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Indu S, Kaliappan KP. Synthetic approaches towards cortistatins: evolution and progress through its ages. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:3965-3995. [PMID: 32420567 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00770f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cortistatins are a family of steroidal alkaloids with a unique pentacyclic skeleton, having immensely potent anti-angiogenetic activities. Given the scarcity in the natural availability of these compounds, their syntheses became major attractions in organic chemistry. Along with total synthesis of the most potent congeners in the family: cortistatins A and J, the synthesis of two other members have been successfully completed, while various other analogues have also been designed with variable degrees of biological activities. This review is an exhaustive coverage of the significant attempts towards constructing this highly challenging molecule and also aims to highlight the deep understanding of the structure-activity relationships of these compounds, which have been garnered over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satrajit Indu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.
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2
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Yu F, Li G, Gao P, Gong H, Liu Y, Wu Y, Cheng B, Zhai H. Concise synthesis of the oxapentacyclic core of cortistatin A. Org Lett 2010; 12:5135-7. [PMID: 20925326 DOI: 10.1021/ol102058f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A concise synthetic approach for constructing the oxapentacyclic framework of cortistatin A is described. The synthesis features a furan-oxyallyl [4 + 3] cycloaddition and double-intramolecular aldol reactions. In addition, an interesting core structure was obtained in 11 steps from furan by using our method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangmiao Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances and the State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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3
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Missiaen P, De Clercq PJ. Intramolecular Diels-alder Reaction with Furan-Diene and Allene-Dienophile. Application in Steroid Synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bscb.19900990409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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4
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Magnus P, Littich R. Intramolecular Cyclopropene-Furan [2 + 4] Cycloaddition followed by a Cyclopropylcarbinyl Rearrangement to Synthesize the BCD Rings of Cortistatin A. Org Lett 2009; 11:3938-41. [DOI: 10.1021/ol901537n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Magnus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1167
| | - Ryan Littich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1167
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Ibrahim-Ouali M. Diels-Alder route to steroids and associated structures. Steroids 2009; 74:133-62. [PMID: 19022272 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2008.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Revised: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Diels-Alder reaction continues to dominate the developments in steroid synthesis. A review of literature on the Diels-Alder route to steroids is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Ibrahim-Ouali
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires de Marseille ISM2 UMR CNRS 6263, Campus Saint Jérôme, Avenue Escadrille Normandie Niémen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France.
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Padwa A, Wang Q. Rhodium(I)-catalyzed nucleophilic ring-opening reactions of oxabicyclo adducts derived from the [4 + 2]-cycloaddition of 2-imido-substituted furans. J Org Chem 2007; 71:3210-20. [PMID: 16599620 PMCID: PMC2495029 DOI: 10.1021/jo060238r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2-imido-substituted furans containing tethered unsaturation were prepared by the addition of the lithium carbamate of furan-2-ylcarbamic acid tert-butyl ester to a solution of the mixed anhydride of an appropriately substituted 3-butenoic acid. The initially formed imido furans undergo a rapid intramolecular [4 + 2]-cycloaddition at room temperature to deliver the Diels-Alder cycloadducts in good to excellent yield. Isolation of the highly labile oxabicyclic adduct is believed to be a consequence of the lower reaction temperatures employed as well as the presence of the extra carbonyl group, which diminishes the basicity of the nitrogen atom, thereby retarding the ring cleavage/rearrangement reaction generally encountered with related systems. By using a Rh(I)-catalyzed ring opening of the oxabicyclic adduct with various nucleophilic reagents, it was possible to prepare highly functionalized hexahydro-1H-indol-2(3H)-one derivatives in good yield. The major stereoisomer obtained possesses a cis-relationship between the nucleophile and hydroxyl group in the ring-opened product. The stereochemistry was unequivocally established by X-ray crystallographic analysis. Coordination of Rh(I) to the alkenyl pi-bond followed by a nitrogen-assisted cleavage of the carbon-oxygen bond occurs to furnish a pi-allyl rhodium(III) species. Addition of the nucleophile then occurs from the least hindered terminus of the resulting pi-allyl rhodium(III) complex. Proton exchange followed by rhodium(I) decomplexation ultimately leads to the cis-diastereomer.
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Padwa A, Ginn JD. Studies on the Synthesis of (±)-Stenine: A Combined Intramolecular [4 + 2]-Cycloaddition/Rearrangement Cascade. J Org Chem 2005; 70:5197-206. [PMID: 15960524 DOI: 10.1021/jo050515e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Several cyclic 2-(methylthio)-5-amidofurans containing tethered unsaturation were prepared via the reaction of dimethyl(methylthio)sulfonium tetrafluoroborate (DMSTF) with beta-alkoxy-gamma-dithiane lactams. Thermolysis of these furans resulted in an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction (IMDAF). The resulting oxa-bridge cycloadducts underwent a subsequent 1,2-methylthio shift to form tricyclic lactams in high yield. Furan 9, annealed to an azepine ring, underwent the IMDAF reaction at or below room temperature. Conformational effects imposed by the placement of a carbonyl group within the tether, combined with a rotational bias about the C(2)-N bond, enhances the rate of the IMDAF reaction of the seven-ring system so that it occurs readily at 25 degrees C. The feasibility of using the cascade sequence in the context of a total synthesis of the Stemona alkaloid (+/-)-stenine was explored. The eventual synthesis of (+/-)-stenine was carried out by an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction of a 2-amido-5-methylthio-substituted furan containing a trans-pent-3-enoic acid methyl ester side chain in order to create the desired azepinoindole skeleton. This was followed by a series of reductions to set the syn-anti stereochemical relationship at the incipient ring fusion sites present in stenine. All six stereocenters at the azepinoindole core were derived in high stereoselectivity from the functionality present in the rearranged cycloadduct 10. Compound 10 was converted to stenine in 11 additional steps via a sequence that features a Crabtree's-catalyst directed hydrogenation, iodolactonization, and a Keck allylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Padwa
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Claeys S, Van Haver D, De Clercq P, Milanesio M, Viterbo D. An Intramolecular Furan−Diene Diels−Alder Approach to 11‐Oxo 10α‐Steroids. European J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0690(200203)2002:6<1051::aid-ejoc1051>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Claeys
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Gent, Belgium, Fax: (internat.) + 32‐9/264‐4998
| | - Dirk Van Haver
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Gent, Belgium, Fax: (internat.) + 32‐9/264‐4998
| | - Pierre J. De Clercq
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Gent, Belgium, Fax: (internat.) + 32‐9/264‐4998
| | - Marco Milanesio
- Dipartimento di Chimica IFM, Università, Via P. Guira 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Davide Viterbo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Avanzate, Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Corso T. Borsalino 54, 15100 Alessandria, Italy
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Padwa A, Brodney MA, Dimitroff M, Liu B, Wu T. Application of furanyl carbamate cycloadditions toward the synthesis of hexahydroindolinone alkaloids. J Org Chem 2001; 66:3119-28. [PMID: 11325277 DOI: 10.1021/jo010020z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A convenient synthesis of various substituted hexahydroindolinones has been achieved by an intramolecular Diels--Alder cycloaddition reaction (IMDAF) of furanyl carbamates bearing tethered alkenyl groups. The initially formed [4 + 2]-cycloadduct undergoes nitrogen-assisted ring opening followed by deprotonation of the resulting zwitterion to give the rearranged ketone. The stereochemical outcome of the IMDAF cycloaddition has the sidearm of the tethered alkenyl group oriented syn with respect to the oxygen bridge. A synthetic route to (+/-)-mesembrane and (+/-)-crinane was accomplished using this methodology. It was possible to carry out a stereoselective reduction of the initially formed hexahydroindolinone ring to produce the cis-3a-aryl-hydroindole skeleton. A related [4 + 2]-cycloaddition/rearrangement sequence was also used for a formal synthesis of the Chinese ornamental orchid (+/-)-dendrobine. The tricyclic alkaloid core was formed stereoselectivity from the thermolysis of N-[(2-methyl-2-cyclopentenyl)methyl]-N-(4-isopropyl-furan-2-yl)carbamic acid tert-butyl ester. Kende's advanced intermediate 33 was prepared in seven additional steps by standard transformations, thereby completing a formal synthesis of (+/-)-dendrobine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Padwa
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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Padwa A, Dimitroff M, Liu B. Formal synthesis of (+/-)-dendrobine: use of the amidofuran cycloaddition/rearrangement sequence. Org Lett 2000; 2:3233-5. [PMID: 11009389 DOI: 10.1021/ol006444h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The formal synthesis of the alkaloid (+/-)-dendrobine (4) was accomplished using the IMDAF cycloaddition/rearrangement sequence of a furanyl carbamate. Conversion of the rearranged cycloadduct to Kende's advanced intermediate in eight steps completed the formal synthesis of (+/-)-dendrobine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Padwa
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322,
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Keay BA, Hunt IR. Aspects of the intramolecular diels-alder reaction of a furan diene (IMDAF) leading to the formation of 1,4-epoxydecalin systems. ADVANCES IN CYCLOADDITION 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1052-2077(99)80014-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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12
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Jankowski P, Marczak S, Wicha J. Methods for the construction of trans-hydrindane rings and their origins in steroid chemistry. Vitamin D total synthesis. Tetrahedron 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(98)00570-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Grootaert WM, De Clercq PJ. A novel expeditious entry into gibberellins. The total synthesis of (±)-GA5. Tetrahedron Lett 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)84359-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Moursounidis J, Wege D. The synthesis of thieno[3,4-]furan using a tandem intramolecular-reverse Diels-Alder reaction approach. Tetrahedron Lett 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)84712-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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