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Mousavizadeh FS, Sarlak N, Ghorbanpour M, Ghafarzadegan R. Rapid Detection and Determination of Scopolamine in the Leaf Extract of Black Henbane ( Hyoscyamus niger L.) Plants Using a Novel Nanosensor. J AOAC Int 2022; 105:1730-1740. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsac061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Scopolamine is among the most essential tropane alkaloids used to remedy various nervous system disorders such as urinary incontinence, motion sickness, and spasmodic movements because of its anticholinergic and antispasmodic effects.
Objective
In this study, an optical nanosensor was fabricated using nano-Dragendorff’s reagent to detect and determine scopolamine in different plant parts at different stages of growth.
Method
For fabrication of the sensing phase, GO-g-PCA/DR was synthesized by encapsulation of Dragendorff’s reagent (DR) on the graphene oxide grafted with poly citric acid (GO-g-PCA) with ultrasonication for 15 min and stirred for 80 min at room temperature, and then it was immobilized on a triacetyl cellulose membrane. The kinetic absorption profiles were recorded at 360 nm, which is concerned with the reaction between immobilized GO-g-PCA/DR and different concentrations of scopolamine.
Results
The nanosensor showed a rapid, strong, and stable response to the scopolamine solution with changing the absorption spectrum at 360 nm. The reaction was completed in a period of 300 s. The SEM, AFM, and FT-IR analysis of nanocomposites and nanosensors show the successful synthesis of GO-g-PCA/DR and the reaction between nanosensor and scopolamine. All experiments were performed at the wavelength of 360 nm, room temperature, pH 7 (the scopolamine solution pH), and 300 s. The nanosensor had a linear range of 0.65 to 19.63 μg/mL and 0.19 ± 0.025 μg/mL as the limit of detection for scopolamine determination. In order to reuse the designed nanosensor, it was recovered with ethanol, and the color ultimately returned to its original state.
Conclusions
This in situ nanosensor can determine the scopolamine in real samples with easy reversibility, extended lifetime, and reproducibility of the sensing phase response.
Highlights
A sensitive, precise, and fast response optical nanosensor is designed for in situ determination of scopolamine in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sadat Mousavizadeh
- Lorestan University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Kilometer 5 ehran Road , 68151443169 Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Nahid Sarlak
- Lorestan University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Kilometer 5 ehran Road , 68151443169 Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Mansour Ghorbanpour
- Arak University, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Department of Medicinal Plants, Shahid Beheshi street, 3815688349 Arak , Iran
| | - Reza Ghafarzadegan
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Behesht-e-Sakineh street , 3365166571 Karaj, Iran
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Fattahi F, Shojaeiyan A, Palazon J, Moyano E, Torras-Claveria L. Methyl-β-cyclodextrin and coronatine as new elicitors of tropane alkaloid biosynthesis in Atropa acuminata and Atropa belladonna hairy root cultures. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:2098-2111. [PMID: 33942310 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Hyoscyamine (HYO) and scopolamine (SCO) are tropane alkaloids acting as anticholinergic factors on the parasympathetic nervous system in humans and are produced by Solanaceous plants. Two strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes, A4 and LBA9402, were used to infect Atropa acuminata Royle ex Miers and Atropa belladonna L. leaf explants. A. acuminata was inoculated either by direct infection or sonicated-assisted A. rhizogenes-mediated transformation (SAAT) was performed. A. belladonna was inoculated with the A4 strain using a direct method. The selected hairy root lines of both species were elicited with 50 mM methyl-β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), 0.5 μM coronatine (Cor) or 50 mM β-CD + 0.5 μM Cor on Day 14 of culture. The elicitor effect on growth and HYO and SCO content was analyzed after one (T1) and two (T2) weeks of treatment. In A. acuminata explants, the highest transformation percentage (T%) was obtained with strain A4 and the SAAT method (T%: 96.43). Cor significantly reduced the growth of A. acuminata hairy roots (fresh weight and dry weight [DW]: 2.52 and 0.3 g, respectively), whereas β-CD increased their DW (0.4 g). Also, the combined β-CD + Cor treatment had a positive significant effect on the DW of A. belladonna hairy roots (0.41 g). In A. acuminata hairy roots, the HYO level was lower under Cor treatment than in the control at both sampling times. In contrast, the SCO content was increased 10-fold by Cor elicitation at T1 compared to the control (10.95 mg g-1 DW) and was also positively affected by β-CD + Cor. In A. belladonna hairy roots, all the elicitors had a negative effect on both HYO and SCO production. This report is the first assessment of the effect of β-CD and Cor elicitors on tropane alkaloid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnoosh Fattahi
- Department of Range Management, Natural Resources and Marine Sciences Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran
| | - Abdolali Shojaeiyan
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Agriculture Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javier Palazon
- Secció de Fisiologia i Biotecnologia Vegetal, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Moyano
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Torras-Claveria
- Secció de Fisiologia i Biotecnologia Vegetal, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Mason TJ, Bettenhausen HM, Chaparro JM, Uchanski ME, Prenni JE. Evaluation of ambient mass spectrometry tools for assessing inherent postharvest pepper quality. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:160. [PMID: 34193823 PMCID: PMC8245583 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00596-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Horticulturists are interested in evaluating how cultivar, environment, or production system inputs can affect postharvest quality. Ambient mass spectrometry approaches enable analysis of minimally processed samples under ambient conditions and offer an attractive high-throughput alternative for assessing quality characteristics in plant products. Here, we evaluate direct analysis in real time (DART-MS) mass spectrometry and rapid evaporative ionization-mass spectrometry (REIMS) to assess quality characteristics in various pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars. DART-MS exhibited the ability to discriminate between pod colors and pungency based on chemical fingerprints, while REIMS could distinguish pepper market class (e.g., bell, lunchbox, and popper). Furthermore, DART-MS analysis resulted in the putative detection of important bioactive compounds in human diet such as vitamin C, p-coumaric acid, and capsaicin. The results of this study demonstrate the potential for these approaches as accessible and reliable tools for high throughput screening of pepper quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Mason
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80524, USA
| | - Harmonie M Bettenhausen
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80524, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Chaparro
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80524, USA
| | - Mark E Uchanski
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80524, USA
| | - Jessica E Prenni
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80524, USA.
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Banihashemi O, Khavari-Nejad RA, Yassa N, Najafi F. Raise up of Scopolamine in Hairy Roots Via Agrobacterium rhizogenes ATCC15834 as Compared with Untransformed Roots in Atropa komarovii. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2020; 19:46-56. [PMID: 32922468 PMCID: PMC7462479 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2019.13550.11710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Atropa komarovii generates tropane alkaloids and three other compounds such as hyoscyamine. Racemate atropine and scopolamine (hyoscine) are the main alkaloids with anticholinergic, antispasmodic, and sedative agents. A proficient convention has been reported for the formation of transgenic Atropa komarovii by the use of Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Root culture, by utilizing leaves explants was contaminated by Agrobacterium rhizogenes ATCC 15834, a strain with the paired vector. The hairy roots after contamination for three weeks were specifically shaped from the cut edges of the leaves. The PCR intensification demonstrated that rol B genes of Ri plasmid of Agrobacterium rhizogenes were coordinated and communicated into the genome of the changed hairy roots. Examination of HPLC revealed that hairy roots can produce scopolamine and hyoscyamine and it was appeared that scopolamine content was essentially expanded in changed roots and hyoscyamine was extremely expanded in non-transgenic roots. According to the results, it was perceived that the scopolamine content in hairy roots was raised significantly compared to the control roots. It was evidenced that hairy roots gather a great number of metabolites that have a commercial significance. Thus, later on we can enhance efficiency for example by building up the biosynthetic route overexpression of gene codifying enzymes in the metabolic route for expanding valuable secondary metabolites in the plant cures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofelia Banihashemi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Narguess Yassa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medicinal Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Najafi
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Biological Science, Kharazmi University Tehran, Iran
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Yang Y, Deng J. Analysis of pharmaceutical products and herbal medicines using ambient mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Bajpai V, Singh A, Arya KR, Srivastava M, Kumar B. Rapid screening for the adulterants ofBerberis aristatausing direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry and principal component analysis for discrimination. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:799-807. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1022885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Hou Y, Wu T, Liu Y, Wang H, Chen Y, Chen B, Sun W. Direct analysis of quaternary alkaloids by in situ reactive desorption corona beam ionization MS. Analyst 2014; 139:5185-91. [PMID: 25118336 DOI: 10.1039/c4an00704b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The direct detection of quaternary alkaloids by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-base ambient MS is difficult because of their poor volatility. In this study, a reactive protocol was developed for the in situ determination of quaternary alkaloids using desorption corona beam ionization (DCBI) mass spectrometry (MS). The model compounds of 8 quaternary alkaloids including sanguinarine, chelerythrine, cyclanoline, nitidine, coptisine, jatrorrhizine, berberine, palmatine and 2 tertiary alkaloids including protopine and allocryptopine were investigated in different states such as on a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) plate, in raw herbal materials, and in silica gel. After various reactive reagents were studied, the mixture of saturated aqueous NaOH solution and CH3OH solvent (3 : 7, v/v) was selected as the optimized reactive reagent for the reactive DCBI-MS detection. All the target molecules can be detected with high sensitivity. On a PTFE plate the limits of detection were 0.0795, 0.1060, 0.4860, 0.9665, 0.8879, 0.3987, 0.5557, 0.4591, 0.0889, and 0.1929 mg L(-1) for sanguinarine, chelerythrine, cyclanoline, nitidine, coptisine, jatrorrhizine, berberine, palmatine, protopine, and allocryptopine, respectively. The reactive protocol was also applied to the direct detection of raw herbal materials and thin layer chromatography successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China.
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Monitoring batch-to-batch reproducibility using direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry and multivariate analysis: A case study on precipitation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 76:87-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Vairamani M, Prabhakar S. Mass spectrometry in India. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2012; 18:1-35. [PMID: 22792611 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This review emphasizes the mass spectrometry research being performed at academic and established research institutions in India. It consists of three main parts covering the work done in organic, atomic and biological mass spectrometry. The review reveals that the use of mass spectrometry techniques started in the middle of the 20th century and was applied to research in the fields of organic, nuclear, geographical and atomic chemistry. Later, with the advent of soft and atmospheric ionization techniques it has been applied to pharmaceutical and biological research. In due course, several research centers with advanced mass spectrometry facilities have been established for specific areas of research such as gas-phase ion chemistry, ion-molecule reactions, proscribed chemicals, pesticide residues, pharmacokinetics, protein/peptide chemistry, nuclear chemistry, geochronological studies, archeology, petroleum industry, proteomics, lipidomics and metabolomics. Day-by-day the mass spectrometry centers/facilities in India have attracted young students for their doctoral research and other advanced research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vairamani
- National Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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Chernetsova ES, Morlock GE. Determination of drugs and drug-like compounds in different samples with direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:875-83. [PMID: 24737631 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Direct analysis in real time (DART), a relatively new ionization source for mass spectrometry, ionizes small-molecule components from different kinds of samples without any sample preparation and chromatographic separation. The current paper reviews the published data available on the determination of drugs and drug-like compounds in different matrices with DART-MS, including identification and quantitation issues. Parameters that affect ionization efficiency and mass spectra composition are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena S Chernetsova
- Research and Educational Center of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Miklucho-Maklay st., Bldg. 8/2, 117198 Moscow, Russia.
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Chernetsova ES, Revelsky AI, Morlock GE. Some new features of Direct Analysis in Real Time mass spectrometry utilizing the desorption at an angle option. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:2275-2282. [PMID: 21766371 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The present study is a first step towards the unexplored capabilities of Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) mass spectrometry (MS) arising from the possibility of the desorption at an angle: scanning analysis of surfaces, including the coupling of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) with DART-MS, and a more sensitive analysis due to the preliminary concentration of analytes dissolved in large volumes of liquids on glass surfaces. In order to select the most favorable conditions for DART-MS analysis, proper positioning of samples is important. Therefore, a simple and cheap technique for the visualization of the impact region of the DART gas stream onto a substrate was developed. A filter paper or TLC plate, previously loaded with the analyte, was immersed in a derivatization solution. On this substrate, owing to the impact of the hot DART gas, reaction of the analyte to a colored product occurred. An improved capability of detection of DART-MS for the analysis of liquids was demonstrated by applying large volumes of model solutions of coumaphos into small glass vessels and drying these solutions prior to DART-MS analysis under ambient conditions. This allowed the introduction of, by up to more than two orders of magnitude, increased quantities of analyte compared with the conventional DART-MS analysis of liquids. Through this improved detectability, the capabilities of DART-MS in trace analysis could be strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena S Chernetsova
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Howlett SE, Steiner RR. Validation of Thin Layer Chromatography with AccuTOF-DART™ Detection for Forensic Drug Analysis*. J Forensic Sci 2011; 56:1261-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01881.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kim SW, Kim HJ, Kim JH, Kwon YK, Ahn MS, Jang YP, Liu JR. A rapid, simple method for the genetic discrimination of intact Arabidopsis thaliana mutant seeds using metabolic profiling by direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry. PLANT METHODS 2011; 7:14. [PMID: 21658279 PMCID: PMC3138417 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-7-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efficient high throughput screening systems of useful mutants are prerequisite for study of plant functional genomics and lots of application fields. Advance in such screening tools, thanks to the development of analytic instruments. Direct analysis in real-time (DART)-mass spectrometry (MS) by ionization of complex materials at atmospheric pressure is a rapid, simple, high-resolution analytical technique. Here we describe a rapid, simple method for the genetic discrimination of intact Arabidopsis thaliana mutant seeds using metabolic profiling by DART-MS. RESULTS To determine whether this DART-MS combined by multivariate analysis can perform genetic discrimination based on global metabolic profiling, intact Arabidopsis thaliana mutant seeds were subjected to DART-MS without any sample preparation. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) of DART-MS spectral data from intact seeds classified 14 different lines of seeds into two distinct groups: Columbia (Col-0) and Landsberg erecta (Ler) ecotype backgrounds. A hierarchical dendrogram based on partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) subdivided the Col-0 ecotype into two groups: mutant lines harboring defects in the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway and mutants without these defects. These results indicated that metabolic profiling with DART-MS could discriminate intact Arabidopsis seeds at least ecotype level and metabolic pathway level within same ecotype. CONCLUSION The described DART-MS combined by multivariate analysis allows for rapid screening and metabolic characterization of lots of Arabidopsis mutant seeds without complex metabolic preparation steps. Moreover, potential novel metabolic markers can be detected and used to clarify the genetic relationship between Arabidopsis cultivars. Furthermore this technique can be applied to predict the novel gene function of metabolic mutants regardless of morphological phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Weon Kim
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-806, Korea
| | - Hye Jin Kim
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi dong Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul, 130-701, Korea
| | - Jong Hyun Kim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-806, Korea
| | - Yong Kook Kwon
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-806, Korea
| | - Myung Suk Ahn
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-806, Korea
| | - Young Pyo Jang
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi dong Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul, 130-701, Korea
| | - Jang R Liu
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-806, Korea
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Ambient desorption ionization mass spectrometry (DART, DESI) and its bioanalytical applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12566-010-0019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Song L, Gibson SC, Bhandari D, Cook KD, Bartmess JE. Ionization Mechanism of Positive-Ion Direct Analysis in Real Time: A Transient Microenvironment Concept. Anal Chem 2009; 81:10080-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901122b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liguo Song
- Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600
| | - Stephen C. Gibson
- Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600
| | - Deepak Bhandari
- Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600
| | - Kelsey D. Cook
- Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600
| | - John E. Bartmess
- Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600
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