1
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Shahfar H, O'Brien CJ, Budyak IL, Roberts CJ. Predicting Experimental B22 Values and the Effects of Histidine Charge States for Monoclonal Antibodies Using Coarse-Grained Molecular Simulations. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:3820-3830. [PMID: 36194430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Static light scattering (SLS) was used to characterize five monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) as a function of total ionic strength (TIS) at pH values between 5.5 and 7.0. Second osmotic virial coefficient (B22) values were determined experimentally for each MAb as a function of TIS using low protein concentration SLS data. Coarse-grained molecular simulations were performed to predict the B22 values for each MAb at a given pH and TIS. To include the effect of charge fluctuations of titratable residues in the B22 calculations, a statistical approach was introduced in the Monte Carlo algorithm based on the protonation probability based on a given pH value and the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. The charged residues were allowed to fluctuate individually, based on the sampled microstates and the influence of electrostatic interactions on net protein-protein interactions during the simulations. Compared to static charge simulations, the new approach provided improved results compared to experimental B22 values at pH conditions near the pKa of titratable residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Shahfar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware19716, United States
| | - Christopher J O'Brien
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware19716, United States
| | - Ivan L Budyak
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana46285, United States
| | - Christopher J Roberts
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware19716, United States
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2
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Off-label use of plastic syringes with silicone oil for intravenous infusion bags of antibodies. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 166:205-215. [PMID: 34237379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The formation of particulates in post-manufacture biopharmaceuticals continues to be a major concern in medical treatment. This study was designed to evaluate the content of micro-sized particles using flow imaging of antibodies in intravenous infusion bags. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and Avastin® were selected as model drugs and plastic syringes with and without silicone oil (SO) were used to transfer the drugs into the bags (0.9% saline or 5% dextrose). Antibodies exposed to SO had significantly increased levels of microparticles in both diluents, suggesting SO accelerates particle formation, especially at a higher antibody concentration. Even before the drop stress, their count exceeded the USP guideline. Dropping the bags in the presence of SO produced larger microparticles. Meanwhile, air bubbles were retained longer in saline suggesting more protein film formation on its air-water interface. Overall, both drugs were conformationally stable and produced less particles in dextrose than in saline.
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3
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Pusara S, Yamin P, Wenzel W, Krstić M, Kozlowska M. A coarse-grained xDLVO model for colloidal protein-protein interactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:12780-12794. [PMID: 34048523 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01573g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Colloidal protein-protein interactions (PPIs) of attractive and repulsive nature modulate the solubility of proteins, their aggregation, precipitation and crystallization. Such interactions are very important for many biotechnological processes, but are complex and hard to control, therefore, difficult to be understood in terms of measurements alone. In diluted protein solutions, PPIs can be estimated from the osmotic second virial coefficient, B22, which has been calculated using different methods and levels of theory. The most popular approach is based on the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory and its extended versions, i.e. xDLVO. Despite much efforts, these models are not fully quantitative and must be fitted to experiments, which limits their predictive value. Here, we report an extended xDLVO-CG model, which extends existing models by a coarse-grained representation of proteins and the inclusion of an additional ion-protein dispersion interaction term. We demonstrate for four proteins, i.e. lysozyme (LYZ), subtilisin (Subs), bovine serum albumin (BSA) and immunoglobulin (IgG1), that semi-quantitative agreement with experimental values without the need to fit to experimental B22 values. While most likely not the final step in the nearly hundred years of research in PPIs, xDLVO-CG is a step towards predictive PPIs calculations that are transferable to different proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srdjan Pusara
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Peyman Yamin
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Wenzel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Marjan Krstić
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany. and Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mariana Kozlowska
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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4
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5
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Dauer K, Kamm W, Wagner KG, Pfeiffer-Marek S. High-Throughput Screening for Colloidal Stability of Peptide Formulations Using Dynamic and Static Light Scattering. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:1939-1955. [PMID: 33789055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Selection of an appropriate formulation to stabilize therapeutic proteins against aggregation is one of the most challenging tasks in early-stage drug product development. The amount of aggregates is more difficult to quantify in the case of peptides due to their small molecular size. Here, we investigated the suitability of diffusion self-interaction parameters (kD) and osmotic second virial coefficients (B22) for high-throughput (HT) screening of peptide formulations regarding their aggregation risk. These parameters were compared to the effect of thermal stress on colloidal stability. The formulation matrix comprised six buffering systems at two selected pH values, four tonicity agents, and a common preservative. The results revealed that electrostatic interactions are the main driver to control colloidal stability. Preferred formulations consisted of acetate and succinate buffer at pH 4.5 combined with glycerol or mannitol and optional m-cresol. kD proved to be a suitable surrogate for B22 as an indicator of high colloidal stability in the case of peptides as was previously described for globular proteins and antibodies. Formulation assessment solely based on kD obtained by HT methods offers important insights into the optimization of colloidal stability during the early development of peptide-based liquid formulations and can be performed with a limited amount of peptide (∼360 mg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Dauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany.,Pharmaceutical Development Platform, Tides Drug Product Pre-Development Sciences, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Walter Kamm
- Pharmaceutical Development Platform, Tides Drug Product Pre-Development Sciences, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Karl Gerhard Wagner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefania Pfeiffer-Marek
- Pharmaceutical Development Platform, Tides Drug Product Pre-Development Sciences, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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6
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Hvozd T, Kalyuzhnyi YV, Vlachy V. Aggregation, liquid-liquid phase separation, and percolation behaviour of a model antibody fluid constrained by hard-sphere obstacles. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:8432-8443. [PMID: 32812624 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01014f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study is concerned with the behaviour of proteins within confinement created by hard-sphere obstacles. An individual antibody molecule is depicted as an assembly of seven hard spheres, organized to resemble a Y-shaped (on average) antibody (7-bead model) protein. For comparison with other studies we, in one case, model the protein as a hard sphere decorated by three short-range attractive sites. The antibody has two Fab and one Fc domains located in the corners of the letter Y. In this calculation, only the Fab-Fab and Fab-Fc attractive pair interactions are possible. The confinement is formed by the randomly distributed hard-sphere obstacles fixed in space. Aside from size exclusion, the obstacles do not interact with antibodies, but they affect the protein-protein correlation. We used a combination of the scaled-particle theory, Wertheim's thermodynamic perturbation theory and the Flory-Stockmayer theory to calculate: (i) the second virial coefficient of the protein fluid, (ii) the percolation threshold, (iii) cluster size distributions, and (iv) the liquid-liquid phase separation as a function of the strength of the various pair interactions of the protein and the model parameters, such as protein concentration and the packing fraction of obstacles. The conclusion is that hard-sphere obstacles strongly decrease the critical density and also, but to a much lesser extent, the critical temperature. Also, the confinement enhances clustering, making the percolating region broader. The effect depends on the model parameters, such as the packing fraction of obstacles η0, the inter-site interaction strength εIJ, and the ratio between the size of the obstacle σ0 and the size of one bead of the model antibody σhs; the value of this ratio is varied here from 2 to 5. Interestingly, at low to moderate packing fractions of obstacles, the second virial coefficient first slightly decreases (destabilization), and the slope depends on the observation temperature, but then at higher values of η0 it increases. The calculated values of the second virial coefficient also depend on the size of the obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taras Hvozd
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Svientsitskoho 1, Lviv, Ukraine.
| | - Yurij V Kalyuzhnyi
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Svientsitskoho 1, Lviv, Ukraine. and Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkinje University, 400 96 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Vojko Vlachy
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Hubbuch
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Department of Chemical and Process Engineering Kaiserstrasse 12 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Matthias Kind
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Department of Chemical and Process Engineering Kaiserstrasse 12 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Hermann Nirschl
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Department of Chemical and Process Engineering Kaiserstrasse 12 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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8
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Calero-Rubio C, Saluja A, Sahin E, Roberts CJ. Predicting High-Concentration Interactions of Monoclonal Antibody Solutions: Comparison of Theoretical Approaches for Strongly Attractive Versus Repulsive Conditions. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:5709-5720. [PMID: 31241333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b03779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nonspecific protein-protein interactions of a monoclonal antibody were quantified experimentally using light scattering from low to high protein concentrations (c2) and compared with prior work for a different antibody that yielded qualitatively different behavior. The c2 dependence of the excess Rayleigh ratio (Rex) provided the osmotic second virial coefficient (B22) at low c2 and the static structure factor (Sq=0) at high c2, as a function of solution pH, total ionic strength (TIS), and sucrose concentration. Net repulsive interactions were observed at pH 5, with weaker repulsions at higher TIS. Conversely, attractive electrostatic interactions were observed at pH 6.5, with weaker attractions at higher TIS. Refined coarse-grained models were used to fit model parameters using experimental B22 versus TIS data. The parameters were used to predict high-c2 Rex values via Monte Carlo simulations and separately with Mayer-sampling calculations of higher-order virial coefficients. For both methods, predictions for repulsive to mildly attractive conditions were quantitatively accurate. However, only qualitatively accurate predictions were practical for strongly attractive conditions. An alternative, higher resolution model was used to show semiquantitatively and quantitatively accurate predictions of strong electrostatic attractions at low c2 and low ionic strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Calero-Rubio
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of Delaware , Newark , Delaware 19716 , United States
| | - Atul Saluja
- Drug Product Science and Technology , Bristol-Myers Squibb , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08901 , United States
| | - Erinc Sahin
- Drug Product Science and Technology , Bristol-Myers Squibb , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08901 , United States
| | - Christopher J Roberts
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of Delaware , Newark , Delaware 19716 , United States
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9
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Xu Y, Wang D, Mason B, Rossomando T, Li N, Liu D, Cheung JK, Xu W, Raghava S, Katiyar A, Nowak C, Xiang T, Dong DD, Sun J, Beck A, Liu H. Structure, heterogeneity and developability assessment of therapeutic antibodies. MAbs 2018; 11:239-264. [PMID: 30543482 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1553476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing attention has been paid to developability assessment with the understanding that thorough evaluation of monoclonal antibody lead candidates at an early stage can avoid delays during late-stage development. The concept of developability is based on the knowledge gained from the successful development of approximately 80 marketed antibody and Fc-fusion protein drug products and from the lessons learned from many failed development programs over the last three decades. Here, we reviewed antibody quality attributes that are critical to development and traditional and state-of-the-art analytical methods to monitor those attributes. Based on our collective experiences, a practical workflow is proposed as a best practice for developability assessment including in silico evaluation, extended characterization and forced degradation using appropriate analytical methods that allow characterization with limited material consumption and fast turnaround time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingda Xu
- a Protein Analytics , Adimab , Lebanon , NH , USA
| | - Dongdong Wang
- b Analytical Department , Bioanalytix, Inc ., Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Bruce Mason
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Tony Rossomando
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Ning Li
- d Analytical Chemistry , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Tarrytown , NY , USA
| | - Dingjiang Liu
- e Formulation Development , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Tarrytown , NY , USA
| | - Jason K Cheung
- f Pharmaceutical Sciences , MRL, Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Wei Xu
- g Analytical Method Development , MRL, Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Smita Raghava
- h Sterile Formulation Sciences , MRL, Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Amit Katiyar
- i Analytical Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , Pennington , NJ , USA
| | - Christine Nowak
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Tao Xiang
- j Manufacturing Sciences , Abbvie Bioresearch Center , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Diane D Dong
- j Manufacturing Sciences , Abbvie Bioresearch Center , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Joanne Sun
- k Product development , Innovent Biologics , Suzhou Industrial Park , China
| | - Alain Beck
- l Analytical chemistry , NBEs, Center d'immunologie Pierre Fabre , St Julien-en-Genevois Cedex , France
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
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10
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Kalyuzhnyi YV, Vlachy V. Modeling the depletion effect caused by an addition of polymer to monoclonal antibody solutions. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:485101. [PMID: 30418950 PMCID: PMC6693579 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aae914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a theoretical study of colloidal stability of the model mixtures of monoclonal antibody molecules and non-adsorbing (no polymer-protein attraction) polymers. The antibodies are pictured as an assembly of seven hard spheres assuming a Y-like shape. Polymers present in the mixture are modeled as chain-like molecules having from 32 up to 128 monomers represented as hard spheres. We use Wertheim's thermodynamic perturbation theory to construct the two molecular species and to calculate measurable properties. The calculations are performed in the osmotic ensemble. In view that no direct attractive interaction is present in the model Hamiltonian, we only account for the entropic contribution to the phase equilibrium. We calculate chemical potentials and the equation of state for the model mixture to determine the liquid-liquid part of the phase diagram. We investigate how the critical antibody number density depends on the degree of polymerization and the bead size ratio of the polymer and protein components. The model mixture qualitatively correctly predicts some basic features of real systems. The effects of the model 'protein' geometry, that is the difference in results for the flexible Y-shaped protein versus the rigid spherical one, are also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu V Kalyuzhnyi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, J E Purkinje University, 400 96 Ústí nad Labem, Czechia
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11
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Kastelic M, Vlachy V. Theory for the Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation in Aqueous Antibody Solutions. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:5400-5408. [PMID: 29338267 PMCID: PMC5980754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b11458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study presents the theory for liquid-liquid phase separation for systems of molecules modeling monoclonal antibodies. Individual molecule is depicted as an assembly of seven hard spheres, organized to mimic the Y-shaped antibody. We consider the antibody-antibody interactions either through Fab, Fab' (two Fab fragments may be different), or Fc domain. Interaction between these three domains of the molecule (hereafter denoted as A, B, and C, respectively) is modeled by a short-range square-well attraction. To obtain numerical results for the model under study, we adapt Wertheim's thermodynamic perturbation theory. We use this model to calculate the liquid-liquid phase separation curve and the second virial coefficient B2. Various interaction scenarios are examined to see how the strength of the site-site interactions and their range shape the coexistence curve. In the asymmetric case, where an attraction between two sites is favored and the interaction energies for the other sites kept constant, critical temperature first increases and than strongly decreases. Some more microscopic information, for example, the probability for the particular two sites to be connected, has been calculated. Analysis of the experimental liquid-liquid phase diagrams, obtained from literature, is presented. In addition, we calculate the second virial coefficient under conditions leading to the liquid-liquid phase separation and present this quantity on the graph B2 versus protein concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vojko Vlachy
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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12
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O'Brien CJ, Calero-Rubio C, Razinkov VI, Robinson AS, Roberts CJ. Biophysical characterization and molecular simulation of electrostatically driven self-association of a single-chain antibody. Protein Sci 2018; 27:1275-1285. [PMID: 29637646 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Colloidal protein-protein interactions (PPI) are often expected to impact key behaviors of proteins in solution, such as aggregation rates and mechanisms, aggregate structure, protein solubility, and solution viscosity. PPI of an anti-fluorescein single chain antibody variable fragment (scFv) were characterized experimentally at low to intermediate ionic strength using a combination of static light scattering and sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation. Surprisingly, the results indicated that interactions were strongly net-attractive and electrostatics promoted self-association. Only repulsive interactions were expected based on prior work and calculations based a homology model of a related scFv crystal structure. However, the crystal structure lacks the charged, net-neutral linker sequence. PyRosetta was used to generate a set of scFv structures with different linker conformations, and coarse-grained Monte Carlo simulations were used to evaluate the effect of different linker configurations via second osmotic virial coefficient (B22 ) simulations. The results show that the configuration of the linker has a significant effect on the calculated B22 values, and can result in strong electrostatic attractions between oppositely charged residues on the protein surface. This is particularly relevant for development of non-natural antibody products, where charged linkers and other loop regions may be prevalent. The results also provide a preliminary computational framework to evaluate the effect of unstructured linkers on experimental protein-protein interaction parameters such as B22 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J O'Brien
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716
| | - Cesar Calero-Rubio
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716
| | | | - Anne S Robinson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Los Angeles, 70118
| | - Christopher J Roberts
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716
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13
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Kastelic M, Dill KA, Kalyuzhnyi YV, Vlachy V. Controlling the viscosities of antibody solutions through control of their binding sites. J Mol Liq 2017; 270:234-242. [PMID: 30906093 DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.11.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
For biotechnological drugs, it is desirable to formulate antibody solutions with low viscosities. We go beyond previous colloid theories in treating protein-protein self-association of molecules that are antibody-shaped and flexible and have spatially specific binding sites. We consider interactions either through fragment antigen (Fab-Fab) or fragment crystalizable (Fab-Fc) binding. Wertheim's theory is adapted to compute the cluster-size distributions, viscosities, second virial coefficients, and Huggins coefficients, as functions of antibody concentration. We find that the aggregation properties of concentrated solutions can be anticipated from simpler-to-measure dilute solutions. A principal finding is that aggregation is controllable, in principle, through modifying the antibody itself, and not just the solution it is dissolved in. In particular: (i) monospecific antibodies having two identical Fab arms can form linear chains with intermediate viscosities. (ii) Bispecific antibodies having different Fab arms can, in some cases, only dimerize, having low viscosities. (iii) Arm-to-Fc binding allows for three binding partners, leading to networks and high viscosities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miha Kastelic
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ken A Dill
- Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology and Departments of Physics and Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Yura V Kalyuzhnyi
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Svientsitskii 1, 79011 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Vojko Vlachy
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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14
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Baumann P, Schermeyer MT, Burghardt H, Dürr C, Gärtner J, Hubbuch J. Prediction and characterization of the stability enhancing effect of the Cherry-Tag™ in highly concentrated protein solutions by complex rheological measurements and MD simulations. Int J Pharm 2017; 531:360-371. [PMID: 28811118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Solution stability attributes are one of the key parameters within the production and launching phase of new biopharmaceuticals. Instabilities of active biological compounds can reduce the yield of biopharmaceutical productions, and may induce undesired reactions in patients, such as immunogenic rejections. Protein solution stability thus needs to be engineered and monitored throughout production and storage. In contrast to the gold standard of long-term storage experiments applied in industry, novel experimental and in silico molecular dynamics tools for predicting protein solution stability can be applied within several minutes or hours. Here, a rheological approach in combination with molecular dynamics simulations are presented, for determining and predicting long-term phase behavior of highly concentrated protein solutions. A diversity of liquid phase conditions, including salt type, ionic strength, pH and protein concentration are tested in a Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST) case study, in combination with the enzyme with and without solubility-enhancing Cherry-Tag™. The rheological characterization of GST and Cherry-GST solutions enabled a fast and efficient prediction of protein instabilities without the need of long-term protein phase diagrams. Finally, the strong solubility enhancing properties of the Cherry-Tag™ were revealed by investigating protein surface properties in MD simulations. The tag highly altered the overall surface charge and hydrophobicity of GST, making it less accessible to alteration by the chemical surrounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Baumann
- Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Marie-Therese Schermeyer
- Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Hannah Burghardt
- Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Cathrin Dürr
- Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jonas Gärtner
- Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hubbuch
- Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.
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15
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Da Vela S, Roosen-Runge F, Skoda MWA, Jacobs RMJ, Seydel T, Frielinghaus H, Sztucki M, Schweins R, Zhang F, Schreiber F. Effective Interactions and Colloidal Stability of Bovine γ-Globulin in Solution. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:5759-5769. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b03510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Da Vela
- Institut
für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, Tübingen D-72076, Germany
| | - Felix Roosen-Runge
- Institut Max von Laue − Paul Langevin (ILL), CS 20156, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble Cedex 9, F-38042, France
| | - Maximilian W. A. Skoda
- Institut
für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, Tübingen D-72076, Germany
| | - Robert M. J. Jacobs
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Tilo Seydel
- Institut Max von Laue − Paul Langevin (ILL), CS 20156, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble Cedex 9, F-38042, France
| | - Henrich Frielinghaus
- Jülich
Centre for Neutron Science at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (JCNS at
MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, Garching D-85747, Germany
| | - Michael Sztucki
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), CS 40220, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble Cedex 9, F-38043, France
| | - Ralf Schweins
- Institut Max von Laue − Paul Langevin (ILL), CS 20156, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble Cedex 9, F-38042, France
| | - Fajun Zhang
- Institut
für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, Tübingen D-72076, Germany
| | - Frank Schreiber
- Institut
für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, Tübingen D-72076, Germany
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16
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Bauer KC, Göbel M, Schwab ML, Schermeyer MT, Hubbuch J. Concentration-dependent changes in apparent diffusion coefficients as indicator for colloidal stability of protein solutions. Int J Pharm 2016; 511:276-287. [PMID: 27421911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The colloidal stability of a protein solution during downstream processing, formulation, and storage is a key issue for the biopharmaceutical production process. Thus, knowledge about colloidal solution characteristics, such as the tendency to form aggregates or high viscosity, at various processing conditions is of interest. This work correlates changes in the apparent diffusion coefficient as a parameter of protein interactions with observed protein aggregation and dynamic viscosity of the respective protein samples. For this purpose, the diffusion coefficient, the protein phase behavior, and the dynamic viscosity in various systems containing the model proteins α-lactalbumin, lysozyme, and glucose oxidase were studied. Each of these experiments revealed a wide range of variations in protein interactions depending on protein type, protein concentration, pH, and the NaCl concentration. All these variations showed to be mirrored by changes in the apparent diffusion coefficient in the respective samples. Whereas stable samples with relatively low viscosity showed an almost linear dependence, the deviation from the concentration-dependent linearity indicated both an increase in the sample viscosity and probability of protein aggregation. This deviation of the apparent diffusion coefficient from concentration-dependent linearity was independent of protein type and solution properties for this study. Thus, this single parameter shows the potential to act as a prognostic tool for colloidal stability of protein solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Christin Bauer
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mathias Göbel
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Schwab
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marie-Therese Schermeyer
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hubbuch
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.
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17
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Minton AP. Recent applications of light scattering measurement in the biological and biopharmaceutical sciences. Anal Biochem 2016; 501:4-22. [PMID: 26896682 PMCID: PMC5804501 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Allen P Minton
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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18
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Raut AS, Kalonia DS. Pharmaceutical Perspective on Opalescence and Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation in Protein Solutions. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:1431-44. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashlesha S. Raut
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Devendra S. Kalonia
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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19
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Wu J, Schultz JS, Weldon CL, Sule SV, Chai Q, Geng SB, Dickinson CD, Tessier PM. Discovery of highly soluble antibodies prior to purification using affinity-capture self-interaction nanoparticle spectroscopy. Protein Eng Des Sel 2015; 28:403-14. [DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzv045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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