1
|
He Z, He Y, Meng X, Ge Z, Sun H. Structural characteristics and wound-healing effects of Bletilla striata fresh tuber polysaccharide. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134679. [PMID: 39137854 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
A homogeneous polysaccharide from Bletilla striata fresh tuber (BSPS) was prepared and extensively characterized using HP-GPC, colorimetry, FT-IR, methylation, GC-MS, NMR, Congo red experiment, SEM, and AFM. The molecular weight of BSPS was 722.90 kDa. BSPS consisted of glucose and mannose in the molar ratio of 1 : 2.5. BSPS had a linear chain structure consisting mainly of →4)-β-d-Glcp-(1→ and →4)-β-d-Manp-(1→ residues. O-acetyl group linked to C2 of →4)-β-d-Manp-(1→ residue. Its monosaccharide molar ratio, molecular weight, and O-acetyl substituted position were different from that of the polysaccharide from B. striata dried tuber reported previously. Furthermore, BSPS at concentrations of 3.125-25 μg/mL significantly promoted the viability (ca. 10%), differentiation (1.5-4 folds), migration (15%-70%), and invasion (1.84-4.65 folds) of C2C12 cells. Of note, BSPS remarkably accelerated the epidermal regeneration and wound healing in mice. This study for the first time reported the structure of polysaccharides in B. striata fresh tubers. The results demonstrated that BSPS could be explored as a novel natural wound-healing drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zining He
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yanfei He
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an 237012, China
| | - Xiang Meng
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhiwei Ge
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hongxiang Sun
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Validation of the Anticolitis Efficacy of the Jian-Wei-Yu-Yang Formula. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:9110704. [PMID: 36091591 PMCID: PMC9451982 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9110704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality due to its repetitive remission and relapse. The Jian-Wei-Yu-Yang (JW) formula has a historical application in the clinic to combat gastrointestinal disorders. The investigation aimed to explore the molecular and cellular mechanisms of JW. Methods 2% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) was diluted in drinking water and given to mice for 5 days to establish murine models of experimental colitis, and different doses of JW solution were administered for 14 days. Network pharmacology analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) were utilized to predict the therapeutic role of JW against experimental colitis and colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC). 16S rRNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomics were conducted using murine feces. Western blotting, immunocytochemistry, and wound healing experiments were performed to confirm the molecular mechanisms. Results (1) Liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry was utilized to confirm the validity of the JW formula. The high dose of JW treatment markedly attenuated DSS-induced experimental colitis progression, and the targets were enriched in inflammation, infection, and tumorigenesis. (2) The JW targets were related to the survival probability in patients with colorectal cancer, underlying a potential therapeutic value in CRC intervention. (3) Moreover, the JW therapy successfully rescued the decreased richness and diversity of microbiota, suppressed the potentially pathogenic phenotype of the gut microorganisms, and increased cytochrome P450 activity in murine colitis models. (4) Our in vitro experiments confirmed that the JW treatment suppressed caspase3-dependent pyroptosis, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α), and interleukin-1b (IL-1b) in the colon; facilitated the alternative activation of macrophages (Mφs); and inhibited tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in intestinal organoids (IOs). Conclusion The JW capsule attenuated the progression of murine colitis by a prompt resolution of inflammation and bloody stool and by re-establishing a microbiome profile that favors re-epithelization and prevents carcinogenesis.
Collapse
|
3
|
Ma J, Li K, Shi S, Li J, Tang S, Liu L. The Application of UHPLC-HRMS for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:922488. [PMID: 35721122 PMCID: PMC9201421 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.922488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UHPLC-HRMS (ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry) is a new technique that unifies the application of UHPLC with HRMS. Because of the high sensitivity and good separation ability of UHPLC and the sensitivity of HRMS, this technique has been widely used for structure identification, quantitative determination, fingerprint analysis, and elucidation of the mechanisms of action of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) in recent years. This review mainly outlines the advantages of using UHPLC-HRMS and provides a survey of the research advances on UHPLC-HRMS for the quality control of TCMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jieyao Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Dong Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Kailin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Silin Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Sunv Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - LiangHong Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Dong Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zou Y, Wang Y, Li K, Zhou M, Li J, Wang X, Tan R, Wu C, Liu Y, Li W, Zheng J. Metabolic Activation of Militarine In Vitro and In Vivo. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:817-828. [PMID: 35476398 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bletilla striata is consumed as food and herbal medicine. Militarine (MLT) is a major ingredient in B. striata. Previous studies demonstrated that MLT showed teratogenic toxicity to zebrafish embryos. The present study aimed to identify reactive metabolites possibly involved in the cytotoxicity of MLT and determine the metabolic pathways involved. MLT was found to be hydrolyzed to p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA) by β-glucosidase and esterases. The resulting HBA further underwent spontaneous dehydration to form quinone methide. HBA was also metabolized to the corresponding sulfate, followed by departure of the sulfate to generate a quinone methide. The resultant quinone methide reacted with hepatic glutathione (GSH) and protein to form the corresponding GSH conjugate and protein adduction. Additionally, inhibition of sulfotransferases (SULTs) attenuated the susceptibility of hepatocytes to the toxicity of MLT. This study provides that the hydrolytic enzymes β-glucosidase, esterases, and SULTs participate in the metabolic activation of MLT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China
| | - Kunna Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China
| | - Mengyue Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China
| | - Xu Wang
- Wuya of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Rong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China
| | - Chutian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China
| | - Weiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, PR China.,Wuya of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Huang J, Yuan F, Zhou M, Huang T, Zhang Y, Liang Q. Phenotype correlation analysis and excellent germplasm screening of herb Bletilla Rchb. f. based on comprehensive evaluation from thirty-three geographic populations. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:154. [PMID: 35351005 PMCID: PMC8966332 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03540-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Bletilla genus of Orchidaceae includes plants with great economic value, among which B. striata is the main traditional medicinal plant, and its pseudobulb, known as BaiJi, was first recorded in Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica. However, there has been little systemic evaluation of the germplasm quality of Bletilla plants in China. In order to comprehensive evaluate the Bletilla resources in China and screen out the candidate phenotypic traits determining yield and/or quality of Bletilla, the variation of phenotypic indicators (pseudobulb, leaf, stem, inflorescence, flower) and active ingredients contents (polysaccharide, total phenolics and militarine) in different populations of B. striata and B. ochracea were investigated through 4 years' common-garden experiment. RESULTS There were abundant phenotypic variations and significant differences among different populations in the morphological phenotypes, pseudobulb weight and main active ingredient contents. AHBZ, HBLT and HBSN populations showed good prospects for industrial development, presenting higher quality in terms of yield and main active ingredient content. Pseudobulb yield, polysaccharide and total phenol content are positively correlated with phenotypic traits. Militarine content is negatively correlated with almost all indexes. Plant height, leaf width and stem diameter may be important indicators of potential excellent germplasms. CONCLUSIONS Bletilla is not strictly geoauthentic medicinal plants. B. ochracea could be accepted as an alternative resource to B. striata. The best harvest period of Bletilla is the third year after cultivation. Plant height, leaf width and stem diameter may be important indicators of potential excellent germplasms. These results provide important information required for the efficient screening and utilization of Bletilla germplasm resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Tianyue Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Qiong Liang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Huang Y, Zhou ZY, Gong ZP, Li YT, Chen SY, Pan J, Wang YL, Wang AM, Lan YY, Liu T, Zheng L. Cocktail Method: Effect of the Bletilla striata Extracts on CytochromeP450 Activity in Rat. Nat Prod Commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x211032463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bletilla striata is a dried tuber of B striata (Thunb.) Reichb.f. of Orchidaceae plant, which is mainly used for hemoptysis, vomiting blood, trauma bleeding, sore swollen poison, and cracked skin. There have been few research reports on the effect of this herb on cytochrome P450 (CYP), therefore, the study was aimed to investigate the effects of the B striata extracts on the activity of 6 subtypes (CYP2D6, 1A2, 2C19, 2E1, 3A4, and 2C9) using a cocktail method. The B striata extracts were administrated to rats in 0.21 or 0.63 g/kg once a day for 7 or 14 days. The 3 control groups were used to ensure the accuracy of the results. Subsequently, a cocktail of tolbutamide, chlorzoxazone, midazolam, metoprolol, omeprazole, and caffeine was injected. A ultra performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometer was developed and validated to investigate the concentration of the probes and the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated to investigate the effects of the extracts on the activity of 6 enzymes under different doses and different dosing periods. The results suggested that the B striata extracts could induce the activities of CYP2D6, 1A2, and 2C19 and could inhibit the activities of CYP2E1, 3A4, and 2C9. When used in combination with drugs that are metabolized by CYP2D6, 1A2, 2C19, 2E1, 3A4, and 2C9, appropriate dose adjustments were needed to avoid toxic side effects caused by drug interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zu-Ying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zi-Peng Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yue-Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Si-Ying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jie Pan
- Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yong-Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ai-Min Wang
- Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yan-Yu Lan
- Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Lin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Simultaneous Determination of Three Bioactive Constituents from Bletilla striata by UPLC-MS/MS and Application of the Technique to Pharmacokinetic Analyses. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:8942512. [PMID: 31772602 PMCID: PMC6854942 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8942512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bletilla striata has been widely used as a valuable hemostatic agent for thousands of years due to the high levels of bioactive constituents it contains. Here, we used a sensitive ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (UPLC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous determination of three major active ingredients of the B. striata extract, namely, α-isobutylmalic acid, gymnoside I, and militarine in rat plasma. The three major active ingredients were determined using the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode at m/z 189 ⟶ 129 for α-isobutylmalic acid, m/z 457.2 ⟶ 285.1 for gymnoside I, m/z 725.3 ⟶ 457.2 for militarine, and m/z 417.0 ⟶ 267.0 for the IS puerarin. All calibration curves showed good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.999) over the concentration range with the lower limit of quantification between 0.015 and 0.029 μg/mL. The relative standard deviations of intraday and interday measurements were less than 15%, and the method was accurate within 93.3–100.4%. The extraction recovery was 92.65–100.98%, and no matrix effect was observed. The results indicated that after oral administration of B. striata in rats, the Tmax of α-isobutylmalic acid was significantly longer than that of gymnoside I and militarine and the mean residence time and area under the curve of α-isobutylmalic acid and gymnoside I in rats were significantly higher than those of militarine. Moreover, the blood concentration-time curve of α-isobutylmalic acid showed double peaks, suggesting that α-isobutylmalic acid could exhibit the phenomenon of enterohepatic circulation or metabolic conversion. We also explored some of the pharmacokinetic characteristics of three ingredients from B. striata extract in vivo, and the data obtained may provide a basis for the further investigation of B. striata.
Collapse
|
8
|
Xu D, Pan Y, Chen J. Chemical Constituents, Pharmacologic Properties, and Clinical Applications of Bletilla striata. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1168. [PMID: 31736742 PMCID: PMC6838137 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bletilla striata is a plant from the Orchidaceae family that has been employed as a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for thousands of years in China. Here, we briefly review the published studies of the last 30 years that were related to chemical constituents, pharmacologic activities, and clinical applications of B. striata. Approximately 158 compounds have been extracted from B. striata tubers with clarified molecular structures that were classified as glucosides, bibenzyls, phenanthrenes, quinones, biphenanthrenes, dihydrophenanthrenes, anthocyanins, steroids, triterpenoids, and phenolic acids. These chemicals support the pharmacological properties of hemostasis and wound healing, and also exhibit anti-oxidation, anti-cancer, anti-viral, and anti-bacterial activities. Additionally, various clinical trials conducted on B. striata have demonstrated its marked activities as an embolizing and mucosa-protective agent, and its application for use in novel biomaterials, quality control, and toxicology. It also has been widely used as a constituent of many preparations in TCM formulations, but because there are insufficient studies on its clinical properties, its efficacy and safety cannot be established from a scientific point of view. We hope that this review will provide reference for further research and development of this unique plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delin Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yinchi Pan
- Department of Cell Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jishuang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| |
Collapse
|