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Slíž K, Mikuš P. Advances in SARMs anti-doping analysis. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38706416 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) that stimulate anabolism, increase muscle mass and strength and promote recovery from exercise. The use of SARMs in sports is considered doping and is strictly prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities (IFHA). To monitor the abuse of SARMs in sports, it is essential to develop advanced, selective and sensitive analytical methods that provide reliable results. This review evaluates the advances in this area, with a focus on the identification of target analytes related to SARMs, such as SARMs, their metabolites or markers. The aim is to identify targets that could extend the detection windows of SARMs, provide scientific support for results management and/or offer an indirect biomarker-based approach to doping control. This review also aims to evaluate the current liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods developed for the monitoring of SARMs in different biological matrices, including traditional matrices such as urine and serum/plasma samples, as well as alternative matrices such as dried blood spots, hair and nail samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristián Slíž
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Toxicologic and Antidoping Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Mikuš
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Toxicologic and Antidoping Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Slíž K, Piešťanský J, Mikuš P. An Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method with Online Solid-Phase Extraction Sample Preparation for the High-Throughput and Sensitive Determination of Ostarine in Human Urine. Methods Protoc 2024; 7:10. [PMID: 38392684 PMCID: PMC10892632 DOI: 10.3390/mps7010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Ostarine is frequently misused as a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) in sports. Consequently, there is a pressing need for reliable and simple approaches to monitor its presence in biological systems. In this work, we developed a two-dimensional analytical method utilizing online solid-phase extraction (online-SPE) in conjunction with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (triple quadrupole). This automated 2D separation approach is characterized by minimum manual steps in the sample preparation (only dilute-and-shoot), reflecting high sample throughput and the reliability of analytical data. It provides favorable performance parameters, including a limit of detection of 0.5 pg/mL, high accuracy (relative error = 1.6-7.5%), precision (relative standard deviation = 0.8-4.5%), and sensitivity. Additionally, it demonstrates excellent linearity (r2 = 0.9999) in the calibration range of 0.05 to 25 ng/mL and robustness, with no carryover effects observed. This comparative study revealed a two-decadic-order-lower LOD of the SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS method to the corresponding UHPLC-MS/MS method and the lowest one in the group of currently published LC-MS methods. The World Anti-Doping Agency screening and confirmation criteria were met through the analysis of spiked urine samples from ten healthy volunteers. Accordingly, the proposed method is suitable for routine use in antidoping laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristián Slíž
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Toxicologic and Antidoping Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Piešťanský
- Department of Galenic Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Peter Mikuš
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Toxicologic and Antidoping Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Hao Y, Zhou R, Wang S, Ding X, Zhu J, Yang L, Li Y, Ding X. Quantitative determination of bromochloroacetamide in mice urine by gas chromatography combined with salting-out assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023. [PMID: 37401339 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00504f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Bromochloroacetamide (BCAcAm) is the main haloacetamide (HAcAm) detected in drinking water in different regions and exhibits strong cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. However, there is no appropriate method for detecting BCAcAm in urine or other biological samples, and thus, the internal exposure level in the population cannot be accurately assessed. In this study, a gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD) was combined with salting-out assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (SA-DLLME) to develop a rapid and robust method for BCAcAm detection in urine of mice continuously exposed to BCAcAm. The factors influencing the pre-treatment procedure, including the type and volume of extraction and disperser solvents, extraction and standing time, and the amount of salt, were evaluated systematically. Under the optimised conditions, the analyte achieved good linearity in the spiked concentration range of 1.00-400.00 μg L-1, and the correlation coefficient was higher than 0.999. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.17 μg L-1 and 0.50 μg L-1, respectively. The recoveries ranged from 84.20% to 92.17%. The detection of BCAcAm at three different calibration levels using this method afforded an intra-day precision of 1.95-4.29%, while the inter-day precision range was 5.54-9.82% (n = 6). This method has been successfully applied to monitor the concentration of BCAcAm in mouse urine in toxicity experiments and can provide technical support for assessing human internal exposure levels and health risks in later studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamei Hao
- The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214023, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Research Base for Environment and Health in Wuxi, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi 214023, China
| | - Run Zhou
- The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214023, China.
- Research Base for Environment and Health in Wuxi, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi 214023, China
| | - Shunan Wang
- The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214023, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Research Base for Environment and Health in Wuxi, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi 214023, China
| | - Xingwang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jingying Zhu
- The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214023, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Research Base for Environment and Health in Wuxi, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi 214023, China
| | - Li Yang
- The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214023, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Research Base for Environment and Health in Wuxi, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi 214023, China
| | - Yao Li
- The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214023, China.
- Research Base for Environment and Health in Wuxi, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi 214023, China
| | - Xinliang Ding
- The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214023, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Research Base for Environment and Health in Wuxi, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi 214023, China
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Green bioanalysis: an innovative and eco-friendly approach for analyzing drugs in biological matrices. Bioanalysis 2022; 14:881-909. [PMID: 35946313 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2022-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Green bioanalytical techniques aim to reduce or eliminate the hazardous waste produced by bioanalytical technologies. A well-organized and practical approach towards bioanalytical method development has an enormous contribution to the green analysis. The selection of the appropriate sample extraction process, organic mobile phase components and separation technique makes the bioanalytical method green. UHPLC-MS is the best option, whereas supercritical fluid chromatography is one of the most effective green bioanalytical procedures. Nevertheless, there remains excellent scope for further research on green bioanalytical methods. This review details the various sample preparation techniques that follow green analytical chemistry principles. Furthermore, it presents green solvents as a replacement for conventional organic solvents and highlights the strategies to convert modern analytical techniques to green methods.
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Kim NS, Choi HS, Lim NY, Lee JH, Kim H, Baek SY. Application of Simultaneous Analytical Methods for Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator Adulterated in Dietary Supplements Advertised as Muscle Strengthening Using UHPLC-PDA and LC–ESI–MS/MS. Chromatographia 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-022-04170-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Novel Applications of Microextraction Techniques Focused on Biological and Forensic Analyses. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, major attention has been focused on microextraction procedures that allow high recovery of target analytes, regardless of the complexity of the sample matrices. The most used techniques included liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), solid-phase extraction (SPE), solid-phase microextraction (SPME), dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS), and fabric-phase sorptive extraction (FPSE). These techniques manifest a rapid development of sample preparation techniques in different fields, such as biological, environmental, food sciences, natural products, forensic medicine, and toxicology. In the biological and forensic fields, where a wide variety of drugs with different chemical properties are analyzed, the sample preparation is required to make the sample suitable for the instrumental analysis, which often includes gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with mass detectors or tandem mass detectors (MS/MS). In this review, we have focused our attention on the biological and forensic application of these innovative procedures, highlighting the major advantages and results that have been accomplished in laboratory and clinical practice.
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Kintz P, Gheddar L, Ameline A, Raul J. Identification of S22 (ostarine) in human nails and hair using LC‐HRMS. Application to two authentic cases. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1508-1513. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Kintz
- X‐Pertise Consulting 42 rue principale Mittelhausbergen F‐67206 France
- Institut de médecine légale 11 rue Humann Strasbourg F‐67000 France
| | - Laurie Gheddar
- Institut de médecine légale 11 rue Humann Strasbourg F‐67000 France
| | - Alice Ameline
- Institut de médecine légale 11 rue Humann Strasbourg F‐67000 France
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Hansen F, Øiestad EL, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Bioanalysis of pharmaceuticals using liquid-phase microextraction combined with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 189:113446. [PMID: 32619730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we review recent research articles on liquid-phase microextraction of drug substances from biological fluids, such as plasma, serum, urine, and saliva. We focus on papers where liquid-phase microextraction is combined with liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS), published in the period 2019-2020. First, we discuss different configurations of liquid-phase microextraction, including dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidified floating organic droplet (DLLME-SFO), single-drop microextraction (SDME), hollow-fibre liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME), solvent bar microextraction (SBME), and electromembrane extraction (EME). Second, we discuss new types of solvents used in liquid-phase microextraction, including ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, and nanostructured supramolecular solvents. Especially, we focus on the potential for implementation in routine laboratories, which we consider as the next step for liquid-phase microextraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Hansen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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