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Żuchowska K, Filipiak W. Modern approaches for detection of volatile organic compounds in metabolic studies focusing on pathogenic bacteria: Current state of the art. J Pharm Anal 2024; 14:100898. [PMID: 38634063 PMCID: PMC11022102 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic microorganisms produce numerous metabolites, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Monitoring these metabolites in biological matrices (e.g., urine, blood, or breath) can reveal the presence of specific microorganisms, enabling the early diagnosis of infections and the timely implementation of targeted therapy. However, complex matrices only contain trace levels of VOCs, and their constituent components can hinder determination of these compounds. Therefore, modern analytical techniques enabling the non-invasive identification and precise quantification of microbial VOCs are needed. In this paper, we discuss bacterial VOC analysis under in vitro conditions, in animal models and disease diagnosis in humans, including techniques for offline and online analysis in clinical settings. We also consider the advantages and limitations of novel microextraction techniques used to prepare biological samples for VOC analysis, in addition to reviewing current clinical studies on bacterial volatilomes that address inter-species interactions, the kinetics of VOC metabolism, and species- and drug-resistance specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Żuchowska
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Filipiak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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2
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Fitzgerald S, Holland L, Ahmed W, Piechulla B, Fowler SJ, Morrin A. Volatilomes of human infection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:37-53. [PMID: 37843549 PMCID: PMC10758372 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04986-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The human volatilome comprises a vast mixture of volatile emissions produced by the human body and its microbiomes. Following infection, the human volatilome undergoes significant shifts, and presents a unique medium for non-invasive biomarker discovery. In this review, we examine how the onset of infection impacts the production of volatile metabolites that reflects dysbiosis by pathogenic microbes. We describe key analytical workflows applied across both microbial and clinical volatilomics and emphasize the value in linking microbial studies to clinical investigations to robustly elucidate the metabolic species and pathways leading to the observed volatile signatures. We review the current state of the art across microbial and clinical volatilomics, outlining common objectives and successes of microbial-clinical volatilomic workflows. Finally, we propose key challenges, as well as our perspectives on emerging opportunities for developing clinically useful and targeted workflows that could significantly enhance and expedite current practices in infection diagnosis and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Fitzgerald
- SFI Insight Centre for Data Analytics, School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Linda Holland
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Waqar Ahmed
- Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Birgit Piechulla
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stephen J Fowler
- Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Respiratory Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Aoife Morrin
- SFI Insight Centre for Data Analytics, School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.
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Brock B, Fuchs P, Kamysek S, Walther U, Traxler S, Pugliese G, Miekisch W, Schubert JK, Trefz P. Non-Invasive O-Toluidine Monitoring during Regional Anaesthesia with Prilocaine and Detection of Accidental Intravenous Injection in an Animal Model. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12060502. [PMID: 35736436 PMCID: PMC9229214 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12060502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Regional anaesthesia is well established as a standard method in clinical practice. Currently, the local anaesthetics of amino-amide types such as prilocaine are frequently used. Despite routine use, complications due to overdose or accidental intravenous injection can arise. A non-invasive method that can indicate such complications early would be desirable. Breath gas analysis offers great potential for the non-invasive monitoring of drugs and their volatile metabolites. The physicochemical properties of o-toluidine, the main metabolite of prilocaine, allow its detection in breath gas. Within this study, we investigated whether o-toluidine can be monitored in exhaled breath during regional anaesthesia in an animal model, if correlations between o-toluidine and prilocaine blood levels exist and if accidental intravenous injections are detectable by o-toluidine breath monitoring. Continuous o-toluidine monitoring was possible during regional anaesthesia of the cervical plexus and during simulated accidental intravenous injection of prilocaine. The time course of exhaled o-toluidine concentrations considerably differed depending on the injection site. Intravenous injection led to an immediate increase in exhaled o-toluidine concentrations within 2 min, earlier peak and higher maximum concentrations, followed by a faster decay compared to regional anaesthesia. The strength of correlation of blood and breath parameters depended on the injection site. In conclusion, real time monitoring of o-toluidine in breath gas is possible by means of PTR-ToF-MS. Since simulated accidental intravenous injection led to an immediate increase in exhaled o-toluidine concentrations within 2 min and higher maximum concentrations, monitoring exhaled o-toluidine may potentially be applied for the non-invasive real-time detection of accidental intravenous injection of prilocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Brock
- Rostock Medical Breath Research Analytics and Technologies (ROMBAT), Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Rostock University Medical Centre, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (B.B.); (P.F.); (S.K.); (S.T.); (G.P.); (W.M.); (J.K.S.)
| | - Patricia Fuchs
- Rostock Medical Breath Research Analytics and Technologies (ROMBAT), Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Rostock University Medical Centre, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (B.B.); (P.F.); (S.K.); (S.T.); (G.P.); (W.M.); (J.K.S.)
| | - Svend Kamysek
- Rostock Medical Breath Research Analytics and Technologies (ROMBAT), Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Rostock University Medical Centre, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (B.B.); (P.F.); (S.K.); (S.T.); (G.P.); (W.M.); (J.K.S.)
- Ambulance and Rescue Service, Rostock District Administration, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, 18209 Bad Doberan, Germany
| | - Udo Walther
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Centre, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Selina Traxler
- Rostock Medical Breath Research Analytics and Technologies (ROMBAT), Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Rostock University Medical Centre, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (B.B.); (P.F.); (S.K.); (S.T.); (G.P.); (W.M.); (J.K.S.)
| | - Giovanni Pugliese
- Rostock Medical Breath Research Analytics and Technologies (ROMBAT), Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Rostock University Medical Centre, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (B.B.); (P.F.); (S.K.); (S.T.); (G.P.); (W.M.); (J.K.S.)
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolfram Miekisch
- Rostock Medical Breath Research Analytics and Technologies (ROMBAT), Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Rostock University Medical Centre, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (B.B.); (P.F.); (S.K.); (S.T.); (G.P.); (W.M.); (J.K.S.)
| | - Jochen K. Schubert
- Rostock Medical Breath Research Analytics and Technologies (ROMBAT), Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Rostock University Medical Centre, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (B.B.); (P.F.); (S.K.); (S.T.); (G.P.); (W.M.); (J.K.S.)
| | - Phillip Trefz
- Rostock Medical Breath Research Analytics and Technologies (ROMBAT), Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Rostock University Medical Centre, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (B.B.); (P.F.); (S.K.); (S.T.); (G.P.); (W.M.); (J.K.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-381-494-6564; Fax: +49-381-494-5942
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Warncke G, Singer G, Windhaber J, Schabl L, Friehs E, Miekisch W, Gierschner P, Klymiuk I, Eber E, Zeder K, Pfleger A, Obermüller B, Till H, Castellani C. Volatile Organic Compounds, Bacterial Airway Microbiome, Spirometry and Exercise Performance of Patients after Surgical Repair of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030645. [PMID: 33530644 PMCID: PMC7865878 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) profile, airway microbiome, lung function and exercise performance in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) patients compared to healthy age and sex-matched controls. A total of nine patients (median age 9 years, range 6-13 years) treated for CDH were included. Exhaled VOCs were measured by GC-MS. Airway microbiome was determined from deep induced sputum by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Patients underwent conventional spirometry and exhausting bicycle spiroergometry. The exhaled VOC profile showed significantly higher levels of cyclohexane and significantly lower levels of acetone and 2-methylbutane in CDH patients. Microbiome analysis revealed no significant differences for alpha-diversity, beta-diversity and LefSe analysis. CDH patients had significantly lower relative abundances of Pasteurellales and Pasteurellaceae. CDH patients exhibited a significantly reduced Tiffeneau Index. Spiroergometry showed no significant differences. This is the first study to report the VOCs profile and airway microbiome in patients with CDH. Elevations of cyclohexane observed in the CDH group have also been reported in cases of lung cancer and pneumonia. CDH patients had no signs of impaired physical performance capacity, fueling controversial reports in the literature.
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MESH Headings
- Acetone/analysis
- Adolescent
- Bacteria/classification
- Bacteria/genetics
- Bacteria/isolation & purification
- Child
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- Exercise
- Female
- Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital/metabolism
- Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital/physiopathology
- Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital/surgery
- Herniorrhaphy/methods
- Humans
- Male
- Microbiota
- Pentanes/analysis
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Spirometry
- Vital Capacity
- Volatile Organic Compounds/analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert Warncke
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Surgery, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (G.W.); (J.W.); (L.S.); (E.F.); (B.O.); (H.T.); (C.C.)
| | - Georg Singer
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Surgery, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (G.W.); (J.W.); (L.S.); (E.F.); (B.O.); (H.T.); (C.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-316-385-83722
| | - Jana Windhaber
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Surgery, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (G.W.); (J.W.); (L.S.); (E.F.); (B.O.); (H.T.); (C.C.)
| | - Lukas Schabl
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Surgery, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (G.W.); (J.W.); (L.S.); (E.F.); (B.O.); (H.T.); (C.C.)
| | - Elena Friehs
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Surgery, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (G.W.); (J.W.); (L.S.); (E.F.); (B.O.); (H.T.); (C.C.)
| | - Wolfram Miekisch
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Rostock Medical Breath Research Analytics and Technologies (ROMBAT), Rostock University Medical Centre, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (W.M.); (P.G.)
| | - Peter Gierschner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Rostock Medical Breath Research Analytics and Technologies (ROMBAT), Rostock University Medical Centre, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (W.M.); (P.G.)
| | - Ingeborg Klymiuk
- Core Facility Molecular Biology, Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria;
| | - Ernst Eber
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Paediatric Pulmonology and Allergology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (E.E.); (K.Z.); (A.P.)
| | - Katarina Zeder
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Paediatric Pulmonology and Allergology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (E.E.); (K.Z.); (A.P.)
| | - Andreas Pfleger
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Paediatric Pulmonology and Allergology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (E.E.); (K.Z.); (A.P.)
| | - Beate Obermüller
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Surgery, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (G.W.); (J.W.); (L.S.); (E.F.); (B.O.); (H.T.); (C.C.)
| | - Holger Till
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Surgery, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (G.W.); (J.W.); (L.S.); (E.F.); (B.O.); (H.T.); (C.C.)
| | - Christoph Castellani
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Surgery, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (G.W.); (J.W.); (L.S.); (E.F.); (B.O.); (H.T.); (C.C.)
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Djozan D, Norouzi J, Farajzadeh MA. On-Line Sorbentless Cryogenic Needle Trap and GC–FID Method for the Extraction and Analysis of Trace Volatile Organic Compounds from Soil Samples. J Chromatogr Sci 2020; 58:887-895. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmaa056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, an automated sorbentless cryogenic needle trap device (ASCNTD) coupled with a gas chromatograph (GC) was developed with the aim of sampling, pre-concentration and determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from soil sample. This paper describes optimization of relevant parameters, performance evaluation and an illustrative application of ASCNTD. The ASCNTD system consists of a 5 cm stainless steel needle passed through a hollow ceramic rod which is coiled with resistive nichrome wire. The set is placed in a PVC (Polyvinyl chloride) chamber through which liquid nitrogen can flow. The headspace components are circulated with a pump to pass through the needle, and this results in freeze-trapping of the VOCs on the inner surface of the needle. When extraction is completed, the analytes trapped in the inner wall of the needle were thermally desorbed and swept by the carrier gas into the GC capillary column. The parameters being effective on the extraction processes, namely headspace flow rate, the temperature and time of extraction and desorption were optimized and evaluated. The developed technique was compared to the headspace solid-phase microextraction method for the analysis of soil samples containing BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene). The relative standard deviation values are below 8% and detection limits as low as 1.2 ng g−1 were obtained for BTEX by ASCNTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djavanshir Djozan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jamal Norouzi
- Department of Chemistry, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran
| | - Mir Ali Farajzadeh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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Lan H, Hartonen K, Riekkola ML. Miniaturised air sampling techniques for analysis of volatile organic compounds in air. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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7
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Küntzel A, Weber M, Gierschner P, Trefz P, Miekisch W, Schubert JK, Reinhold P, Köhler H. Core profile of volatile organic compounds related to growth of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis - A comparative extract of three independent studies. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221031. [PMID: 31415617 PMCID: PMC6695172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOC) derived from bacterial metabolism during cultivation is considered an innovative approach to accelerate in vitro detection of slowly growing bacteria. This applies also to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), the causative agent of paratuberculosis, a debilitating chronic enteritis of ruminants. Diagnostic application demands robust VOC profiles that are reproducible under variable culture conditions. In this study, the VOC patterns of pure bacterial cultures, derived from three independent in vitro studies performed previously, were comparatively analyzed. Different statistical analyses were linked to extract the VOC core profile of MAP and to prove its robustness, which is a prerequisite for further development towards diagnostic application. Despite methodical variability of bacterial cultivation and sample pre-extraction, a common profile of 28 VOCs indicating cultural growth of MAP was defined. The substances cover six chemical classes. Four of the substances decreased above MAP and 24 increased. Random forest classification was applied to rank the compounds relative to their importance and for classification of MAP versus control samples. Already the top-ranked compound alone achieved high discrimination (AUC 0.85), which was further increased utilizing all compounds of the VOC core profile of MAP (AUC 0.91). The discriminatory power of this tool for the characterization of natural diagnostic samples, in particular its diagnostic specificity for MAP, has to be confirmed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Küntzel
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Weber
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Gierschner
- Rostock Medical Breath Research Analytics and Technologies (RoMBAT), Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Phillip Trefz
- Rostock Medical Breath Research Analytics and Technologies (RoMBAT), Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Wolfram Miekisch
- Rostock Medical Breath Research Analytics and Technologies (RoMBAT), Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jochen K. Schubert
- Rostock Medical Breath Research Analytics and Technologies (RoMBAT), Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Petra Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
| | - Heike Köhler
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
- National Reference Laboratory for Paratuberculosis, FLI, Jena, Germany
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Kapukıran F, Fırat M, Chormey DS, Bakırdere S, Özdoğan N. Accurate and Sensitive Determination Method for Procymidone and Chlorflurenol in Municipal Wastewater, Medical Wastewater and Irrigation Canal Water by GC-MS After Vortex Assisted Switchable Solvent Liquid Phase Microextraction. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 102:848-853. [PMID: 30989280 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-019-02618-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the detection power of a gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GC-MS) for procymidone and chlorflurenol was significantly enhanced using switchable solvent liquid phase microextraction (SS-LPME) as a preconcentration tool. This was achieved by a comprehensive optimization of significant parameters to the SS-LPME method such as switchable solvent amount, concentration and amount of sodium hydroxide, pH effect and mixing effect. The optimum experimental conditions obtained were used to determine analytical figures of merit for the analytes. The limits of detection obtained were 0.44 and 2.9 ng/mL for procymidone and chlorflurenol, respectively. The optimum method was applied to water sampled from an irrigation canal and two wastewater samples. The samples were spiked at two concentrations and the percent recovery results obtained ranged between 86 and 115% for both analytes. The recovery results together with the low standard deviations recorded validated the method as accurate and precise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Kapukıran
- Environmental Engineer Department, Institute of Science, Bülent Ecevit University, 67100, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Merve Fırat
- Faculty of Art and Science, Chemistry Department, Yıldız Technical University, 34210, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Dotse Selali Chormey
- Faculty of Art and Science, Chemistry Department, Yıldız Technical University, 34210, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Sezgin Bakırdere
- Faculty of Art and Science, Chemistry Department, Yıldız Technical University, 34210, İstanbul, Turkey.
| | - Nizamettin Özdoğan
- Environmental Engineer Department, Institute of Science, Bülent Ecevit University, 67100, Zonguldak, Turkey.
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