Green analysis of newly approved binary omeprazole/aspirin mixture in presence of aspirin impurity using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography methods

Spectrophotometric resolution for quantitative analysis of aspirin and rivaroxaban combination therapy in biological fluids using simple and eco-friendly procedure

Patients diagnosed with symptomatic peripheral artery disease (PAD) in the lower extremities have a higher likelihood of suffering from major vascular events. Recently, FDA has approved the combination therapy of aspirin (ASP) and rivaroxaban (ROX) to reduce acute limb ischemia and other comorbidities in (PAD) patients. Zero order and ratio absorption spectra were employed in three simple and accurate spectrophotometric techniques (dual wavelength (DW), ratio difference (RD) and derivative ratio (1DD) for concurrent detection and quantification of ASP and ROX in their pure forms, lab synthetic mixtures and in biological fluid. Our approach involves careful parameter optimization, including solvent selection, sample volumes, and instrumental settings, to reduce the analysis environmental impact. The acquired recovery percentages of accuracy were within 98-102% for pure active pharmaceutical ingredients and 90-110% for pharmaceutical formulations and biological determinations. A comprehensive assessment was done to compare the three methods regarding their ease of use, linearity, sensitivity, conditions, and limitations. The specificity of the proposed methods was evaluated by analyzing the lab synthetic mixtures. The suggested spectrophotometric methods were validated in compliance with ICH guidelines to confirm the validity claims. Also, statistical analysis was done to compare the outcomes obtained from the suggested methods with those obtained from the official ones and they agreed with null hypothesis regarding accuracy and precision. Furthermore, a comprehensive assessment of the environmental sustainability of the developed method was carried out using the Analytical Greenness Calculator, AGREE algorithm. The selected drugs can be efficiently, safely and economically analyzed by the suggested methods in pharmaceutical and biological matrices with no pretreatment or preliminary separation steps and thereby increasing their greenness level.

Spider diagram and sustainability evaluation of UV-methods strategy for quantification of aspirin and sildenafil citrate in the presence of salicylic acid in their bulk and formulation

The cutting-edge combination of aspirin (ASA) and sildenafil citrate (SIC) has been presented as a suggested dosage form for the treatment of thin endometrium and erectile dysfunction, particularly in patients with cardiovascular diseases. However, ASA is highly sensitive to degradation into its major deterioration product, known as salicylic acid (SA). Consequently, it is eminently essential to evolve approaches for the synchronous quantification of ASA and SIC in the presence of SA. The main objective of this work is to develop three approaches for the synchronous quantification of ASA and SIC in the presence of SA in their commixtures and suggested formulations without any prior separation. Three green UV-methods were employed for the synchronous quantification, namely: Dual Wavelength in Ratio Spectra (DW-RS), Advanced Amplitude Centering (AAC), and Double Divisor of Ratio Difference Derivative (DDRD-D₁). In DW-RS and AAC two-wavelength manipulation was used for resolution, while in DDRD-D₁ only an appropriate wavelength for the synchronous quantification of the triplex commixture was used. All approaches can be able to resolve the highly interfering spectrum of the three components presented in the triplex commixture. Good linearity was inspected in the range of 20.0-100.0, 5.0-50.0, and 4.0-60.0 μg/mL for the ASA, SIC, and SA, respectively. All developed approaches have been advocated in accordance with ICH guidelines. All results from these approaches are presented and statistically reconciled with the proclaimed HPLC method, with no considerable differences. Furthermore, the approaches' eco-friendliness was predestined by Analytical Greenness (AGREE), and the complex GAPI. Moreover, the sustainability of the used solvent was evaluated by Green Solvents Selecting Tool (GSST); in addition, the greenness of the solvent was evaluated by Greenness Index tool with a spider diagram. The suggested UV-methods may be employed for routine quality control studies of the suggested formulations ASA & SIC since they were considered sustainable, economical, and effective.

TLC–Densitometry for Determination of Omeprazole in Simple and Combined Pharmaceutical Preparations

TLC combined with densitometry was used and chromatographic conditions developed to separate omeprazole and diclofenac sodium from their potential impurities. The development of the TLC–densitometry method is based on the elaboration of new chromatographic conditions allowing for the simultaneous determination of omeprazole and diclofenac sodium in a pharmaceutical preparation. Identification and quantification of omeprazole in simple and combined (with diclofenac) pharmaceutical preparations was performed on silica gel 60F₂₅₄ using one mobile phase: chloroform–methanol–ammonia (36:4:0.60, v/v). Diclofenac sodium was determined in the presence of omeprazole after 2D separation on silica gel using two mobile phases of the first phase of chloroform–methanol–ammonia (36:4:0.60, v/v) and the second mobile phase cyclohexane–chloroform–methanol–glacial acetic acid (6:3:0.5:0.5 v/v). The developed method is simple, economical, specific, precise, accurate, sensitive, and robust, with a good range of linearity for the quantification of omeprazole and diclofenac sodium. TLC in combination with densitometry can be used as an effective analytical tool for quality control and quantitative determination of omeprazole in simple and combined pharmaceutical preparations containing diclofenac sodium. TLC in combination with densitometry can be recommended for the analysis of omeprazole and diclofenac sodium in the absence of HPLC or spectrophotometer in the laboratory or to confirm results obtained with other analytical techniques.