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Chiu LLY, Subedar OD, Waldman SD. Cell Cycle Synchronization of Primary and Cultured Articular Chondrocytes. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2579:111-123. [PMID: 36045202 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2736-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cell cycle synchronization allows cells in a culture, originally at different stages of the cell cycle, to be brought to the same phase. It is normally performed by applying cell cycle arresting chemical agents to cells cultured in monolayer. While effective, isolated chondrocytes tend to dedifferentiate when cultured in monolayer and typically require 3D culturing methods to ensure phenotypic stability. Here, we describe both the conventional cell cycle synchronization method for cells in monolayer culture and an adapted method of synchronizing primary chondrocytes directly during the cell isolation process to limit potential dedifferentiation. Different methods including serum-starvation and treatment with thymidine, nocodazole, aphidicolin, and RO-3306 can synchronize the chondrocytes at different discrete phases. A cell purity of more than 90% in the S phase can be achieved with simultaneous cell isolation and synchronization using double thymidine treatment, generating a population of synchronized chondrocytes that show increased matrix synthesis when subsequently cultured in 3D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loraine L Y Chiu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Omar D Subedar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen D Waldman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Subedar OD, Chiu LLY, Waldman SD. Cell Cycle Synchronization of Primary Articular Chondrocytes Enhances Chondrogenesis. Cartilage 2021; 12:526-535. [PMID: 30971093 PMCID: PMC8461165 DOI: 10.1177/1947603519841677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although tissue engineering is a promising option for articular cartilage repair, it has been challenging to generate functional cartilaginous tissue. While the synthetic response of chondrocytes can be influenced by various means, most approaches treat chondrocytes as a homogeneous population that would respond similarly. However, isolated cells heterogeneously progress through the cell cycle, which can affect macromolecular biosynthesis. As it is possible to synchronize cells within discrete cell cycle phases, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of cell cycle synchronization on the chondrogenic potential of primary articular chondrocytes. DESIGN Different methods of cell synchronization (serum starvation, thymidine, nocodazole, aphidicolin, and RO-3306) were tested for their ability to synchronize primary articular chondrocytes during the process of cell isolation. Cells (unsynchronized and synchronized) were then encapsulated in alginate gels, cultured for 4 weeks, and analyzed for their structural and biochemical properties. RESULTS The double-thymidine method yielded the highest level of cell purity, with cells synchronized in S phase. While the cells started to lose synchronization after 24 hours, tissue constructs developed from initially S phase synchronized cells had significantly higher glycosaminoglycan and collagen II amounts than those developed using unsynchronized cells. CONCLUSIONS Initial synchronization led to long-term changes in cartilaginous tissue formation. This effect was postulated to be due to the rapid auto-induction of TGF-βs by actively dividing S phase cells, thereby stimulating chondrogenesis. Cell synchronization methods may also be applied in conjunction with redifferentiation methods to improve the chondrogenic potential of dedifferentiated or diseased chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar D. Subedar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Loraine L. Y. Chiu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen D. Waldman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Stephen D. Waldman, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architectural Science, Ryerson University, Kerr Hall South, KHS 241N, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 2K3.
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Cortez‐Jugo C, Czuba‐Wojnilowicz E, Tan A, Caruso F. A Focus on "Bio" in Bio-Nanoscience: The Impact of Biological Factors on Nanomaterial Interactions. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100574. [PMID: 34170631 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bio-nanoscience research encompasses studies on the interactions of nanomaterials with biological structures or what is commonly referred to as the biointerface. Fundamental studies on the influence of nanomaterial properties, including size, shape, composition, and charge, on the interaction with the biointerface have been central in bio-nanoscience to assess nanomaterial efficacy and safety for a range of biomedical applications. However, the state of the cells, tissues, or biological models can also influence the behavior of nanomaterials at the biointerface and their intracellular processing. Focusing on the "bio" in bio-nano, this review discusses the impact of biological properties at the cellular, tissue, and whole organism level that influences nanomaterial behavior, including cell type, cell cycle, tumor physiology, and disease states. Understanding how the biological factors can be addressed or exploited to enhance nanomaterial accumulation and uptake can guide the design of better and suitable models to improve the outcomes of materials in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Cortez‐Jugo
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Ewa Czuba‐Wojnilowicz
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Abigail Tan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Frank Caruso
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
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Near-Physiological Cell Cycle Synchronization with Countercurrent Centrifugal Elutriation. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 31858459 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0191-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The bioreactor conditions and cell diversity in mammalian cell cultures are often regarded as homogeneous. Recently, the influence of various kinds of heterogeneities on production rates receives increasing attention. Besides spatial gradients within the cultivation system, the variation between cell populations and the progress of the cells through the cell cycle can affect the dynamics of the cultivation process. Strong metabolic up- and down-regulations leading to variable productivities, even in exponentially growing cell cultures, have been identified in CHO cell cultivations. Consequently, scientific studies of cell cycle-related effects and metabolic regulations require experiments utilizing cell cycle-enriched subpopulations. Importantly, the enrichment procedure itself must not strongly interfere with the cell culture under investigation. Such subpopulations can be generated by near-physiological countercurrent centrifugal elutriation, which is described in the following chapter. At first, a brief overview regarding the cell cycle, currently identified effects and commonly used methods, and their applicability is outlined. Then, the experimental setup and the synchronization itself are explained.
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Möller J, Rosenberg M, Riecken K, Pörtner R, Zeng AP, Jandt U. Quantification of the dynamics of population heterogeneities in CHO cultures with stably integrated fluorescent markers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:2065-2080. [PMID: 32130440 PMCID: PMC7072063 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02401-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell population heterogeneities and their changes in mammalian cell culture processes are still not well characterized. In this study, the formation and dynamics of cell population heterogeneities were investigated with flow cytometry and stably integrated fluorescent markers based on the lentiviral gene ontology (LeGO) vector system. To achieve this, antibody-producing CHO cells were transduced with different LeGO vectors to stably express single or multiple fluorescent proteins. This enables the tracking of the transduced populations and is discussed in two case studies from the field of bioprocess engineering: In case study I, cells were co-transduced to express red, green, and blue fluorescent proteins and the development of sub-populations and expression heterogeneities were investigated in high passage cultivations (total 130 days). The formation of a fast-growing and more productive population was observed with a simultaneous increase in cell density and product titer. In case study II, different preculture growth phases and their influence on the population dynamics were investigated in mixed batch cultures with flow cytometry (offline and automated). Four cell line derivatives, each expressing a different fluorescent protein, were generated and cultivated for different time intervals, corresponding to different growth phases. Mixed cultures were inoculated from them, and changes in the composition of the cell populations were observed during the first 48 h of cultivation with reduced process productivity. In summary, we showed how the dynamics of population heterogeneities can be characterized. This represents a novel approach to investigate the dynamics of cell population heterogeneities under near-physiological conditions with changing productivity in mammalian cell culture processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Möller
- Hamburg University of Technology, Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, Denickestr. 15, 21073, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Marcel Rosenberg
- Hamburg University of Technology, Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, Denickestr. 15, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristoffer Riecken
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Centre (UMC) Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Pörtner
- Hamburg University of Technology, Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, Denickestr. 15, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
| | - An-Ping Zeng
- Hamburg University of Technology, Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, Denickestr. 15, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Jandt
- Hamburg University of Technology, Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, Denickestr. 15, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
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Möller J, Korte K, Pörtner R, Zeng AP, Jandt U. Model-based identification of cell-cycle-dependent metabolism and putative autocrine effects in antibody producing CHO cell culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:2996-3008. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Möller
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering; Hamburg Germany
| | - Katrin Korte
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering; Hamburg Germany
| | - Ralf Pörtner
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering; Hamburg Germany
| | - An-Ping Zeng
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering; Hamburg Germany
| | - Uwe Jandt
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering; Hamburg Germany
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Möller J, Pörtner R, Zeng AP, Jandt U. Population Dynamics in Antibody Producing CHO Cell Cultures. CHEM-ING-TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201855335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Möller
- Technische Universität Hamburg; Institut für Bioprozess- und Biosystemtechnik; Denickestraße 15 21073 Hamburg Germany
| | - R. Pörtner
- Technische Universität Hamburg; Institut für Bioprozess- und Biosystemtechnik; Denickestraße 15 21073 Hamburg Germany
| | - A.-P. Zeng
- Technische Universität Hamburg; Institut für Bioprozess- und Biosystemtechnik; Denickestraße 15 21073 Hamburg Germany
| | - U. Jandt
- Technische Universität Hamburg; Institut für Bioprozess- und Biosystemtechnik; Denickestraße 15 21073 Hamburg Germany
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Fuge G, Zeng AP, Jandt U. Weak cell cycle dependency but strong distortive effects of transfection with Lipofectamine 2000 in near-physiologically synchronized cell culture. Eng Life Sci 2016; 17:348-356. [PMID: 32624780 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201600113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported a method to generate and validate cell cycle-synchronized cultures of multiple mammalian suspension cell lines under near-physiological conditions. This method was applied to elucidate the putative interdependencies of the cell cycle and recombinant protein expression in the human producer cell line HEK293s using Lipofectamine 2000 and the reporter plasmid pcDNA3.3 enhanced green fluorescent protein, destabilized using PEST sequence. A population-resolved modeling approach was applied to quantitatively assess putative variations of cell cycle dependent expression rates based on the obtained experimental data. We could not confirm results published earlier by other groups, based on nonphysiological synchronization attempts, reporting transfection efficiency being strongly dependent on the cell cycle phase at transfection time point. On the other hand, it is demonstrated that transfection and protein expression distort the progression of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grischa Fuge
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering Hamburg University of Technology Hamburg Germany
| | - An-Ping Zeng
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering Hamburg University of Technology Hamburg Germany
| | - Uwe Jandt
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering Hamburg University of Technology Hamburg Germany
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An integrated system for synchronous culture of animal cells under controlled conditions. Biotechniques 2016; 61:129-36. [PMID: 27625207 DOI: 10.2144/000114451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell cycle has fundamental effects on cell cultures and their products. Tools to synchronize cultured cells allow the study of cellular physiology and metabolism at particular cell cycle phases. However, cells are most often arrested by methods that alter their homeostasis and are then cultivated in poorly controlled environments. Cell behavior could then be affected by the synchronization method and culture conditions used, and not just by the particular cell cycle phase under study. Moreover, only a few viable cells are recovered. Here, we designed an integrated system where a large number of cells from a controlled bioreactor culture is separated by centrifugal elutriation at high viabilities. In contrast to current elutriation methods, cells are injected directly from a bioreactor into an injection loop, allowing the introduction of a large number of cells into the separation chamber without stressful centrifugation. A low pulsation peristaltic pump increases the stability of the elutriation chamber. Using this approach, a large number of healthy cells at each cell cycle phase were obtained, allowing their direct inoculation into fully instrumented bioreactors. Hybridoma cells synchronized and cultured in this system behaved as expected for a synchronous culture.
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Castillo Salvador AE, Fuge G, Jandt U, Zeng AP. Growth kinetics and validation of near-physiologically synchronized HEK293S Cultures. Eng Life Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201400224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Grischa Fuge
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering; Hamburg University of Technology; Hamburg Germany
| | - Uwe Jandt
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering; Hamburg University of Technology; Hamburg Germany
| | - An-Ping Zeng
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering; Hamburg University of Technology; Hamburg Germany
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Jandt U, Platas Barradas O, Pörtner R, Zeng AP. Mammalian cell culture synchronization under physiological conditions and population dynamic simulation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:4311-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5553-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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