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Mitra S, Saran RK, Srivastava S, Rensing C. Pesticides in the environment: Degradation routes, pesticide transformation products and ecotoxicological considerations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 935:173026. [PMID: 38750741 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Among rising environmental concerns, emerging contaminants constitute a variety of different chemicals and biological agents. The composition, residence time in environmental media, chemical interactions, and toxicity of emerging contaminants are not fully known, and hence, their regulation becomes problematic. Some of the important groups of emerging contaminants are pesticides and pesticide transformation products (PTPs), which present a considerable obstacle to maintaining and preserving ecosystem health. This review article aims to thoroughly comprehend the occurrence, fate, and ecotoxicological importance of pesticide transformation products (PTPs). The paper provides an overview of pesticides and PTPs as contaminants of emerging concern and discusses the modes of degradation of pesticides, their properties and associated risks. The degradation of pesticides, however, does not lead to complete destruction but can instead lead to the generation of PTPs. The review discusses the properties and toxicity of PTPs and presents the methods available for their detection. Moreover, the present study examines the existing regulatory framework and suggests the need for the development of new technologies for easy, routine detection of PTPs to regulate them effectively in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchitra Mitra
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata 741245, WB, India
| | - R K Saran
- Department of Microbiology, Maharaja Ganga Singh University, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sudhakar Srivastava
- Plant Stress Biology Laboratory, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, UP, India.
| | - Christopher Rensing
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology, College of Resource and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
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Dudwal R, Jakhar BL, Khan Pathan AR, Kataria A, Dhaka SR, Jan I, Sayyed R, Khan A, Wong LS, Kumarasamy V, Gupta G, Subramaniyan V, Malik NA. Impact of different decontamination methods on the reduction of spiromesifen residue in chilli fruits. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30065. [PMID: 38726197 PMCID: PMC11078876 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chilli is an indispensable food item in the daily life of humans but it is affected by many insects, so various pesticides, including spiromesifen, are applied to chilli crops to protect this crop from insect infestation. However, the use of pesticides poses environmental and health issues. These issues have raised the demand for pesticide-free chillies among consumers. The primary aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of various decontamination methods in removing spiromesifen residues from chilli fruits. A randomized block design was employed to conduct a supervised field experiment at the Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute in Durgapura, Jaipur, India. The samples of chillies treated with pesticides are subjected to seven different homemade techniques. The samples were extracted using the QuEChERS method, known for its efficiency, affordability, simplicity, robustness, and safety. The analysis of spiromesifen residues was conducted using gas chromatography (GC) equipped with an electron capture detector (ECD), and the results were verified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Out of several decontamination methods, the lukewarm water treatment was more effective than any other decontamination method, which led to the highest elimination of spiromesifen residue, whereas rinsing with tap water eliminates the least amount of spiromesifen residue. So, the lukewarm water treatment is a safe, cost-effective, and eco-friendly approach to remove spiromesifen residues from Chilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramgopal Dudwal
- School of Agriculture, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302017, India
| | - Bhanwar Lal Jakhar
- Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303329, India
| | | | - Alka Kataria
- Department of Environmental Science, IIS (Deemed to be University), Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302020, India
| | - Shish Ram Dhaka
- Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303329, India
| | - Ishrat Jan
- Research Centre for Residue and Quality Analysis, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar, 190025, India
| | - R.Z. Sayyed
- Department of Microbiology, PSGVP Mandal's S I Patil Arts, G B Patel Science and STKV Sangh Commerce College, Shahada, 425409, India
| | - Aarif Khan
- Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India
| | - Ling Shing Wong
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, Nilai, 71800, Malaysia
| | - Vinoth Kumarasamy
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, 56000, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600077, India
- Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Vetriselvan Subramaniyan
- Department of Pharmacology, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine & Health Sciences, MONASH University, Malaysia
| | - Naveed A. Malik
- Division of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Science, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, 190025, India
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Amin Z, Sheikh PA, Jan I, Summuna B, Mohiddin FA. Assessment of flusilazole residues on apples: Detection, quantification and health risk implications. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5836. [PMID: 38308120 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Apple, a major fruit of temperate Himalayas, is sprayed with chemical pesticides around 12 times during the cropping season. Various systemic and contact fungicides are applied for the management of major diseases. In order to manage disease, flusilazole 40 EC is frequently used. However, excessive chemical application has been found to be detrimental for consumer safety. Keeping in view consumer safety, risk assessment, the half-life and waiting period for flusilazole 40 EC were evaluated on the Red Velox variety of apple. The QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) method and high-performance liquid chromatography were adapted for sample processing and analysis, respectively. The recovery percentages of flusilazole at three fortification levels (0.04, 0.09 and 0.50 mg kg-1) were 98.85, 99.83 and 98.98%, respectively. Flusilazole at the recommended dose (80 g a.i. ha-1) left an initial deposit of 0.733 mg kg-1, which dissipated by 93.45% in 60 days and was non-detectable beyond this period. Meanwhile flusilazole at double the recommended dose (160 g a.i. ha-1) left an initial deposit of 0.913 mg kg-1, which dissipated by 93.43% in 70 days and was non-detectable beyond this period. Based on the maximum residue limit of 0.3 mg kg-1 as prescribed by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, a waiting period of 28.74 and 46.03 days was recorded for single and double doses, respectively. Moreover, in order to assess the consumer risk, theoretical maximum residue contributions (TMRCs) were derived using flusilazole residues (average and maximum) recorded at various time intervals and compared with the maximum permissible intake, which was found to be 0.42 mg per person per day. Based on the average per capita daily consumption of 6.76 g apple in India, the TMRC values were computed. Although the values of TMRC decreased below maximum permissible intake at the first day after application, indicating minimal consumer health risks, fruits sprayed with a double dose of flusilazole carried the risk even up to the tenth day after flusilazole application. The results of the present study will be valuable for safe and timely use of flusilazole on apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakir Amin
- Division of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Sopore, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Parveez Ahmad Sheikh
- Division of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Sopore, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Ishrat Jan
- Research Centre for Residue and Quality Analysis, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Baby Summuna
- Directorate of Research, Faculty of Horticulture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Fayaz Ahmad Mohiddin
- Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Anantnag, Jammu & Kashmir, India
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Rujiralai T, Leelaharat N, Cheewasedtham W. Highly specific colorimetric detection based on aggregation of l-cysteine functionalized gold nanoparticles for cypermethrin in water samples. RSC Adv 2024; 14:9175-9183. [PMID: 38500611 PMCID: PMC10946417 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07626a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
A fast, simple, and selective colorimetric assay for quantifying cypermethrin in water samples is proposed using l-cysteine functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs@Cyst). Cypermethrin is hydrolyzed by potassium hydroxide to obtain hydrolyzed cypermethrin in the form of 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde by-product (HCy). The detection strategy is based on the aggregation of AuNPs@Cyst caused by hydrogen-bonding recognition between the aldehyde group of HCy and the amine group of l-cysteine on the surface of AuNPs@Cyst. As a result, in the presence of HCy under optimal pH 7, AuNPs@Cyst aggregates within 7 min, exhibiting a distinct color change from red to blue-gray, which can be evaluated with the naked eye and UV-visible spectrophotometry. From FE-TEM image, the stable and spherical AuNPs@Cyst had an average size of 13.8 ± 1.6 nm, and from zeta potential analysis, the charge of AuNPs@Cyst was -25.04 ± 1.66 mV. The surface plasmon resonance band of dispersed AuNPs@Cyst was red shifted from 525 nm to 634 nm when AuNPs@Cyst was aggregated. The absorbance ratio (A634/A525) was linearly related to cypermethrin concentrations from 0.5 to 13.0 mg L-1. The limit of detection was 0.2 mg L-1 and precision, expressed as relative standard deviations (RSDs), ranged from 1.9 to 7.3%. In the presence of interfering pesticides (carbaryl, ethion, profenofos and abamectin), only cypermethrin produced a significantly different response, confirming the selectivity of AuNPs@Cyst. Finally, AuNPs@Cyst was applied to determine cypermethrin in water samples, achieving very satisfied recoveries (>98.6%) and RSDs lower than 6.1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitima Rujiralai
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry and Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University Hat Yai Songkhla 90110 Thailand
- Analytical Chemistry and Environment Research Unit, Division of Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University Pattani 94000 Thailand
| | - Nitchakarn Leelaharat
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry and Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University Hat Yai Songkhla 90110 Thailand
- Analytical Chemistry and Environment Research Unit, Division of Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University Pattani 94000 Thailand
| | - Wilairat Cheewasedtham
- Analytical Chemistry and Environment Research Unit, Division of Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University Pattani 94000 Thailand
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Dar AA, Jan I, Shah MD, Sofi JA, Hassan GI, Dar SR. Monitoring and method validation of organophosphorus/organochlorine pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits by gas chromatography. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5756. [PMID: 37750442 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an analytical method was developed and validated for the assessment of pesticide residues in commonly consumed vegetables and fruits. Fresh samples of apple, green peas, tomatoes, and cucumbers were processed and subjected to analysis using a modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe) extraction technique. Subsequently, quantification of pesticide residues was conducted utilizing gas chromatography (GC)-electron capture detector. Extraction and cleanup parameters were meticulously optimized, resulting in a modification of the original QuEChERS method. This modification aimed to reduce solvent consumption, making the study more environmentally friendly. The developed method was validated in terms of selectivity, specificity, linearity, precision, and accuracy by following the SANTE guidelines. Calibration curves showed good linearity (r > 0.99) within the test range. Precision was evaluated by intra- and inter-day experiments with an acceptable relative standard deviation (<20.0%). Recovery was assessed at the limit of quantification level and was observed to fall within the range of 70%-120%, with relative standard deviations below 5.45%. The validated method presented here can be applied to analyze pesticide residues in various other vegetables, fruits, and cereals. It is essential for ongoing monitoring of pesticide residues to ensure public safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alamgir A Dar
- Research Centre for Residue and Quality Analysis, Faculty of Horticulture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar Campus, Srinagar, J&K, India
| | - Ishrat Jan
- Research Centre for Residue and Quality Analysis, Faculty of Horticulture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar Campus, Srinagar, J&K, India
| | - Mehraj D Shah
- Research Centre for Residue and Quality Analysis, Faculty of Horticulture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar Campus, Srinagar, J&K, India
| | - Javid A Sofi
- Research Centre for Residue and Quality Analysis, Faculty of Horticulture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar Campus, Srinagar, J&K, India
| | - G I Hassan
- Research Centre for Residue and Quality Analysis, Faculty of Horticulture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar Campus, Srinagar, J&K, India
| | - Shahnawaz R Dar
- Research Centre for Residue and Quality Analysis, Faculty of Horticulture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar Campus, Srinagar, J&K, India
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Mir KB, Abrol V, Wani TU, Jan I, Singh N, Khan NA, Dar AA, Sabri Sultan RM, Lone SA, Iesa MA, Alhag SK, Al-Shuraym LA, Helm N, AL-Farga A. Validation and development of RP-HPLC method for quantification of glibenclamide in rat plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic studies in wistar rats. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20876. [PMID: 37928045 PMCID: PMC10623144 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report a novel, simple, specific, accurate and cost-friendly validated reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method for the quantification of second generation sulphonylurea based antidiabetic drug, glibenclamide (GLB) in rat plasma and its application to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters in wistar rats. The internal standard used was flufenamic acid. The chromatographic separation was conducted on C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm x 5 μm, Agilent-Zorbax, SB) using isocratic elution with mobile phase containing Acetonitrile: Water (1:1; v/v) pH adjusted to 4.0 with 0.03 % glacial acetic acid and detected by photo-diode array as detector. Calibration curves made in the rat plasma were linear in the range of 50-1200 ng/ml with r2 = 0.998. The LLOQ was 40 ng/ml. This method was effectively applied for pharmacokinetic studies of Glibenclamide following administration through oral route as solid dispersion formulation to Wistar rats. Several methods are available in the literature which can be employed for the quantification of Glibenclamide but such methods are tedious, provide lower sensitivity, less simultaneous resolution and are time-consuming. Therefore the present methods suits best for the quantification of Glibenclamide from Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Bashir Mir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, J&K, 190001, India
- School of Medical & Allied Sciences, KR Mangalam University, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Vidushi Abrol
- Fermentation & Microbial Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, J&K, 180001, India
| | - Taha U. Wani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, J&K, 190001, India
| | - Ishrat Jan
- Research Centre for Residue and Quality Analysis, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technologyof Kashmir, Shalimar Campus, Srinagar, J&K, 190025, India
| | - Nasseb Singh
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, 182320, India
| | - Nisar A. Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, J&K, 190001, India
| | - Alamgir A. Dar
- Research Centre for Residue and Quality Analysis, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technologyof Kashmir, Shalimar Campus, Srinagar, J&K, 190025, India
| | | | - Showkat A. Lone
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Science and Theoretical Studies, Saudi Electronic University, Jeddah-M, Riyadh, 11673, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A.M. Iesa
- Department of Physiology, Al Qunfudah Medical College, Umm Al Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadeq K. Alhag
- Biology Department, College of Science and Arts, King Khalid University, Muhayl Asser, 61913, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laila A. Al-Shuraym
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawal Helm
- Biochemistry Departments, College of Science, Unversity of Jeddah, Jeddah, 23218, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ammar AL-Farga
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 23218, Saudi Arabia
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Jan I, Dar AA, Mukhtar M, Shah MD, Wani AA, Dar SR, Dar IH, Sofi JA. Dissipation kinetics, residue determination and consumer risk assessment of acephate on green pea by gas chromatography-electron capture detector. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5705. [PMID: 37525473 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study on "acephate persistence on green pea" was conducted in SKUAST-Kashmir. The study aimed to determine the persistence, dissipation kinetics and waiting period of acephate on green pea. Acephate was sprayed at 75% soluble powder (SP) at 560 g a.i.ha-1 at the fruiting stage followed by another application at a 10 day interval. A rapid and accurate method (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe, QuEChERS) was used for extraction and the residue was determined by gas chromatography-electron capture detection on a CPSIL-8CB capillary column (0.25um film thickness, 0.25 mm i.d, 30 m length). At the fortification levels of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.5 mg kg-1 , the percentage recovery of acephate on green pea was found in the range of 71-107%. The initial deposit of green pea was estimated to be 0.37 mg kg-1 . At the indicated dose, the residue of acephate on green pea dissipated below the limit of quantification of 0.05 mg kg-1 after 10 days. Acephate degradation was quick in green pea, with a half-life of 4.07 days. For safe eating of green peas, a 10 day waiting period is recommended. The gas chromatography-electron capture detection technique was validated by following the SANTE standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishrat Jan
- Research Centre for Residue and Quality Analysis, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-K), Srinagar, India
| | - Alamgir A Dar
- Research Centre for Residue and Quality Analysis, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-K), Srinagar, India
| | - Malik Mukhtar
- Research Centre for Residue and Quality Analysis, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-K), Srinagar, India
| | - Mehraj D Shah
- Research Centre for Residue and Quality Analysis, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-K), Srinagar, India
| | - Ashraf A Wani
- Research Centre for Residue and Quality Analysis, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-K), Srinagar, India
| | - Shahnawaz R Dar
- Research Centre for Residue and Quality Analysis, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-K), Srinagar, India
| | - Irshad H Dar
- Research Centre for Residue and Quality Analysis, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-K), Srinagar, India
| | - Javid A Sofi
- Research Centre for Residue and Quality Analysis, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-K), Srinagar, India
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Dudwal R, Jakhar BL, Pathan ARK, Kataria A, Jan I, Kakralya BL, Dhaka SR, Hussain A, Bana JK, Babu SR, Yadav AK, Rashied F. The effect of different decontamination processes on the residues of fipronil and its metabolites in chili fruits (Capsicum annuum L.). Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5695. [PMID: 37406633 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Fipronil is a broad-spectrum phenyl pyrazole insecticide that has a high degree of environmental toxicity. Commonly available chilies in the market are treated with fipronil insecticides. Demand for insecticide-free chili has thus been increasing globally. This needs various sustainable and economical methods to remove insecticides from chilies. The present study examined the effectiveness of several cleaning methods to remove pesticide residues in chili fruits. A supervised field trial was conducted in randomized block design at Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura, Jaipur, India. Chili samples were subjected to seven different household methods. The samples were extracted using the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method. The residues were analyzed using a gas chromatograph-electron capture detector and confirmed by GC-MS. Of the seven methods, the acetic acid treatment removes the maximum residue effect of fipronil and its metabolites (desulfinyl [MB046513]), sulfide (MB045950), and sulfone (MB046136) on chili fruits. By contrast, the tap water treatment was the least effective. The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) have set the maximum residue limit value of 0.001 mg kg-1 for fipronil on green chili.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramgopal Dudwal
- Division of Entomology, Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura, SKNAU, Jobner, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Bhanwar Lal Jakhar
- Division of Entomology, Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura, SKNAU, Jobner, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Alka Kataria
- Department of Environmental Science, IIS (Deemed to be University), Jaipur, India
| | - Ishrat Jan
- Research Centre for Residue and Quality Analysis, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, J&K, India
| | | | - Shish Ram Dhaka
- College of Agriculture, Fatehpur-Shekhawati, Sikar, SKNAU, Jobner, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Akhter Hussain
- Sri Karan Narendra College of Agriculture, SKNAU, Jobner, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Jugal Kishor Bana
- Sri Karan Narendra College of Agriculture, SKNAU, Jobner, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - S Ramesh Babu
- Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Amit Kumar Yadav
- Division of Entomology, Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura, SKNAU, Jobner, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Fehmida Rashied
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, India
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Dar AA, Abrol V, Singh N, Gashash EA, Dar SA. Recent bioanalytical methods for the isolation of bioactive natural products from genus Codonopsis. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2023. [PMID: 37316180 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chromatography and spectroscopy are nowadays well-validated techniques allowing to isolate and purify different class of natural products from the genus Codonopsis. Several categories of phytochemicals with drug like properties have been selectively extracted, isolated, characterised by this methodology. OBJECTIVES The present review aims to provide up-to-date and comprehensive information on the chromatography, phytochemistry and pharmacology of natural products of Codonopsis with an emphasis on the search for natural products having various biological activities and the semi-synthetic derivatives of bioactive ones and to highlight current gaps in knowledge. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature search was performed in the SciFinder Scholar, PubMed, Medline, and Scopus databases. RESULTS During the period covered in this review, several classes of compounds have been reported from genus Codonopsis. Codonopsis pilosula and Codonopsis lanceolata are the most popular in the genus especially as per phytochemical and bioactive studies. Phytochemical investigation demonstrates that Codonopsis species contain mainly xanthones, flavonoids, alkaloids, polyacetylenes, phenylpropanoids, triterpenoids and polysaccharides, which contribute to numerous bioactivities. The major bioactive compounds isolated were used for semi-synthetic modification to increase the chance to discover lead compound. CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded that genus Codonopsis has been used as traditional medicines and food materials around the world over years due to chemical constituents with diverse structural types, exhibiting extensive pharmacological activities in immune system, blood system, cardiovascular system, central nervous system, digestive system, and so forth, with almost no obvious toxicity and side effect. Therefore, Codonopsis can be used as a promising ethnopharmacological plant source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alamgir A Dar
- Research Centre for Residue and Quality Analysis, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar Campus, Srinagar, India
| | - Vidushi Abrol
- Fermentation and Microbial Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Nasseb Singh
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, India
| | - Ebtesam A Gashash
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science in Balijurashi, Al-Baha University, Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Showket A Dar
- Division of Social and Basic Science, Faculty of Forestry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Ganderbal, India
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Dudwal R, Jakhar BL, Pathan ARK, Jan I, Kakralya BL, Dhaka SR, Kataria A, Yadav AK, Choudhary SK. Dissipation kinetics, risk assessment, and waiting period of spiromesifen on chili fruits using gas chromatography-electron capture detector. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5577. [PMID: 36573415 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A supervised field trial was designed in Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura, Jaipur, Rajasthan, to assess the dissipation and persistence of spiromesifen in chili fruits. Spiromesifen (22.9% suspension concentrate) was sprayed two times at an interval of 10 days at the recommended dose (96 g. a.i. ha-1 ) and double the recommended dose (192 g. a.i. ha-1 ) with four replications. Sampling was done according to the planned interval of days after the second spray. Extraction and cleanup were performed using the modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method and the spiromesifen residue was analyzed by GC-electron capture detector and confirmation performed using GC-MS. The average initial deposit of spiromesifen was 1.207 mg kg-1 and 1.948 mg kg-1 at the recommended and double the recommended dose, respectively. The half-life values of spiromesifen ranged between 2.7 and 3.2 days at the recommended and double the recommended dose. The safe waiting period was calculated for the respective doses and it was concluded that an average of 7 days is safe for picking. The FSSAI (Food Safety and Standards Authority of India) have set the maximum residue limit of 0.1 mg kg-1 for spiromesifen in green chili. The theoretical maximum residue contribution value of spiromesifen was lower than the maximum permissible intake at both the applications on the 0th day. Hence, there will be no adverse effects on human health after consumption of green chilies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramgopal Dudwal
- Division of Entomology, Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Bhanwar Lal Jakhar
- Division of Entomology, Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Ishrat Jan
- Research Centre for Residue and Quality Analysis, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | | | - Sis Ram Dhaka
- College of Agriculture, Fatehpur, Shekhawati, SKNAU, Jobner, India
| | - Alka Kataria
- Department of Environmental Science, IIS (Deemed to be University), Jaipur, India
| | - Amit Kumar Yadav
- Division of Entomology, Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Vudamala K, Chakraborty P, Chatragadda R, Tiwari AK, Qureshi A. Distribution of organochlorine pesticides in surface and deep waters of the Southern Indian Ocean and coastal Antarctic waters. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 321:121206. [PMID: 36738882 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Antarctica is a remote and pristine region. Yet it plays a vital role in biogeochemical cycles of global anthropogenic contaminants, such as persistent organic pollution (POPs). This work reports the distribution of legacy and new POPs in surface and depth profiles/deeper water of the Southern Indian Ocean (SIO) and the coast of Antarctica (COA). Samples were collected during the 10th Indian Southern Ocean expedition (SOE-10) in the year 2017. Concentrations of ∑HCH (hexachlorocyclohexane), ∑DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), and ∑ENDO (endosulfan) in surface seawater from the SIO region ranged between not detected (ND) to 1.21 pg/Liter (pg L-1) (average. ± s.d.: 0.35 ± 0.42 pg L-1), ND to 1.83 pg L-1 (0.69 ± 84 pg L-1), and ND - to 2.06 pg L-1 (0.56 ± 0., 88 pg L-1), respectively. The concentrations of ∑HCH, ∑DDT, and ∑ENDO in COA ranged from ND to 0.98 pg L-1 (0.25 ± 0.27 pg L-1), ND to 3.61 pg L-1(0.50 ± 1.08 pg L-1), and ND to 2.09 pg L-1 (0.45 ± 0.84 pg L-1), respectively. Concentrations of isomers of endosulfan, and largely of HCHs, suggested an aged source. Some concentration ratios of α-to γ-HCH were close to 1, indicating a contribution from ongoing sources. Results indicate the important role of ocean currents in mediating the transport and detection of OCPs. As such, OCPs dynamics in deeper oceans may play an important role in OCPs cycling in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krushna Vudamala
- Integrative Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403004, India; Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, TS, 502285, India.
| | - Paromita Chakraborty
- Environmental Science and Technology Research Group, Centre for Research in Environment, Sustainability Advocacy and Climate Change, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Ramesh Chatragadda
- Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403004, India
| | - Anoop Kumar Tiwari
- Environmental Impact Assessment Group, National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research Headland Sada, Vasco da Gama, Goa, 403802, India
| | - Asif Qureshi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, TS, 502285, India; Department of Climate Change, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, TS, 502285, India
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Health Risk Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Drinking Water of Upper Jhelum Region in Kashmir Valley-India by GC-MS/MS. Int J Anal Chem 2023; 2023:6802782. [PMID: 36741419 PMCID: PMC9897932 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6802782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally growing demand for agricultural and farm foods has more or less become dependent on chemical pesticides to maintain the supply chain, which undoubtedly boosts agricultural production. However, pesticides not only impact the target pests but cause hazard to human health. Pesticides are ubiquitous and can be found in almost every component of the environment. They can therefore impair human and biota health when present over the threshold level. The present study assessed the concentration of commonly used pesticides for agricultural purposes but get mixed in different sources of water, as such fifteen sampling sites along the upper Jhelum basin of Kashmir valley were chosen. For the analysis, 60 water samples were obtained from different water sources. Gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was used to determine pesticide residues in water samples. Pesticide residues from 10 of the 26 commonly used pesticides were detected in water samples. Difenoconazole had the highest concentration among the pesticides detected, with a mean concentration of 0.412 ± 0.424 μg/L ranging from 0.0 μg/L to 0.8196 μg/L. The target hazards quotient (THQ) was used to quantify the possible noncarcinogenic health risks associated with drinking pesticide-contaminated water. Only chlorpyrifos and quinalphos were detected >1 in RWS3 (1.6571), RWS4 (1.0285), RWS14 (1.2571), and RWS15 (1.2000) sample sites, implying that the drinking water poses a health risk to humans. Hence, pesticide hazards should be mitigated and rigorous monitoring is needed to reduce pesticide residues in drinking water.
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