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De Cesare S, Campopiano DJ. The N-Acetyl Amino Acid Racemases (NAAARs); Native and evolved biocatalysts applied to the synthesis of canonical and non-canonical amino acids. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 69:212-220. [PMID: 33556834 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids are one of the most important synthons employed in the biotechnology, pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries for the preparation of active agents. Recently, the emerging use of these compounds as tools for protein engineering, has also been reported. Numerous chemo- and biocatalytic strategies have been developed for the stereoselective synthesis of these compounds. One of the most efficient processes is the enzymatic dynamic kinetic resolution of N-acylated derivatives, where an N-acyl amino acid racemase (NAAAR) is coupled with an enantioselective, hydrolytic enzyme (aminoacylase), and used to convert a racemic mixture of starting materials to enantiopure products. Here we provide a brief overview of the structure and mechanism of NAAAR. We will also review the applications of this class of biocatalyst, as well as discussing the various strategies employed to obtain an efficient system for the synthesis of optically pure canonical and non-canonical amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia De Cesare
- EaStChem School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Dominic J Campopiano
- EaStChem School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
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Zhang M, Hu P, Zheng YC, Zeng BB, Chen Q, Zhang ZJ, Xu JH. Structure-guided engineering of Pseudomonas dacunhael-aspartate β-decarboxylase for l-homophenylalanine synthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:13876-13879. [PMID: 33094304 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05871h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Structure-guided engineering of Pseudomonas dacunhael-aspartate β-decarboxylase (AspBDC) resulted in a double mutant (R37A/T382G) with remarkable 15 400-fold improvement in specific activity reaching 216 mU mg-1, towards the target substrate 3(R)-benzyl-l-aspartate. A novel strategy for enzymatic synthesis of l-homophenylalanine was developed by using the variant as a biocatalyst affording 75% product yield within 12 h. Our results underscore the potential of engineered AspBDC for the biocatalytic synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant and value added unnatural l-amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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Martínez-Rodríguez S, Soriano-Maldonado P, Gavira JA. N-succinylamino acid racemases: Enzymatic properties and biotechnological applications. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140377. [PMID: 31982578 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The N-succinylamino acid racemase/o-succinylbenzoate synthase (NSAR/OSBS) subfamily from the enolase superfamily contains different enzymes showing promiscuous N-substituted-amino acid racemase (NxAR) activity. These enzymes were originally named as N-acylamino acid racemases because of their industrial application. Nonetheless, they are pivotal in several enzymatic cascades due to their versatility to catalyze a wide substrate spectrum, allowing the production of optically pure d- or l-amino acids from cheap precursors. These compounds are of paramount economic interest, since they are used as food additives, in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries and/or as chiral synthons in organic synthesis. Despite its economic importance, the discovery of new N-succinylamino acid racemases has become elusive, since classical sequence-based annotation methods proved ineffective in their identification, due to a high sequence similarity among the members of the enolase superfamily. During the last decade, deeper investigations into different members of the NSAR/OSBS subfamily have shed light on the classification and identification of NSAR enzymes with NxAR activity of biotechnological potential. This review aims to gather the dispersed information on NSAR/OSBS members showing NxAR activity over recent decades, focusing on their biotechnological applications and providing practical advice to identify new enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Martínez-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular III e Inmunología, Universidad de Granada, Facultad de Medicina, Granada 18071, Spain; Laboratorio de Estudios Cristalográficos, CSIC, 18100 Granada, Spain.
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Chen BS, Liu H, de Souza FZR, Liu L. Organic Solvent-Tolerant Marine Microorganisms as Catalysts for Kinetic Resolution of Cyclic β-Hydroxy Ketones. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 19:351-360. [PMID: 28612090 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-017-9755-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chiral cyclic β-hydroxy ketones represent key motifs in the production of natural products of biological interest. Although the molecules are structurally simple, they require cumbersome synthetic steps to get access to them and their synthesis remains a challenge in organic chemistry. In this report, we describe a straightforward approach to enantiomerically enriched (R)- and (S)-3-hydroxycyclopentanone 2a, (R)- and (S)-3-hydroxycyclohexanone 2b, and (R)- and (S)-3-hydroxycycloheptanone 2c involving a transesterification resolution of the racemates using whole cells of marine microorganisms as catalysts and vinyl acetate the acyl donor and solvent. Twenty-six strains from a wide collection of isolates from marine sediments were screened, and seven strains were found to markedly catalyze the resolution in an asymmetric fashion. Using the strain Serratia sp., (R)-2a was isolated in 27% yield with 92% ee and (S)-2a in 65% yield with 43% ee, corresponding to an E-value of 37; (R)-2b was isolated in 25% yield with 91% ee and (S)-2b in 67% yield with 39% ee, corresponding to an E-value of 40; and (R)-2c was isolated in 30% yield with 96% ee and (S)-2c in 63% yield with 63% ee, corresponding to an E-value of 75.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi -Shuang Chen
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Republic of China.
- Department of Biotechnology, Gebouw voor, Scheikunde, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Republic of China
| | - Fayene Zeferino Ribeiro de Souza
- Department of Biotechnology, Gebouw voor, Scheikunde, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lan Liu
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Republic of China
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de Miranda AS, Miranda LS, de Souza RO. Lipases: Valuable catalysts for dynamic kinetic resolutions. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:372-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Sánchez-Carrón G, Fleming T, Holt-Tiffin KE, Campopiano DJ. Continuous Colorimetric Assay That Enables High-Throughput Screening of N-Acetylamino Acid Racemases. Anal Chem 2015; 87:3923-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5047328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guiomar Sánchez-Carrón
- The EastChem School of Chemistry, Joseph
Black Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Toni Fleming
- Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd., Chirotech Technology
Centre, Milton Road, 410 Cambridge
Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0PE, U.K
| | - Karen E. Holt-Tiffin
- Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd., Chirotech Technology
Centre, Milton Road, 410 Cambridge
Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0PE, U.K
| | - Dominic J. Campopiano
- The EastChem School of Chemistry, Joseph
Black Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, U.K
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Soriano-Maldonado P, Andújar-Sánchez M, Clemente-Jiménez JM, Rodríguez-Vico F, Las Heras-Vázquez FJ, Martínez-Rodríguez S. Biochemical and Mutational Characterization of N-Succinyl-Amino Acid Racemase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus CECT49. Mol Biotechnol 2015; 57:454-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-015-9839-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Zhang J, Zhu T, Wu X, Chen Y. Enhancement of biocatalytic efficiency by increasing substrate loading: enzymatic preparation of L-homophenylalanine. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:8487-94. [PMID: 23893309 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5117-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomerically pure L-homophenylalanine (L-HPA) is a key building block for the synthesis of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and other chiral pharmaceuticals. Among the processes developed for the L-HPA production, biocatalytic synthesis employing phenylalanine dehydrogenase has been proven as the most promising route. However, similar to other dehydrogenase-catalyzed reactions, the viability of this process is markedly affected by insufficient substrate loading and high costs of the indispensable cofactors. In the present work, a highly efficient and economic biocatalytic process for L-HPA was established by coupling genetically modified phenylalanine dehydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase. Combination of fed-batch substrate addition and a continuous product removal greatly increased substrate loading and cofactor utilization. After systemic optimization, 40 g (0.22 mol) of keto acid substrate was transformed to L-HPA within 24 h and a total of 0.2 mM NAD(+) was reused effectively in eight cycles of fed-batch operation, consequently giving an average substrate concentration of 510 mM and a productivity of 84.1 g l(-1) day(-1) for L-HPA. The present study provides an efficient and feasible enzymatic process for the production of L-HPA and a general solution for the increase of substrate loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jielin Zhang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia St., Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210009, China
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Lin WD, Chen CY, Chen HC, Hsu WH. Enantioselective synthesis of (S)-phenylephrine by whole cells of recombinant Escherichia coli expressing the amino alcohol dehydrogenase gene from Rhodococcus erythropolis BCRC 10909. Process Biochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Resolution of N-protected amino acid esters using whole cells of Candida parapsilosis ATCC 7330. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2010.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Carbamoylases: characteristics and applications in biotechnological processes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 85:441-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2250-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2009] [Revised: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Sustainable biocatalytic synthesis of L-homophenylalanine as pharmaceutical drug precursor. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:286-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Revised: 01/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Lo CK, Kao CH, Wang WC, Wu HM, Hsu WH, Lin LL, Hu HY. Engineering of the critical residues at the stereochemistry-gate loops of Brevibacillus agri dihydropyrimidinase for the production of l-homophenylalanine. Process Biochem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Grundmann P, Fessner WD. One-Pot, Regioselective Synthesis of Substituted Arylglycines for Kinetic Resolution by Penicillin G Acylase. Adv Synth Catal 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200800203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Lindner HA, Alary A, Wilke M, Sulea T. Probing the Acyl-Binding Pocket of Aminoacylase-1. Biochemistry 2008; 47:4266-75. [DOI: 10.1021/bi702156h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Holger A. Lindner
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4P 2R2
| | - Alain Alary
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4P 2R2
| | - Marsha Wilke
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4P 2R2
| | - Traian Sulea
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4P 2R2
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Chemo-enzymatic deracemization methods for the preparation of enantiopure non-natural α-amino acids. Coord Chem Rev 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2007.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Hsu SK, Lo HH, Lin WD, Chen IC, Kao CH, Hsu WH. Stereoselective synthesis of l-homophenylalanine using the carbamoylase method with in situ racemization via N-acylamino acid racemase. Process Biochem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2007.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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