Stability-indicating reversed-phase-HPLC method development and validation for sacubitril/valsartan complex in the presence of impurities and degradation products: Robustness by quality-by-design approach

Simultaneous quantification of 4-hydroxytamoxifen and hesperidin in liposomal formulations: Development and validation of a RP-HPLC method

Breast cancer treatment options are diverse, with tamoxifen commonly used as a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. However, tamoxifen can have adverse systemic effects. Local transdermal therapy offers a potential solution by delivering the drug directly to the breast and minimizing systemic exposure. Hesperidin, a flavonoid, exerts synergistic effects when combined with anticancer agents. This combination therapy may be a more effective approach to breast cancer management. Analytical methods have been developed to quantify 4-Hydroxytamoxifen (4-HT) and hesperidin separately; however, no method currently exists for their simultaneous quantification in pharmaceutical formulations. This study aimed to develop and validate a reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for the simultaneous quantification of 4-HT and hesperidin in liposomal formulations. A Design of Experiments (DoE) approach was employed using a Box-Behnken design (BBD) to optimize the RP-HPLC method. BBD allowed for a reduction in the number of required tests by creating a statistical model to estimate the significance of various factors and interactions. The methanol concentration, flow rate, and injection volume were considered as independent variables for optimization. A mobile phase (90:10 ratio of methanol: 0.1% v/v orthophosphoric acid) with a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min, and an injection volume of 10 μL was selected as optimized chromatographic condition. 4-HT showed a retention time (Rt) of 5.05 min and hesperidin showed an Rt of 7.11 min using an optimized analytical method and was detected at 275 nm. The developed RP-HPLC method was validated according to the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines, confirming its accuracy, precision, linearity, selectivity, and robustness. The validated method was then successfully applied to determine the entrapment efficiency and permeation of 4-HT and hesperidin into loaded liposomes. This study fills a gap in the literature by providing a simple and reliable RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous quantification of 4-HT and hesperidin in liposomal formulations.

Development and validation of apalutamide-related substances method in solid dosage forms using HPLC

A related-substances method was developed for the anticancer drug formulation apalutamide 60 mg tablets and validated using a liquid chromatography gradient elution method. All of the impurities and degradants were separated using the Luna Omega 5 μm Polar C₁₈ , (250 × 4.6) mm HPLC column with a 1.0 ml min^-1 flow rate. The detection was done at 225 nm by injecting the 10 μl of injection volume, controlling the sample temperature at 10°C and maintaining the column compartment temperature at 30°C. The total run time was 85 min. A 0.01 m disodium phosphate dihydrate pH 4.20 ± 0.05 buffer mixed with acetonitrile in the ratio of 73:27 (v/v) was used as mobile phase A. Mobile phase B consisted of water and acetonitrile in the ratio 30:70 (v/v). The proposed method was validated as per the current regulatory guidelines. The method precisions (RSD) at 100% specification level were 1.41, 1.74, 1.84, and 1.66% for the four impurities. The accuracy results were obtained between 96.0 and 106.3% for the limit of quantitation to the 150% level. The standard and sample solutions stability were established for 44 h at 10°C. The correlation coefficient (r) value was >0.999 for all four impurities, indicating good linearity between the concentration and peak response: 0.9999, 0.9999, 0.9999 and 1.0000. These results show the method's linearity. The three filter compatibility was proved and it was concluded that 0.45 μm Nylon, PTFE and PVDF filters are suitable. The robustness of the method was established by varying the conditions. The method specificity was proved and the forced degradation data reveal the method's stability-indicating nature.

QbD-based stability-indicating liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for the determination of flurbiprofen in cataplasm

A nonsteroidal drug called flurbiprofen (FBN) has analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity. Currently the determination of FBN in cataplasm does not have any pharmacopeial method. However, the drug substance, tablet and ophthalmic solution formulations do have pharmacopeial methods. The development and validation of an accurate, precise and stability-indicating analytical method for the determination of FBN in cataplasm formulations is reported. The gradient method was employed for the quantification of FBN in the presence of internal standards such as biphenyl. A nonpolar separation phase (C₁₈ , 250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm Inertsil column; GL Sciences) was used. The optimal flow rate, column oven temperature, injection volume and detector wavelengths were 1.0 ml/min, 40°C, 20 μl and 245 nm, respectively. Mobile phase A was a mixture of water and glacial acetic acid (30:1 v/v) pH adjusted to 2.20 with glacial acetic acid or 1 m NaOH; mobile phase B was methanol (100%). The gradient elution program was [time (min)/% B]: 5/60, 20/70, 25/70, 30/60 and 40/60. The obtained RSDs for the precision and intermediate precision were 0.7 and 0.5%. The percentage recovery ranged from 99.2 to 100.4%. The linear regression coefficient >0.9996 indicates that all peak responses were linear with the concentration. The sample and standard solutions were stable for up to 24 h on the benchtop and in the refrigerator. The critical peaks were well separated from the generated peaks owing to forced degradation, including diluent and placebo peaks. The method validation data and quality by design-based robustness study results indicate that the developed method is robust and fit for routine use in the quality control laboratory. The proposed method is specific, accurate and precise, and the quality by design utilized the first method for the determination of FBN in cataplasm formulations. Transdermal patches and gels have low extraction capacity and this method is applicable for quantification.

Anticancer Phytochemical-Based Nanoformulations: Therapeutic Intervention in Cancer Cell Lines

Phytochemicals have the potential to treat resistant cancer. They are delivered to the target site via nano-based carriers. Promising results are seen in preclinical and in vitro models, as phytochemical-based nanoformulations have improved cell cytotoxicity compared to single agents. They can synergistically inhibit cancer cell growth through p53 apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. Moreover, synergic viability in reproducible glioma models at half inhibitory concentrations has been shown. Through caspase activation, phytochemical-based nanoformulations also increase cell death in 4T1 breast cancer cell lines. They have shown improved cytotoxicity at half inhibitory concentrations compared to single-agent drugs in cervical cancer. In terms of colorectal cancer, they have the potential to arrest cells in the S phase of the cell cycle and synergistically inhibit cell proliferation. In squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue, they inhibit protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways. This review reports on developments in the therapeutic management of various cancers using phytochemical-based nanoformulations, which have shown potential benefits in the clinical management of cancer patients, halting/slowing the progression of the disease and ameliorating chemotherapy-induced toxicities.

Development and validation of a stability-indicating, single HPLC method for sacubitril-valsartan and their stereoisomers and identification of forced degradation products using LC-MS/MS

The aim of this research work was to develop and validate a stability-indicating, single reversed-phase HPLC method for the separation of five impurities, including enantiomers, diastereomers, and degradation products in sacubitril-valsartan tablets. The method was developed using a Chiralcel OJ-RH column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) at 45°C with a gradient program of (T/%B) 0.01/25, 10.0/25, 25/38, 37.0/45, 39.0/25, and 45.0/25 at a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min. Mobile phase A consisted of 1 ml of trifluoroacetic acid in 1000 ml of Milli-Q water. Mobile phase B consisted of 1 ml of trifluoroacetic acid in a mixture of acetonitrile and methanol in the ratio of 950:50 (v/v). Sacubitril, valsartan, and their five impurities were monitored at 254 nm. Degradation was not observed when sacubitril-valsartan was subjected to heat, light, hydrolytic, and oxidation conditions. In acid degradation study (1 N HCl/60°C/2 h) impurity 1 (m/z 383.44) was formed, and in base degradation study (0.1 N NaOH/40°C/1 h) impurities 1 and 5 (m/z 265.35) were formed; both impurities were confirmed using LC-MS. The degradation products, enantiomers, and diastereomers were well separated from sacubitril and valsartan, proving the stability-indicating power of the method. The developed method was validated per the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use guidelines. The inter- and intra-day percentage relative standard deviation for sacubitril, valsartan, and their five impurities was less than 5.2%, recovery of the five impurities was between 93 and 105%, and linearity was ≥0.999. The limit of detection was 0.030-0.048 μg/ml, and the limit of quantification was 0.100-0.160 μg/ml.

Development of stability-indicating method for separation and characterization of benidipine forced degradation products using LC-MS/MS

The present study describes forced degradation of benidipine (BEN) as per  Q1A (R2) and Q1B guidelines of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. BEN degraded under hydrolysis (neutral, acidic, and alkaline), hydrogen peroxide induced oxidation, and UV light mediated photolytic degradation. A total of 14 degradation products (DPs) were found in all degradation studies, comprising 4 hydrolytic DPs, 8 oxidative DPs, and 4 photolytic DPs. A selective stability-indicating method was developed using an XBridge BEH C18 column with gradient elution program consisting of ammonium acetate (10 mM, 4.8 pH, acetic acid) and acetonitrile. The flow rate was maintained at 1 ml min^-1 . All DPs were separated well using the developed HPLC method and were characterized using LC-MS/MS data. As this method is effective in identifying and separating BEN and its DPs with sufficient resolution, it can be used in laboratories for quality control of drugs in daily routine analysis and stability studies.

The therapeutic role of nutraceuticals targeting the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in liver cancer

Liver cancer (L.C.) is the most common cause of cancer death in the United States and the fifth most common globally. The overexpression of nuclear factor E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) caused by oxidative stress has been associated with tumor growth, aggressiveness, treatment resistance, and poor prognosis. Nutraceuticals that inhibit Nrf2/HO-1 signaling may become the most effective strategy to treat liver cancer. Phytochemicals found in fruits and vegetables, also known as nutraceuticals, tend to emerge as chemopreventive agents, with the added benefit of low toxicity and high nutritional values. This paper reviews the present scientific knowledge of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling as a possible target molecule for chemotherapeutic agents, its basic control mechanisms, and Nrf2/HO-1 inducers produced from natural products that might be employed as cancer chemopreventive drugs. The growing interest in the contribution of the Nrf2/ARE/HO-1 signaling in the development of liver cancer and the Use of nutraceuticals to treat liver cancer by targeting Nrf2/ARE/HO-1. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: An increase in Nrf2 expression indicates that Nrf2 is the most important player in liver cancer. Cancer patients are more resistant to chemotherapy because of this erroneous Nrf2 signaling. Furthermore, an increasing body of evidence indicates that activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway results in the production of phase II detoxifying and antioxidant enzymes, which serve a defense purpose in cells. As a consequence, treating liver cancer. This master regulator may be a possibility. Nutraceuticals that reduce Nrf2/HO-1 signaling may be the most effective strategy for preventing liver cancer. The methods of action of numerous natural substances are examined in this article.

Development and validation of a novel stability-indicating reverse phase HPLC method for the determination of sacubitril-valsartan premix stereoisomers: Cellulose tris(4-methyl benzoate) stationary phase

A new stability indicating reverse phase HPLC method has been developed, optimized and validated as per International Conference on Harmonization guidelines for the determination of stereoisomers namely (2R)-valsartan, (2S,4S)-sacubitril, (2R,4S)-sacubitril and (2R,4R)-sacubitril in sacubitril-valsartan premix. Primarily, stability indicating separation study was done on reverse phase LC conditions; it was described by peak homogeneity of sacubitril-valsartan and its stereoisomers. Separation achieved on cellulose tris(4-methylbenzoate) packing column Chiralcel OJ-RH(150 mm x 4.6 mm), 5 μm than those of amylose based stationary phase's. Resolution between two arbitrary adjacent analyte was found to be more than 2.0 with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in water as mobile phase-A and mobile phase-B consisting of acetonitrile, methanol and trifluoroacetic acid (90:10:0.1 v/v/v). Gradient elution was performed at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, column temperature 20°C, injection volume 10 μL, UV detection at 254 nm and run time was 52 mins. The detector response found to be linear (R²  ≥ 0.9998), limit of detection (0.290 μg/mL, 0.122 μg/mL, 0.123 μg/mL and 0.124 μg/mL) and limit of quantification (0.878 μg/mL, 0.370 μg/mL, 0.373 μg/mL and 0.375 μg/mL), respectively. Percentage recovery found to be 98-105. Finally, the proposed method is user-friendly and can be used in bulk drugs analysis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Phytochemical-based nanodrug delivery in cancer therapy

There are estimated to be 13.1 million cancer deaths by 2030, with 7.6 million deaths occurring each year. Phytochemicals have long been used in traditional medicine to cure cancer. However, conventional therapy for metastatic illness may fail if cancer cells become resistant to multiple anticancer drugs. Phytochemicals encapsulated in nano-based medication delivery devices were studied for their cancer- and chemo-preventive properties. Nanocarriers containing phytoconstituents have been studied in terms of loading efficiency, nanocarrier size, the release profile of the drug, and cell inhibition and treatment tests.

A review on neurodegenerative diseases associated with oxidative stress and mitochondria

Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other neurological diseases afflict people of all ages. Neuronal loss and cognitive dysfunction are common symptoms of these disorders. Overproduction of reactive oxygen species has been demonstrated to aggravate disease progression in previous investigations (ROS). Because of the large quantities of polyunsaturated fatty acids in their membranes and their fast oxygen consumption rate, neurons are especially susceptible to oxidative damage. The molecular aetiology of neurodegeneration produced by changes in redox balance has not yet been established. New antioxidants have shown considerable potential in modifying disease characteristics. For the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative illnesses such as Parkinson's disease, ALS and spinocerebellar ataxia and Huntington's disease, antioxidant-based therapies are examined extensively in the literature.

Pharmacological Strategies and Recent Advancement in Nano-Drug Delivery for Targeting Asthma

With a high prevalence globally, asthma is a severe hazard to human health, as well as an economic and social burden. There are now novel therapies available for asthma with the use of nanotechnology. Recent developments in nanoscience and medicine have encouraged the creation of inhalable nanomedicines that can enhance the efficacy, patient compliance, and life quality for sufferers of asthma. Nanocarriers for asthma therapy, including liposomes, micelles, polymers, dendrimers, and inorganics, are presented in depth in this study as well as the current research status of these nanocarriers. Aerosolized nanomaterial-based drug transport systems are currently being developed, and some examples of these systems, as well as prospective future paths, are discussed. New research subjects include nano-modification of medicines and the development of innovative nano-drugs. Clinical experiments have proven that nanocarriers are both safe and effective. Before nanotherapy can be applied in clinical practice, several obstacles must be addressed. We look at some of the most recent research discoveries in the subject of nanotechnology and asthma therapy in this article.

Role of platelet rich plasma mediated repair and regeneration of cell in early stage of cardiac injury

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a widely accepted treatment approach and has heightened the quality of care among physicians. PRP has been used over the last decade to boost clinical results of plastic therapies, periodontal surgery and intra-bony defects. According to certain research, elevated levels of PRP growth factors that could promote tissue repair and have the potential for PRP to be beneficial in regenerating processes that Maxillofacial and Oral Surgeons, Veterinary Officers, Athletic medicine specialists and Dermatologists have long admired. PRP is an autologous whole blood fraction that has a heavy amount of a variety of growth factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-b), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) which can facilitate repair and regeneration. Moreover, a clinical trial of PRP in severe angina patients has shown its excellent safety profile. However, PRP is a very complex biological substance with an array of active biomolecules, its functions are yet to be fully clarified. In-addition, there was insufficient work assessing possible cardiovascular tissue benefits from PRP. Thus, it still remains necessary to identify the most clinically important cardiovascular applications and further research in clinical scenario need to be validated.