2-17-77 Higashi Namba-cho, Amagasaki, Hyogo, 660-8550, Japan.
| | - Kazutaka Miyahara
- Fisheries Technology Institute, Hyogo Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 22-2 Minami-Futami, Futami-cho, Akashi, Hyogo, 674-0093, Japan.
| | - Mayu Ozawa
- Fisheries Technology Institute, National Research and Development Agency, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Numano
- Fisheries Technology Institute, National Research and Development Agency, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Hajime Uchida
- Fisheries Technology Institute, National Research and Development Agency, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Ryoji Matsushima
- Fisheries Technology Institute, National Research and Development Agency, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Toshiyuki Suzuki
- Fisheries Technology Institute, National Research and Development Agency, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-8648, Japan.
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Gao H, Ding Y, Ping P, Wang D, Ma Y, Li H. Signal-on electrogenerated chemiluminescence detection of gonyautoxin 1/4 based on proximity ligation-induced an electrode-bound pseudoknot DNA. Talanta 2024; 266:124938. [PMID: 37467666 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
A "signal on" electrogenerated chemiluminescence (electrochemiluminescence, ECL) aptasensor based on proximity ligation-induced an electrode-bound pseudoknot DNA for sensitive detection of gonyautoxin 1/4 (GTX1/4) was developed on basis of the competitive type reaction mode. Aptamer was adopted as recognition element. Ru(bpy)32+ as ECL signal, was attached on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface modified with nafion and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) by electrostatic attraction to obtain the ECL platform. The pseudoknot DNA as capture probe, was immobilized onto the ECL platform via Au-S bond to obtain the ECL aptasensor. In the absence of GTX1/4, Y-shape proximate cooperative complex among aptamer, pseudoknot DNA and DNA1 was formed, drawing the ferrocene groups Fc, as ECL quencher) of both pseudoknot DNA and DNA1 near the electrode surface and resulting in low ECL signal. In the presence of GTX1/4, GTX1/4 competed with pseudoknot DNA and DNA1 for aptamer in homogeneous solution, preventing the formation of proximate cooperative complex and keeping the capture DNA in the pseudoknot conformation with Fc groups far away from the electrode surface, generating a high ECL signal. The recovery of ECL intensity increased with the GTX1/4 concentration and allowed the detection of GTX1/4 in the range of 0.01 ng/mL to 10 ng/mL with a detection of limit as low as 6.56 pg/mL. Additionally, the accuracy of this method was validated for analysis of spiked sea water samples with good recoveries, which indicates great potential in commercial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfang Gao
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuxi University, Wuxi, 214105, PR China.
| | - Yilin Ding
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuxi University, Wuxi, 214105, PR China
| | - Ping Ping
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuxi University, Wuxi, 214105, PR China
| | - Denghong Wang
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuxi University, Wuxi, 214105, PR China
| | - Yujie Ma
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuxi University, Wuxi, 214105, PR China
| | - Haiyu Li
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuxi University, Wuxi, 214105, PR China
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Pan L, Huang JJ, Chen J, He X, Wang Y, Wang J, Wang B. Trace determination of multiple hydrophilic cyanotoxins in freshwater by off- and on-line solid phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158545. [PMID: 36075415 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophilic cyanotoxins (HCTs), such as paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), anatoxin-a (ATX-a), and cylindrospermopsin (CYN) are highly toxic and toxin-producing algae are widely distributed worldwide. However, HCTs, especially PSTs, are rarely reported in freshwater due to analytical limitations. This may result in an underestimation of the ecological risks and health risks. This study developed a new method to detect ATX-a, CYN, and thirteen common PSTs in freshwater simultaneously by using off-line solid phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The limits of detection (LODs) of all targets were lower than 0.05 μg/L, which could meet the regulatory requirements for monitoring of HCTs in drinking water in different countries and regions. To improve the detection sensitivities for trace PSTs, a method based on off-line SPE and on-line SPE-LC-MS/MS was established with LOD around 0.001 μg/L. GTX1&4, GTX2&3, and GTX5 were detected in freshwater in China for the first time, highlighting that overall communities are facing potential risks of exposure to various PSTs in China. High concentrations of ATX-a and CYN were also detected in freshwater from Northern China. The proposed method helps to understand the pollution status of HCT in water bodies, especially during the non-algal bloom period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Pan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sino-Canada Joint R&D Centre for Water and Environmental Safety, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Jinhui Jeanne Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sino-Canada Joint R&D Centre for Water and Environmental Safety, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Junhui Chen
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xiuping He
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Yuning Wang
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Jiuming Wang
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Baodong Wang
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China
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Zhang Y, Qu J, Du W, Wu M, Liu L. Molecularly imprinted polymer solid phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry for the detection of gonyautoxins 2&3 in seawater. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 157:111333. [PMID: 32658697 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) cause risks to human health through food chains. Understanding the change of PSTs in seawater is critical for predicting the safety of seafood. Most reported methods for the detection of PSTs in microalgae or shellfish are not applicable in seawater because of extremely low concentration and matrix interferences. High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), quadrupole exactive orbitrap detects molecular ions accurately, and molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE) is recognized effective to reduce the matrix interference. GTXs 2&3 are two of common marine toxins in PSTs. In this study, a sensitive method consisting MISPE and liquid chromatography LC-HRMS was developed for the detection of GTXs 2&3 with a limit of detection (LOD) of 47.4 ng/L in seawater. With this method, samples obtained from the estuaries of the Shuangtaizi and Daliao Rivers were analyzed, and the results indicated the concentrations were lower than LOD in the area under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Zhang
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Dagong Road, Panjin, Liaoning 124221, China.
| | - Jing Qu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Dagong Road, Panjin, Liaoning 124221, China
| | - Wenqiang Du
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Dagong Road, Panjin, Liaoning 124221, China
| | - Minghuo Wu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Dagong Road, Panjin, Liaoning 124221, China
| | - Lifen Liu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Dagong Road, Panjin, Liaoning 124221, China
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Li J, Zhu J, Li Y, Huang T, Li Y. l-Cysteine-modified magnetic microspheres for extraction and quantification of saxitoxin in rat plasma with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:2429-2435. [PMID: 32198812 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Saxitoxin, which is one of the most typical paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins, ranks the highest intoxication rate of marine biological poisoning cases globally. Efficient clean-up and extraction of saxitoxin from complex biological matrices are imperative for the analysis and concentration monitoring of the toxin when correlative poisoning cases happen. Herein, l-cysteine-modified magnetic microspheres based on metal-organic coordination were synthesized by a facile approach and applied for magnetic solid-phase extraction of saxitoxin from rat plasma samples before liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry detection. Parameters, including adsorbent amount, extraction time, desorption solution, and desorption time that could affect the extraction efficiency, were respectively investigated. The developed method demonstrated good linearity in the range of 5-300 ng/mL (R2 = 0.9985) with a limit of quantification of 5 ng/mL and a limit of detection of 0.5 ng/mL, acceptable accuracy. and precision of within-run and between-run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jinglin Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Taomin Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Eye Ear Nose Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
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Strejckova A, Dvorak M, Klejdus B, Krystofova O, Hedbavny J, Adam V, Huska D. The strong reaction of simple phenolic acids during oxidative stress caused by nickel, cadmium and copper in the microalga Scenedesmus quadricauda. N Biotechnol 2019; 48:66-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Coleman R, Ojeda-Torres G, Bragg W, Fearey D, McKinney P, Castrodale L, Verbrugge D, Stryker K, DeHart E, Cooper M, Hamelin E, Thomas J, Johnson R. Saxitoxin Exposure Confirmed by Human Urine and Food Analysis. J Anal Toxicol 2018; 42:e61-e64. [PMID: 29800291 PMCID: PMC6943748 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A case of an elderly female with suspected paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is presented. The patient shared a meal of recreationally-harvested shellfish with her family and soon began to experience nausea and weakness. She was taken to the local emergency department and then transported to a larger hospital in Anchorage where she was admitted to the intensive care unit with respiratory depression and shock. Her condition improved, and she was discharged from the hospital 6 days later. No others who shared the meal reported symptoms of PSP. A clam remaining from the meal was collected and analyzed for paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) by the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation Environmental Health Laboratory; the clam tested positive for saxitoxin (STX; 277 μg/100 g), neosaxitoxin (NEO; 309 μg/100 g), multiple gonyautoxins (GTX; 576-2490 μg/100 g), decarbamoyl congeners (7.52-11.3 μg/100 g) and C-toxins (10.8-221 μg/100 g) using high-pressure liquid chromatography with post-column oxidation (AOAC Method 2011.02). Urine from the patient was submitted to Centers for Disease Control for analysis of selected PSTs and creatinine. STX (64.0 μg/g-creatinine), NEO (60.0 μg/g-creatinine) and GTX1-4 (492-4780 μg/g-creatinine) were identified in the urine using online solid phase extraction with HPLC and tandem mass spectrometry. This was the first time GTX were identified in urine of a PSP case from Alaska, highlighting the need to include all STX congeners in testing to protect the public's health through a better understand of PST toxicity, monitoring and prevention of exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.M. Coleman
- Division of Laboratory Science, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS F44, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - G. Ojeda-Torres
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 100 ORAU Way, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - W. Bragg
- Division of Laboratory Science, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS F44, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - D. Fearey
- Alaska Department of Health and Social Services, 3601 C Street, Suite 540, Anchorage, AK 99503, USA
| | - P. McKinney
- Food Safety and Sanitation Program, Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, 555 Cordova St., Anchorage, AK 99501, USA
| | - L. Castrodale
- Alaska Department of Health and Social Services, 3601 C Street, Suite 540, Anchorage, AK 99503, USA
| | - D. Verbrugge
- Alaska Department of Health and Social Services, 3601 C Street, Suite 540, Anchorage, AK 99503, USA
| | - K. Stryker
- Food Safety and Sanitation Program, Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, 555 Cordova St., Anchorage, AK 99501, USA
| | - E. DeHart
- Alaska Department of Health and Social Services, Division of Public Health, Kodiak Public Health Center, 316 Mission Road, Kodiak, AK 99615, USA
| | - M. Cooper
- Alaska Department of Health and Social Services, 3601 C Street, Suite 540, Anchorage, AK 99503, USA
| | - E. Hamelin
- Division of Laboratory Science, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS F44, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - J. Thomas
- Division of Laboratory Science, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS F44, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - R.C. Johnson
- Division of Laboratory Science, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS F44, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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Medvedovici A, Bacalum E, David V. Sample preparation for large-scale bioanalytical studies based on liquid chromatographic techniques. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 32. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Medvedovici
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Bucharest; Bucharest Romania
| | - Elena Bacalum
- Research Institute; University of Bucharest; Bucharest Romania
| | - Victor David
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Bucharest; Bucharest Romania
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