Comparison of HPLC and CE methods for the determination of cetirizine dihydrochloride in human plasma samples

Separation and identification of cetirizine enantiomers in human urine by capillary electrophoresis and circular dichroism independent of their standards

Enantioseparation and determination of chiral drugs are of vital importance in biochemical and pharmaceutical research due to the different biological activity, mechanism, and toxicity of individual enantiomers. As a second-generation H(1)-antagonist, cetirizine's pharmaceutical activity is mainly derived from the levocetirizine while the dextro-enantiomer is ineffective and even associated with side effects. Herein, the enantiomers of cetirizine were separated by capillary electrophoresis and identified by electronic circular dichroism. Satisfactory linear relationship was found between the circular dichroism signal at λ_max and the electrophoretic peak area difference in the nonracemic mixture of enantiomers. It made possible identification and quantification of cetirizine enantiomers independent of single enantiomer standards. The method's feasibility was demonstrated on the enantiomeric excess experiments of oral drugs measured in human blank urine. Additionally, the separation and determination of cetirizine in human urine after administration were also realized by capillary electrophoresis, indicating the method was sensitive enough for pharmacokinetic study.

Zinc Oxide–Graphene Nanocomposite-Based Sensor for the Electrochemical Determination of Cetirizine

A nanocomposite electrode of graphene (Gr) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles was fabricated to study the electrochemical oxidation behavior of an anti-inflammatory drug, i.e., cetirizine (CET). The voltametric response of CET for bare CPE, Gr/CPE, ZnO/CPE, and the ZnO-Gr nanocomposite electrode was studied. The modifier materials were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) to comprehend the surface morphology of the utilized modifiers. The influence of pH, scan rate, and accumulation time on the electrooxidation of CET was examined. It was found that the electrochemical oxidation of CET was diffusion-controlled, in which two protons and two electrons participated. The detection limit was found to be 2.8 × 10−8 M in a linearity range of 0.05–4.0 µM. Study of excipients was also performed, and it was found that they had negligible interference with the peak potential of CET. The validation and utility of the fabricated nanocomposite sensor material were examined by analyzing clinical and biological samples. Stability testing of the nanocomposite electrode was conducted to assess the reproducibility, determining that the developed biosensor has good stability and high efficiency in producing reproducible results.

Flow injection-chemiluminescence determination of cetirizine dihydrochloride in pharmaceuticals using tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium (II)-Ag(III) complex reaction

A simple and sensitive flow injection-chemiluminescence (FI-CL) method was developed for determination of cetirizine dihydrochloride (CTZH) in pharmaceuticals. The method is primarily based on the enhancement effect of CTZH on the tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium (II)-diperiodatoargentate (III) ([Ru(bpy)₃ ]²⁺ -Ag(III) complex) CL system in an acidic medium. The optimum investigated variables of the CL reaction were: [Ru(bpy)₃ ]²⁺ , 50 × 10^-6 mol/L; sulfuric acid, 1.0 × 10^-3 mol/L; Ag(III) complex, 100 × 10^-6 mol/L; potassium hydroxide, 1.0 × 10^-3 mol/L; flow rate, 3.0 ml/min and sample loop volume, 300 μl. The detection and quantification limits were 2.0 × 10^-4 and 5.0 × 10^-4 mg/L (S/N of 3 and 10) respectively with a linear calibration range of 5.0 × 10^-4 to 7.5 mg/L (R² = 0.9999, n = 11), injection throughput of 110/h and the relative standard deviations of 1.5-3.5% over the range studied. The methodology was successfully applied to determine CTZH in different pharmaceutical samples and validated with a high-performance liquid chromatography method, and resulted in the recovery of 94.6-108.6%. The probable CL reaction mechanism is described in brief.

A Novel Two-Step Liquid-Liquid Extraction Procedure Combined with Stationary Phase Immobilized Human Serum Albumin for the Chiral Separation of Cetirizine Enantiomers along with M and P Parabens

The research into the separation of drug enantiomers is closely related to the safety and efficiency of the drugs. The aim of this study was to develop a simple and validated HPLC method to analyze cetirizine enantiomers. In the case of liquid dosage forms, besides the active substance in large amounts there are usually also inactive ingredients such as methyl- and propylparaben. Unfortunately, these compounds can interfere with the analyte, inter alia during chiral separation of the analyte enantiomers. The proposed innovative two-step liquid-liquid extraction procedure allowed for the determination of cetirizine enantiomers (along with M and P parabens) also in liquid dosage forms. The main focus of this study was the chromatographic activity of cetirizine dihydrochloride on the proteinate-based chiral stationary phase. The chromatographic separation of cetirizine enantiomers was performed on an immobilized human serum albumin (HSA) column for the first time. Measurements were performed at a wavelength of 227 nm. Under optimal conditions, baseline separation of two enantiomers was obtained with 1.43 enantioseparation factor (α) and 1.82 resolution (R_s). Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied to the selected pharmaceutical formulations.

Comparison of capillary electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography methods for caffeine determination in decaffeinated coffee

Decaffeinated coffee accounts for 10 percent of coffee sales in the world; it is preferred by consumers that do not wish or are sensitive to caffeine effects. This article presents an analytical comparison of capillary electrophoresis (CE) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods for residual caffeine quantification in decaffeinated coffee in terms of validation parameters, costs, analysis time, composition and treatment of the residues generated, and caffeine quantification in 20 commercial samples. Both methods showed suitable validation parameters. Caffeine content did not differ statistically in the two different methods of analysis. The main advantage of the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was the 42-fold lower detection limit. Nevertheless, the capillary electrophoresis (CE) detection limit was 115-fold lower than the allowable limit by the Brazilian law. The capillary electrophoresis (CE) analyses were 30% faster, the reagent costs were 76.5-fold, and the volume of the residues generated was 33-fold lower. Therefore, the capillary electrophoresis (CE) method proved to be a valuable analytical tool for this type of analysis.