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Dhakal S, Macreadie IG. Simvastatin, Its Antimicrobial Activity and Its Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1133. [PMID: 38930515 PMCID: PMC11205914 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Simvastatin, a blockbuster drug for treating hypercholesterolemia, has multifactorial benefits as an antimicrobial agent and plays a preventative role in reducing the incidence of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Although most of the beneficial effects of simvastatin have been attributed to its ability to reduce cholesterol levels, recent scientific studies have suggested that its benefits are largely due to its pleiotropic effects in targeting other pathways, e.g., by inhibiting protein lipidation. There are certain pleiotropic effects that can be predicted from the inhibition of the mevalonate pathway; however, some of the effects of simvastatin in proteostasis lead to reduced levels of amyloid beta, the key contributor to AD. This review discusses the use of simvastatin as an antimicrobial agent and anti-AD drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Dhakal
- Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia;
| | - Ian G. Macreadie
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3063, Australia
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Baysal İ, Yabanoglu-Ciftci S, Nemutlu E, Eylem CC, Gök-Topak ED, Ulubayram K, Kır S, Gulhan B, Uçar G, Ozaltin F, Topaloglu R. Omic Studies on In Vitro Cystinosis Model: siRNA-Mediated CTNS Gene Silencing in HK-2 Cells. J Transl Med 2024; 104:100287. [PMID: 37949358 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2023.100287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystinosis is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the CTNS gene encoding a protein called cystinosine, which is a lysosomal cystine transporter. Disease-causing mutations lead to accumulation of cystine crystals in the lysosomes, thereby causing dysfunction of vital organs. Determination of the increased leukocyte cystine level is one of the most used methods for diagnosis. However, this method is expensive, difficult to perform, and may yield different results in different laboratories. In this study, a disease model was created with CTNS gene-silenced HK2 cells, which can mimic cystinosis in cell culture, and multiomics methods (ie, proteomics, metabolomics, and fluxomics) were implemented at this cell culture to investigate new biomarkers for the diagnosis. CTNS-silenced cell line exhibited distinct metabolic profiles compared with the control cell line. Pathway analysis highlighted significant alterations in various metabolic pathways, including alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism; glutathione metabolism; aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis; arginine and proline metabolism; beta-alanine metabolism; ascorbate and aldarate metabolism; and histidine metabolism upon CTNS silencing. Fluxomics analysis revealed increased cycle rates of Krebs cycle intermediates such as fumarate, malate, and citrate, accompanied by enhanced activation of inorganic phosphate and ATP production. Furthermore, proteomic analysis unveiled differential expression levels of key proteins involved in crucial cellular processes. Notably, peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A, translation elongation factor 1-beta (EF-1beta), and 60S acidic ribosomal protein decreased in CTNS-silenced cells. Additionally, levels of P0 and tubulin α-1A chain were reduced, whereas levels of 40S ribosomal protein S8 and Midasin increased. Overall, our study, through the utilization of an in vitro cystinosis model and comprehensive multiomics approach, led to the way toward the identification of potential new biomarkers while offering valuable insights into the pathogenesis of cystinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- İpek Baysal
- Vocational School of Health Services, Pharmacy Services Programme, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Samiye Yabanoglu-Ciftci
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara, Türkiye.
| | - Emirhan Nemutlu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Cemil Can Eylem
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Elif Damla Gök-Topak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara, Türkiye; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lokman Hekim University, Sogutozu, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Kezban Ulubayram
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Sedef Kır
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Bora Gulhan
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Sihhiye, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Gülberk Uçar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Fatih Ozaltin
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Sihhiye, Ankara, Türkiye; Nephrogenetics Laboratory, Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Sihhiye, Ankara, Türkiye; Center for Genomics and Rare Diseases, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara, Türkiye; Department of Bioinformatics, Hacettepe University, Institute of Health Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Rezan Topaloglu
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Sihhiye, Ankara, Türkiye.
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Pharmacometabolomics for the Study of Lipid-Lowering Therapies: Opportunities and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043291. [PMID: 36834701 PMCID: PMC9960554 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid-lowering therapies are widely used to prevent the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and related mortality worldwide. "Omics" technologies have been successfully applied in recent decades to investigate the mechanisms of action of these drugs, their pleiotropic effects, and their side effects, aiming to identify novel targets for future personalized medicine with an improvement of the efficacy and safety associated with the treatment. Pharmacometabolomics is a branch of metabolomics that is focused on the study of drug effects on metabolic pathways that are implicated in the variation of response to the treatment considering also the influences from a specific disease, environment, and concomitant pharmacological therapies. In this review, we summarized the most significant metabolomic studies on the effects of lipid-lowering therapies, including the most commonly used statins and fibrates to novel drugs or nutraceutical approaches. The integration of pharmacometabolomics data with the information obtained from the other "omics" approaches could help in the comprehension of the biological mechanisms underlying the use of lipid-lowering drugs in view of defining a precision medicine to improve the efficacy and reduce the side effects associated with the treatment.
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Alarcon-Barrera JC, Kostidis S, Ondo-Mendez A, Giera M. Recent advances in metabolomics analysis for early drug development. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:1763-1773. [PMID: 35218927 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry adapted proteomics and other 'omics technologies for drug research early following their initial introduction. Although metabolomics lacked behind in this development, it has now become an accepted and widely applied approach in early drug development. Over the past few decades, metabolomics has evolved from a pure exploratory tool to a more mature and quantitative biochemical technology. Several metabolomics-based platforms are now applied during the early phases of drug discovery. Metabolomics analysis assists in the definition of the physiological response and target engagement (TE) markers as well as elucidation of the mode of action (MoA) of drug candidates under investigation. In this review, we highlight recent examples and novel developments of metabolomics analyses applied during early drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Alarcon-Barrera
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands; Clinical Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 # 63C-69, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sarantos Kostidis
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Ondo-Mendez
- Clinical Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 # 63C-69, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Martin Giera
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands.
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