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Studzińska S, Błachowicz O, Bocian S, Kalisz O, Jaworska A, Szymarek J, Mazurkiewicz-Bełdzińska M. Study of nusinersen metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid of children with spinal muscular atrophy using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Analyst 2024; 149:3739-3746. [PMID: 38828890 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00436a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The study aimed to analyze nusinersen metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid samples using ion-pair reversed-phase ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Three different sample preparation methods were tested for extraction and purification, but solid phase extraction appeared to be the most suitable, allowing a significant sample enrichment (40-fold). This step was necessary to detect and identify metabolites of nusinersen in the cerebrospinal fluid. The developed and applied analytical procedure enabled the identification of nusinersen metabolites: sequences shorter by several nucleotides from the 3' end; shorter by several nucleotides from both the 3' and 5' ends; and some depurination products. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the analysis and identification of nusinersen metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid samples taken from children with spinal muscular atrophy treated with Spinraza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Studzińska
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarin St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 4 Wilenska St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Oliwia Błachowicz
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarin St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Szymon Bocian
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarin St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Oktawia Kalisz
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarin St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Jaworska
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarin St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Jakub Szymarek
- Department of Developmental Neurology, Medical University of Gdansk, 7 Dębinki Str., PL-80-952, Gdańsk, Poland
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2
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Guimaraes GJ, Saad JG, Annavarapu V, Bartlett MG. Mobile Phase Aging and Its Impact on Electrospray Ionization of Oligonucleotides. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:2691-2699. [PMID: 37978939 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of fluoroalcohol/alkylamine mobile phase systems in oligonucleotide LC-MS provides a good balance between chromatographic separations and MS sensitivity. Since its introduction, several parameters including mobile phase composition, additive concentration, alkylamine hydrophobicity, and different fluoroalcohols have been carefully evaluated and optimized. While our understanding of this mobile phase system has increased over the years, there are challenges that continue to hinder method performance and remain poorly understood. One of these challenges is the constant loss of MS sensitivity over time, commonly termed mobile phase aging. This study investigates two aging mechanisms associated with loss of MS sensitivity: alkylamine oxidation and aggregate formation. The relationship between pH, organic solvent, oxygen, and mobile phase aging is characterized, and mitigation strategies to extend mobile phase lifetime are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme J Guimaraes
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jack G Saad
- Micromeritics Instrument Company, 4356 Communications Drive, Norcross, Georgia 30093, United States
| | - Vidya Annavarapu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Michael G Bartlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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3
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Li XQ, Elebring M, Dahlén A, Weidolf L. In Vivo Metabolite Profiles of an N-Acetylgalactosamine-Conjugated Antisense Oligonucleotide AZD8233 Using Liquid Chromatography High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry: A Cross-Species Comparison in Animals and Humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1350-1361. [PMID: 37429729 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AZD8233, a liver-targeting antisense oligonucleotide (ASO), inhibits subtilisin/kexin type 9 protein synthesis. It is a phosphorothioated 3-10-3 gapmer with a central DNA sequence flanked by constrained 2'-O-ethyl 2',4'-bridged nucleic acid (cEt-BNA) wings and conjugated to a triantennary N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) ligand at the 5'-end. Herein we report the biotransformation of AZD8233, as given by liver, kidney, plasma and urine samples, after repeated subcutaneous administration to humans, mice, rats, rabbits, and monkeys. Metabolite profiles were characterized using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. Metabolite formation was consistent across species, mainly comprising hydrolysis of GalNAc sugars, phosphodiester-linker hydrolysis releasing the full-length ASO, and endonuclease-mediated hydrolysis within the central DNA gap followed by exonuclease-mediated 5'- or 3'-degradation. All metabolites contained the 5'- or 3'-cEt-BNA terminus. Most shortmer metabolites had the free terminal alcohol at 5'- and 3'-positions of ribose, although six were found retaining the terminal 5'-phosphorothioate group. GalNAc conjugated shortmer metabolites were also observed in urine. Synthesized metabolite standards were applied for (semi)quantitative metabolite assessment. Intact AZD8233 was the major component in plasma, whereas the unconjugated full-length ASO was predominant in tissues. In plasma, most metabolites were shortmers retaining the 3'-cEt-BNA terminus, whereas metabolites containing the 5'- or 3'-cEt-BNA terminus were detected in both tissues and urine. All metabolites in human plasma were also detected in all nonclinical species, and all human urine metabolites were detected in monkey urine. In general, metabolite profiles in animal species were qualitatively similar and quantitatively exceeded the exposures of the circulating metabolites in humans at the doses studied. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study presents metabolite identification and profiling of AZD8233, an N-acetylgalactosamine-conjugated antisense oligonucleotide (ASO), across species. A biotransformation strategy for ASOs was established by utilizing biologic samples collected from toxicology and/or clinical studies and liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis without conducting bespoke radiolabeled absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion studies. The generated biotransformation package was considered adequate by health authorities to progress AZD8233 into a phase 3 program, proving its applicability to future metabolism studies of ASOs in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qing Li
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (X.-Q.L., M.E., L.W.); and Oligonucleotide Discovery, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (A.D.)
| | - Marie Elebring
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (X.-Q.L., M.E., L.W.); and Oligonucleotide Discovery, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (A.D.)
| | - Anders Dahlén
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (X.-Q.L., M.E., L.W.); and Oligonucleotide Discovery, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (A.D.)
| | - Lars Weidolf
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (X.-Q.L., M.E., L.W.); and Oligonucleotide Discovery, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (A.D.)
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4
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Guimaraes GJ, Leach FE, Bartlett MG. Microflow Liquid Chromatography – Multi-Emitter Nanoelectrospray Mass Spectrometry of Oligonucleotides. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1696:463976. [PMID: 37054634 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
While the most sensitive LC-MS methods for oligonucleotide analysis contain ion-pairs in the mobile phase, these modifiers have been associated with instrument contamination and ion suppression. Typically, entire LC-MS systems are reserved for oligonucleotide LC-MS when using ion-pairing buffers. To overcome these limitations, numerous HILIC methods, liberated from ion-pairs, have been recently developed. Since ion-pairs play a role in analyte desorption from ESI droplets, their removal from mobile phases tend to impact method sensitivity. An effective way to recover MS sensitivity is to reduce the LC flow rate and therefore reduce ESI droplet size. With a focus on MS sensitivity, this study investigates the applicability of a microflow LC- nanoelectrospray MS platform in oligonucleotide ion-pair RP and HILIC LC-MS methods. The platform is effective and substantially increased the MS sensitivity of HILIC methods. Furthermore, LC method development for both types of separations provide insight into microflow chromatography of oligonucleotides, an under investigated chromatographic scale.
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Bioanalysis of Oligonucleotide by LC-MS: Effects of Ion Pairing Regents and Recent Advances in Ion-Pairing-Free Analytical Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415474. [PMID: 36555119 PMCID: PMC9779676 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligonucleotides (OGNs) are relatively new modalities that offer unique opportunities to expand the therapeutic targets. Reliable and high-throughput bioanalytical methods are pivotal for preclinical and clinical investigations of therapeutic OGNs. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is now evolving into being the method of choice for the bioanalysis of OGNs. Ion paring reversed-phase liquid chromatography (IP-RPLC) has been widely used in sample preparation and LC-MS analysis of OGNs; however, there are technical issues associated with these methods. IP-free methods, such as hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and anion-exchange techniques, have emerged as promising approaches for the bioanalysis of OGNs. In this review, the state-of-the-art IP-RPLC-MS bioanalytical methods of OGNs and their metabolites published in the past 10 years (2012-2022) are critically reviewed. Recent advances in IP-reagent-free LC-MS bioanalysis methods are discussed. Finally, we describe future opportunities for developing new methods that can be used for the comprehensive bioanalysis of OGNs.
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Studzińska S, Mazurkiewicz-Bełdzińska M, Buszewski B. Development of the Method for Nusinersen and Its Metabolites Identification in the Serum Samples of Children Treated with Spinraza for Spinal Muscular Atrophy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710166. [PMID: 36077568 PMCID: PMC9456300 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of oligonucleotides as drugs for different genetic diseases is increasing rapidly. Since 2016 they are used during spinal muscular atrophy treatment with the use of nusinersen oligonucleotide. The purpose of this study was to improve methods for the analysis of serum samples of patients treated with nusinersen. The results showed that liquid-liquid extraction (with phenol/chloroform) is insufficient and an additional purification step using solid-phase extraction is necessary. The best results were obtained for microextraction by packed sorbents. Important parameters in the optimization of the method were mainly the type of amine in the mobile phase and the stationary phase. Both influenced the selectivity of metabolite separation and thus their correct identification; while amine type impacted also the intensity of signals. Finally, the highest resolution of separation and the highest peak areas were obtained for N,N-dimethylbutylamine or N,N-diisopropylthylamine with an octadecyl column with a terminal aryl group. Over a dozen of metabolites were successfully identified with the use of methods developed during the study. The 3′ exonucleases and 5′ exonucleases were mainly responsible for nusinersen metabolism, consequently, 3′end shortmers, and 5′end shortmers were observed, as well as metabolites with simultaneous loss of bases at both ends of the sequence. However, some depurination and depyrimidination products were also identified. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on nusinersen and its metabolite identification in serum samples by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Studzińska
- Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarin Str., PL-87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-56-6114753
| | | | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarin Str., PL-87-100 Toruń, Poland
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7
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Guimaraes GJ, Bartlett MG. The critical role of mobile phase pH in the performance of oligonucleotide ion-pair liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods. Future Sci OA 2021; 7:FSO753. [PMID: 34840810 PMCID: PMC8610006 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2021-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme J Guimaraes
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Michael G Bartlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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8
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Valenzuela A, Tardiveau C, Ayuso M, Buyssens L, Bars C, Van Ginneken C, Fant P, Leconte I, Braendli-Baiocco A, Parrott N, Schmitt G, Tessier Y, Barrow P, Van Cruchten S. Safety Testing of an Antisense Oligonucleotide Intended for Pediatric Indications in the Juvenile Göttingen Minipig, including an Evaluation of the Ontogeny of Key Nucleases. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1442. [PMID: 34575518 PMCID: PMC8470776 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult Göttingen Minipig is an acknowledged model for safety assessment of antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) drugs developed for adult indications. To assess whether the juvenile Göttingen Minipig is also a suitable nonclinical model for pediatric safety assessment of ASOs, we performed an 8-week repeat-dose toxicity study in different age groups of minipigs ranging from 1 to 50 days of age. The animals received a weekly dose of a phosphorothioated locked-nucleic-acid-based ASO that was assessed previously for toxicity in adult minipigs. The endpoints included toxicokinetic parameters, in-life monitoring, clinical pathology, and histopathology. Additionally, the ontogeny of key nucleases involved in ASO metabolism and pharmacologic activity was investigated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and nuclease activity assays. Similar clinical chemistry and toxicity findings were observed; however, differences in plasma and tissue exposures as well as pharmacologic activity were seen in the juvenile minipigs when compared with the adult data. The ontogeny study revealed a differential nuclease expression and activity, which could affect the metabolic pathway and pharmacologic effect of ASOs in different tissues and age groups. These data indicate that the juvenile Göttingen Minipig is a promising nonclinical model for safety assessment of ASOs intended to treat disease in the human pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Valenzuela
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (A.V.); (M.A.); (L.B.); (C.B.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Claire Tardiveau
- Charles River Laboratories France Safety Assessment SAS, 69210 Saint-Germain-Nuelles, France; (C.T.); (P.F.); (I.L.)
| | - Miriam Ayuso
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (A.V.); (M.A.); (L.B.); (C.B.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Laura Buyssens
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (A.V.); (M.A.); (L.B.); (C.B.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Chloe Bars
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (A.V.); (M.A.); (L.B.); (C.B.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Chris Van Ginneken
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (A.V.); (M.A.); (L.B.); (C.B.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Pierluigi Fant
- Charles River Laboratories France Safety Assessment SAS, 69210 Saint-Germain-Nuelles, France; (C.T.); (P.F.); (I.L.)
| | - Isabelle Leconte
- Charles River Laboratories France Safety Assessment SAS, 69210 Saint-Germain-Nuelles, France; (C.T.); (P.F.); (I.L.)
| | - Annamaria Braendli-Baiocco
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La-Roche, Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland; (A.B.-B.); (N.P.); (G.S.); (Y.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Neil Parrott
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La-Roche, Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland; (A.B.-B.); (N.P.); (G.S.); (Y.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Georg Schmitt
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La-Roche, Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland; (A.B.-B.); (N.P.); (G.S.); (Y.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Yann Tessier
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La-Roche, Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland; (A.B.-B.); (N.P.); (G.S.); (Y.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Paul Barrow
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La-Roche, Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland; (A.B.-B.); (N.P.); (G.S.); (Y.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Steven Van Cruchten
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (A.V.); (M.A.); (L.B.); (C.B.); (C.V.G.)
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9
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Sutton JM, Kim J, El Zahar NM, Bartlett MG. BIOANALYSIS AND BIOTRANSFORMATION OF OLIGONUCLEOTIDE THERAPEUTICS BY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:334-358. [PMID: 32588492 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Since 2016, eight new oligonucleotide therapies have been approved which has led to increased interest in oligonucleotide analysis. There is a particular need for powerful bioanalytical tools to study the metabolism and biotransformation of these molecules. This review provides the background on the biological basis of these molecules as currently used in therapies. The article also reviews the current state of analytical methodology including state of the art sample preparation techniques, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods, and the current limits of detection/quantitation. Finally, the article summarizes the challenges in oligonucleotide bioanalysis and provides future perspectives for this emerging field. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Michael Sutton
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, GA, 30602-2352
| | - Jaeah Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, GA, 30602-2352
| | - Noha M El Zahar
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, GA, 30602-2352
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Michael G Bartlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, GA, 30602-2352
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Khojasteh SC, Argikar UA, Driscoll JP, Heck CJS, King L, Jackson KD, Jian W, Kalgutkar AS, Miller GP, Kramlinger V, Rietjens IMCM, Teitelbaum AM, Wang K, Wei C. Novel advances in biotransformation and bioactivation research - 2020 year in review. Drug Metab Rev 2021; 53:384-433. [PMID: 33910427 PMCID: PMC8826528 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2021.1916028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This annual review is the sixth of its kind since 2016 (see references). Our objective is to explore and share articles which we deem influential and significant in the field of biotransformation and bioactivation. These fields are constantly evolving with new molecular structures and discoveries of corresponding pathways for metabolism that impact relevant drug development with respect to efficacy and safety. Based on the selected articles, we created three sections: (1) drug design, (2) metabolites and drug metabolizing enzymes, and (3) bioactivation and safety (Table 1). Unlike in years past, more biotransformation experts have joined and contributed to this effort while striving to maintain a balance of authors from academic and industry settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James P Driscoll
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, MyoKardia, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carley J S Heck
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Lloyd King
- Department of DMPK, UCB Biopharma, Slough, UK
| | - Klarissa D Jackson
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Wenying Jian
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Grover P Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Valerie Kramlinger
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Aaron M Teitelbaum
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Research & Development, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Cong Wei
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
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11
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Pretto C, Tang M, Chen M, Xu H, Subrizi A, Urtti A, van Hest JCM. Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus-Like Particles as Potential Platform for Antisense Oligonucleotide Delivery in Posterior Segment Ocular Diseases. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100095. [PMID: 34031995 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to its small size, easy accessibility and immune privileged environment, the eye represents an ideal target for therapeutic nucleic acids in the treatment of posterior segment ocular diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Among nanocarriers that can be used to achieve nucleic acid delivery, virus-like particles (VLPs) obtained from the Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) are an appealing platform, because of their loading capacity, ease of manufacture and amenability for functionalization. Herein, antisense oligonucleotide-loaded CCMV nanoparticles, intended for intravitreal injection, are evaluated for selective silencing of miR-23, an important target in AMD. CCMV nanoparticles loaded with anti-miR-23 locked nucleic acid and stabilized using the 3,3'-dithiobis(sulfosuccinimidyl propionate) (DTSSP) cross-linker, are assembled in vitro with a loading efficiency up to 80%. VLPs are found to be stable at 37 °C in the vitreous humor up to 24 hours. Nanoparticle cytotoxicity, cellular uptake and transfection efficacy are evaluated in endothelial cells. Selective miRNA down-regulation is achieved by the loaded CCMV VLPs both in absence and presence of Lipofectamine, with efficacies of ≈40% and more than 80%, respectively. The authors' findings pave the way for the future development of CCMV nanoparticles as oligonucleotide delivery platform to treat posterior segment ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Pretto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Miao Tang
- The Welcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Mei Chen
- The Welcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Heping Xu
- The Welcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Astrid Subrizi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
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12
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Distribution and biotransformation of therapeutic antisense oligonucleotides and conjugates. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:2244-2258. [PMID: 33862193 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Drug properties of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) differ significantly from those of traditional small-molecule therapeutics. In this review, we focus on ASO disposition, mainly as characterized by distribution and biotransformation, of nonconjugated and conjugated ASOs. We introduce ASO chemistry to allow the following in-depth discussion on bioanalytical methods and determination of distribution and elimination kinetics at low concentrations over extended periods of time. The resulting quantitative data on the parent oligonucleotide, and the identification and quantification of formed metabolites define the disposition. Proper quantitative understanding of disposition is pivotal for nonclinical to clinical predictions, supports communication with health agencies, and increases the probability of delivering optimal ASO therapy to patients.
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