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Yamaguchi T, Ishikawa H, Fukuda M, Sugita Y, Furuie M, Nagano R, Suzawa T, Yamamoto K, Wakamatsu K. Catechins prevent monoclonal antibody fragmentation during production via fed-batch culture of Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Prog 2024; 40:e3447. [PMID: 38415979 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are widely used for the industrial production of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). To meet the increasing market demands, high productivity, and quality are required in cell culture. One of the critical attributes of mAbs, from a safety perspective, is mAb fragmentation. However, methods for preventing mAbs fragmentation in CHO cell culture are limited. In this study, we observed that the antibody fragment content increased with increasing titers in fed-batch cultures for all three cell lines expressing recombinant antibodies. Adding copper sulfate to the culture medium further increased the fragment content, suggesting the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the fragmentation process. Though antioxidants may be helpful to scavenge ROS, several antioxidants are reported to decrease the productivity of CHO cells. Among the antioxidants examined, we observed that the addition of catechin or (-)-epigallocatechin gallate to the culture medium prevented fragmentation content by about 20% and increased viable cell density and titer by 30% and 10%, respectively. Thus, the addition of catechins or compounds of equivalent function would be beneficial for manufacturing therapeutic mAbs with a balance between high titers and good quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
- Bio Process Research and Development Laboratories, Production Division, Kyowa Kirin Co. Ltd., Takasaki, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hiroko Ishikawa
- Bio Process Research and Development Laboratories, Production Division, Kyowa Kirin Co. Ltd., Takasaki, Gunma, Japan
| | - Mie Fukuda
- Bio Process Research and Development Laboratories, Production Division, Kyowa Kirin Co. Ltd., Takasaki, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yumi Sugita
- Bio Process Research and Development Laboratories, Production Division, Kyowa Kirin Co. Ltd., Takasaki, Gunma, Japan
| | - Misaki Furuie
- Bio Process Research and Development Laboratories, Production Division, Kyowa Kirin Co. Ltd., Takasaki, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ryuma Nagano
- Bio Process Research and Development Laboratories, Production Division, Kyowa Kirin Co. Ltd., Takasaki, Gunma, Japan
| | | | - Koichi Yamamoto
- Bio Process Research and Development Laboratories, Production Division, Kyowa Kirin Co. Ltd., Takasaki, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kaori Wakamatsu
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
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2
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Vitharana S, Stillahn JM, Katayama DS, Henry CS, Manning MC. Application of Formulation Principles to Stability Issues Encountered During Processing, Manufacturing, and Storage of Drug Substance and Drug Product Protein Therapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2724-2751. [PMID: 37572779 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
The field of formulation and stabilization of protein therapeutics has become rather extensive. However, most of the focus has been on stabilization of the final drug product. Yet, proteins experience stress and degradation through the manufacturing process, starting with fermentaition. This review describes how formulation principles can be applied to stabilize biopharmaceutical proteins during bioprocessing and manufacturing, considering each unit operation involved in prepration of the drug substance. In addition, the impact of the container on stabilty is discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua M Stillahn
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO 80534, USA; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Mark Cornell Manning
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO 80534, USA; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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3
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Zhang D, Qiu J, Niu QT, Liu T, Gu R, Zhang X, Luo S. Effects of various pine needle extracts on Chinese hamster ovary cell growth and monoclonal antibody quality. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 53:1081-1091. [PMID: 36756987 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2023.2166959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are commonly used as "bio-machines" to pro-duce monoclonal antibodies (mAb) because of their ability to produce very complex proteins. In this study, we evaluated the effects of pine needle water extract (PNWE), pine needle ethanol extract (PNEE), and pine needle polysaccharide extract (PNPE) on the CHO cell growth, mAb production and quality using a Fed-batch culture process. PNPE maintained high VCD and viability, and the titer increase was correlated with its concentration. Three extracts effectively reduced the acidic charge variant and modulated mAb glycosylation. PNPE had the most profound effect, with G0F decreasing by 8.7% and G1Fa increasing by 6.7%. The change in the glycoform was also closely related to the PNPE concentration. This study demonstrated that PNPE could facilitate CHO cell growth, increase the mAb production, decrease acidic charge variants, and regulate mAb glycoforms. To identify the components responsible for the above changes, the sugar and flavonoid contents in the extracts were determined, and the chemical compounds were identified by LC-MS, resulting in 38 compounds identified from PNPE. Rich in sugars and flavonoids in these three extracts may be related to increased CHO cell growth and productivity, and changes in glycoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingyue Zhang
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, Nantong, China
| | - Jinshu Qiu
- Thousand Oaks Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Nantong, China
| | - Qing-Tian Niu
- Thousand Oaks Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Nantong, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Thousand Oaks Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Nantong, China
| | - Rulin Gu
- Thousand Oaks Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Nantong, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Thousand Oaks Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Nantong, China
| | - Shun Luo
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Thousand Oaks Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Nantong, China
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4
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Beck A, Nowak C, Meshulam D, Reynolds K, Chen D, Pacardo DB, Nicholls SB, Carven GJ, Gu Z, Fang J, Wang D, Katiyar A, Xiang T, Liu H. Risk-Based Control Strategies of Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody Charge Variants. Antibodies (Basel) 2022; 11:73. [PMID: 36412839 PMCID: PMC9703962 DOI: 10.3390/antib11040073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first approval of the anti-CD3 recombinant monoclonal antibody (mAb), muromonab-CD3, a mouse antibody for the prevention of transplant rejection, by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1986, mAb therapeutics have become increasingly important to medical care. A wealth of information about mAbs regarding their structure, stability, post-translation modifications, and the relationship between modification and function has been reported. Yet, substantial resources are still required throughout development and commercialization to have appropriate control strategies to maintain consistent product quality, safety, and efficacy. A typical feature of mAbs is charge heterogeneity, which stems from a variety of modifications, including modifications that are common to many mAbs or unique to a specific molecule or process. Charge heterogeneity is highly sensitive to process changes and thus a good indicator of a robust process. It is a high-risk quality attribute that could potentially fail the specification and comparability required for batch disposition. Failure to meet product specifications or comparability can substantially affect clinical development timelines. To mitigate these risks, the general rule is to maintain a comparable charge profile when process changes are inevitably introduced during development and even after commercialization. Otherwise, new peaks or varied levels of acidic and basic species must be justified based on scientific knowledge and clinical experience for a specific molecule. Here, we summarize the current understanding of mAb charge variants and outline risk-based control strategies to support process development and ultimately commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Beck
- Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 5 Avenue Napoléon III, 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Christine Nowak
- Protein Characterization, Alexion AstraZeneca Rare Disease, 100 College St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Deborah Meshulam
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kristina Reynolds
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - David Chen
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Dennis B. Pacardo
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Samantha B. Nicholls
- Protein Sciences, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gregory J. Carven
- Research, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Zhenyu Gu
- Jasper Therapeutics, Inc., 2200 Bridge Pkwy Suite 102, Redwood City, CA 94065, USA
| | - Jing Fang
- Biological Drug Discovery, Biogen, 225 Binney St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Global Biologics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 300 Shire Way, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Amit Katiyar
- CMC Technical Operations, Magenta Therapeutics, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tao Xiang
- Downstream Process and Analytical Development, Boston Institute of Biotechnology, 225 Turnpike Rd., Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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Insights into the Impact of Rosmarinic Acid on CHO Cell Culture Improvement through Transcriptomics Analysis. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10030533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of antioxidants in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell cultures to improve monoclonal antibody production has been a topic of great interest. Nevertheless, the antioxidants do not have consistent benefits of production improvement, which might be cell line specific and/or process specific. In this work, we investigated how treatment with the antioxidant rosmarinic acid (RA) improved cell growth and titer in CHO cell cultures using transcriptomics. In particular, transcriptomics analysis indicated that RA treatment modified gene expression and strongly affected the MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, which regulate cell survival and cell death. Moreover, it was observed that these signaling pathways, which had been identified to be up-regulated on day 2 and day 6 by RA, were also up-regulated over time (from initial growth phase day 2 to slow growth or protein production phase day 6) in both conditions. In summary, this transcriptomics analysis provides insights into the role of the antioxidant RA in industrial cell culture processes. The current study also represents an example in the industry of how omics can be applied to gain an in-depth understanding of CHO cell biology and to identify critical pathways that can contribute to cell culture process improvement and cell line engineering.
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Yuan JJ, Gao D, Hu F, Shi Y, Wu ZH, Hu CQ, Huang XD, Fang WJ, Zhang HT, Wang HB. Isolation and characterization of charge variants of infliximab biosimilar HS626. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1162:122485. [PMID: 33360415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Charge variants are the most commonly observed sources of heterogeneity in the routine manufacturing of monoclonal antibodies. To gain further insight into the structural foundation of charge heterogeneity and its influence on biological functions, an infliximab biosimilar HS626 from a biopharmaceutical facility was isolated by semipreparative cation exchange chromatography (CEX) to obtain fractions of acidic and basic charge variants and determine the main species. It was assessed again by CEX to ensure purities. Through a series of structural and physicochemical characterizations, we concluded that the acidic variants were caused by fragments, Met oxidation, Asn deamidation, higher levels of sialylation and galactosylation of N-linked glycans, and less high mannose. The basic variants resulted mainly from aggregates, fragments, and Met oxidation. Through further analysis of antigen binding affinity, cell death inhibitory activity, ADCC, and CDC, as well as FcRn, FcγRIIIa, and C1q affinity, we demonstrated that the charge heterogeneity did not affect biological functions. This research enhances the understanding of charge variants, which are usually effective components that should not be intentionally reduced unless biological functions are affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Yuan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Zhejiang Hisun Bioray Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Dong Gao
- Zhejiang Hisun Bioray Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Feng Hu
- Zhejiang Hisun Bioray Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Yang Shi
- Zhejiang Hisun Bioray Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Wu
- Zhejiang Hisun Bioray Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Chuan-Qin Hu
- Zhejiang Hisun Bioray Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Huang
- Zhejiang Hisun Bioray Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Wei-Jie Fang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Hai-Tao Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Hai-Bin Wang
- Zhejiang Hisun Bioray Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China.
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7
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Prade E, Zeck A, Stiefel F, Unsoeld A, Mentrup D, Arango Gutierrez E, Gorr IH. Cysteine in cell culture media induces acidic IgG1 species by disrupting the disulfide bond network. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:1091-1104. [PMID: 33200817 PMCID: PMC7986432 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A high degree of charge heterogeneity is an unfavorable phenomenon commonly observed for therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Removal of these impurities during manufacturing often comes at the cost of impaired step yields. A wide spectrum of posttranslational and chemical modifications is known to modify mAb charge. However, a deeper understanding of underlying mechanisms triggering charged species would be beneficial for the control of mAb charge variants during bioprocessing. In this study, a comprehensive analytical investigation was carried out to define the root causes and mechanisms inducing acidic variants of an immunoglobulin G1‐derived mAb. Characterization of differently charged species by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry revealed the reduction of disulfide bonds in acidic variants, which is followed by cysteinylation and glutathionylation of cysteines. Importantly, biophysical stability and integrity of the mAb are not affected. By in vitro incubation of the mAb with the reducing agent cysteine, disulfide bond degradation was directly linked to an increase of numerous acidic species. Modifying the concentrations of cysteine during the fermentation of various mAbs illustrated that redox potential is a critical aspect to consider during bioprocess development with respect to charge variant control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Prade
- Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Anne Zeck
- Pharma and Biotech, NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Fabian Stiefel
- Late Stage USP Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Andreas Unsoeld
- Late Stage USP Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - David Mentrup
- Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Erik Arango Gutierrez
- Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Ingo H Gorr
- Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
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8
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Violacein improves recombinant IgG production by controlling the cell cycle of Chinese hamster ovary cells. Cytotechnology 2020; 73:319-332. [PMID: 34149168 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-020-00434-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are used as host cells for industrial monoclonal antibody (mAb) production. Cell cycle control is an effective approach to increase mAb production in the cell culture. Violacein, a purple-colored pigment produced by microorganisms, has diverse bioactive properties and has been proposed for various industrial applications. In this study, we evaluated the potency of violacein for cell cycle control and improvement of recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG) production in CHO cells. Compared with the control, 0.9 μM violacein in a 14-day fed-batch culture increased the maximum IgG concentration by 37.6% via increasing the specific production rate and cell longevity. Cell cycle analysis showed that violacein induced G1 and G2/M phase arrest. However, the G1 arrest was observed only on day 1, while G2/M arrest lasted more than 3 days, suggesting that G2/M arrest mediated the violacein-induced enhanced IgG production. Moreover, in line with the increased protein expression, the expression levels of IgG mRNA and nutrient metabolic rates were also increased. N-Linked glycosylation and charge variant profiles were barely affected by violacein treatment. Our results indicate that violacein affects the cell cycle of CHO cells and increases IgG production without changing product quality, showing promise as a mAb production enhancer in CHO cells. The study provides insight into violacein utilization in industrial mAb manufacturing and can help develop advanced, effective mAb production technologies using CHO cell cultures.
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Xu P, Xu S, He C, Khetan A. Applications of small molecules in modulating productivity and product quality of recombinant proteins produced using cell cultures. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 43:107577. [PMID: 32540474 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cell cultures have been used extensively for production of recombinant protein therapeutics such as monoclonal antibodies, fusion proteins and enzymes for decades. Small molecules have been investigated as media supplements to improve process productivity and reduce cost of goods. Those chemicals can lead to significant yield improvement through different mechanisms such as cell cycle modulation, cellular redox regulation, etc. In addition to productivity, small molecules have also been routinely used to regulate post-translational modifications of recombinant proteins. This review summarizes key applications of small molecules in protein productivity improvement and product quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xu
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development & Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, United States of America.
| | - Sen Xu
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development & Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, United States of America
| | - Chunyan He
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development & Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, United States of America
| | - Anurag Khetan
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development & Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, United States of America
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Xu J, Rehmann MS, Tian J, He Q, Chen J, Lee J, Borys MC, Li ZJ. Rosmarinic acid, a new raw material, doubled monoclonal antibody titer in cell culture manufacturing. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Toronjo-Urquiza L, Acosta-Martin AE, James DC, Nagy T, Falconer RJ. The use of catechins in Chinese hamster ovary cell media for the improvement of monoclonal antibody yields and a reduction of acidic species. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e2980. [PMID: 32067358 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Catechin compounds have potential benefits for recombinant monoclonal antibody (Mab) production as chemical additives in cell culture media. In this study, four catechin compounds catechin (Cat), epicatechin (EC), gallocatechin-gallate (GCG), and epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG) were added to cell culture media (at 50 μM) and their effects on the recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture, specific productivity, and Mab quality were assessed. The results indicate that the improvement of specific productivity was linked to cell growth inhibition. All catechins caused cell phase growth arrest by lowering the number of cells in the G1/G0 phase and increasing the cells in the S and G2/M phases. Late addition of the catechin resulted in a significantly higher final IgG concentration. Cat and EC caused an improvement in the final antibody titer of 1.5 ± 0.1 and 1.3 ± 0.1 fold, respectively. Catechins with a galloyl group (GCG and EGCG) arrested cell growth and reduced cell specific productivity at the concentrations tested. The Cat-treated IgG was found to have reduced acidic species with a corresponding increase in the main peak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Toronjo-Urquiza
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Adelina E Acosta-Martin
- biOMICS Facility, Faculty of Science Mass Spectrometry Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - David C James
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Tibor Nagy
- Bioprocess Strategy and Development, Fujifilm Diosynth Biotechnologies, Stockton-on-Tees, UK
| | - Robert J Falconer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Toronjo-Urquiza L, Acosta-Martin AE, James DC, Nagy T, Falconer RJ. Resveratrol addition to Chinese hamster ovary cell culture media: The effect on cell growth, monoclonal antibody synthesis, and its chemical modification. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 36:e2940. [PMID: 31742929 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the addition of resveratrol to cell culture media during the production of monoclonal antibodies was investigated. Treatments of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing immunoglobulin G (IgG) with 25 and 50 μM resveratrol showed that resveratrol was capable of slowing cell growth while almost doubling cell-specific productivity to 4.7 ± 0.6 pg IgG/cell·day, resulting in up to a 1.37-fold increase of the final IgG titer. A resveratrol concentration of 50 μM slowed the progression through the cell cycle temporarily by trapping cells in the S-phase. Cation exchange chromatography showed no significant difference in the composition of acidic or basic IgG species and size exclusion chromatography indicated no change in fragmentation or aggregation of the recombinant IgG in the treatment groups. Resveratrol could be used as a chemical additive to CHO media where it would enhance IgG productivity and provide a degree of protection against hydroxyl and superoxide free radicals, expanding the range of options for process improvement available to monoclonal antibody manufacturers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Toronjo-Urquiza
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Adelina E Acosta-Martin
- biOMICS Facility, Faculty of Science Mass Spectrometry Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - David C James
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Tibor Nagy
- Bioprocess Strategy and Development, Fujifilm Diosynth Biotechnologies, Billingham, UK
| | - Robert J Falconer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Chevallier V, Andersen MR, Malphettes L. Oxidative stress-alleviating strategies to improve recombinant protein production in CHO cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 117:1172-1186. [PMID: 31814104 PMCID: PMC7078918 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Large scale biopharmaceutical production of biologics relies on the overexpression of foreign proteins by cells cultivated in stirred tank bioreactors. It is well recognized and documented fact that protein overexpression may impact host cell metabolism and that factors associated with large scale culture, such as the hydrodynamic forces and inhomogeneities within the bioreactors, may promote cellular stress. The metabolic adaptations required to support the high‐level expression of recombinant proteins include increased energy production and improved secretory capacity, which, in turn, can lead to a rise of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated through the respiration metabolism and the interaction with media components. Oxidative stress is defined as the imbalance between the production of free radicals and the antioxidant response within the cells. Accumulation of intracellular ROS can interfere with the cellular activities and exert cytotoxic effects via the alternation of cellular components. In this context, strategies aiming to alleviate oxidative stress generated during the culture have been developed to improve cell growth, productivity, and reduce product microheterogeneity. In this review, we present a summary of the different approaches used to decrease the oxidative stress in Chinese hamster ovary cells and highlight media development and cell engineering as the main pathways through which ROS levels may be kept under control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentine Chevallier
- Upstream Process Sciences, Biotech Sciences, UCB Nordic A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mikael Rørdam Andersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Toronjo Urquiza L, James DC, Nagy T, Falconer RJ. Screening Naturally Occurring Phenolic Antioxidants for Their Suitability as Additives to CHO Cell Culture Media Used to Produce Monoclonal Antibodies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8060159. [PMID: 31163664 PMCID: PMC6617030 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8060159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study identified several antioxidants that could be used in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)cell culture media and benefit monoclonal antibody production. The flavan-3-ols, catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin gallate and gallocatechin gallate all had no detrimental effect on cell viability at the concentrations tested, and they reduced the final viable cell count with a resulting rise in the cell specific productivity. The flavone, luteolin behave similarly to the flavan-3-ols. Resveratrol at 50 μM concentration resulted in the most pronounced reduction in viable cell density with minimal decrease in IgG synthesis and the largest increase in cell specific productivity. Low concentrations of α-tocopherol (35 μM) reduced viable cell density and raised cell specific productivity, but at higher concentration it had little additional effect. As high concentrations of α-tocopherol are not toxic to CHO cells, its addition as an anti-oxidant has great potential. Kaempferol up to 50 μM, curcumin up to 20 μM and piceid up to 100 μM showed little effect on growth or IgG synthesis and could be useful as antioxidants. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester was toxic to CHO cell and of no interest. Seven of the phenolic compounds tested are potential cell cycle inhibitors as well as having intrinsic antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Toronjo Urquiza
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
| | - David C James
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
| | - Tibor Nagy
- Fujifilm Diosynth Biotechnologies, Belasis Ave, Stockton-on-Tees, Billingham TS23 1LH, UK.
| | - Robert J Falconer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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15
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Chung S, Tian J, Tan Z, Chen J, Zhang N, Huang Y, Vandermark E, Lee J, Borys M, Li ZJ. Modulating cell culture oxidative stress reduces protein glycation and acidic charge variant formation. MAbs 2019; 11:205-216. [PMID: 30602334 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1537533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling acidic charge variants is critical for an industrial bioprocess due to the potential impact on therapeutic efficacy and safety. Achieving a consistent charge variant profile at manufacturing scale remains challenging and may require substantial resources to investigate effective control strategies. This is partially due to incomplete understanding of the underlying causes for charge variant formation during the cell culture process. To address this gap, we examined the effects of four process input factors (temperature, iron concentration, feed media age, and antioxidant (rosmarinic acid) concentration) on charge variant profile. These factors were found to affect the charge profile by modulating the cell culture oxidative state. Process conditions with higher acidic peaks corresponded to elevated supernatant peroxide concentration, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, or both. Changes in glycation level were the primary cause of the charge heterogeneity, and for the first time, supernatant peroxide was found to positively correlate with glycation levels. Based on these findings, a novel mathematical model was developed to demonstrate that the rate of acidic species formation was exponentially proportional to the concentrations of supernatant peroxide and protein product. This work provides critical insights into charge variant formation during the cell culture process and highlights the importance of modulating of cell culture oxidative stress for charge variant control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Chung
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , Northeastern University , Boston , MA
| | - Jun Tian
- b Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA
| | - Zhijun Tan
- b Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA
| | - Jie Chen
- b Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA
| | - Na Zhang
- b Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA
| | - Yunping Huang
- c Mass Spectrometry COE 1, Global Product Development and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Pennington , RJ
| | - Erik Vandermark
- b Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA
| | - Jongchan Lee
- b Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA
| | - Michael Borys
- b Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- b Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA
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16
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Niu H, Wang J, Liu M, Chai M, Zhao L, Liu X, Fan L, Tan WS. Uridine modulates monoclonal antibody charge heterogeneity in Chinese hamster ovary cell fed-batch cultures. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2018. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-018-0228-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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17
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Cell culture medium supplemented with taurine decreases basic charge variant levels of a monoclonal antibody. Biotechnol Lett 2018; 40:1487-1493. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-018-2606-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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18
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Vijayasankaran N, Varma S, Yang Y, Meier S, Kiss R. Effect of cell culture medium additives on color and acidic charge variants of a monoclonal antibody. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:1298-1307. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharat Varma
- Late Stage Cell Culture, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Yi Yang
- Protein Analytical ChemistryGenentech, Inc.South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Steven Meier
- Late Stage Cell Culture, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Robert Kiss
- Late Stage Cell Culture, South San Francisco, CA 94080
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19
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Chung S, Tian J, Tan Z, Chen J, Lee J, Borys M, Li ZJ. Industrial bioprocessing perspectives on managing therapeutic protein charge variant profiles. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Northeastern University; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Jun Tian
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Jie Chen
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Jongchan Lee
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Michael Borys
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
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20
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Xu J, Rehmann MS, Xu X, Huang C, Tian J, Qian NX, Li ZJ. Improving titer while maintaining quality of final formulated drug substance via optimization of CHO cell culture conditions in low-iron chemically defined media. MAbs 2018; 10:488-499. [PMID: 29388872 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1433978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During biopharmaceutical process development, it is important to improve titer to reduce drug manufacturing costs and to deliver comparable quality attributes of therapeutic proteins, which helps to ensure patient safety and efficacy. We previously reported that relative high-iron concentrations in media increased titer, but caused unacceptable coloration of a fusion protein during early-phase process development. Ultimately, the fusion protein with acceptable color was manufactured using low-iron media, but the titer decreased significantly in the low-iron process. Here, long-term passaging in low-iron media is shown to significantly improve titer while maintaining acceptable coloration during late-phase process development. However, the long-term passaging also caused a change in the protein charge variant profile by significantly increasing basic variants. Thus, we systematically studied the effect of media components, seed culture conditions, and downstream processing on productivity and quality attributes. We found that removing β-glycerol phosphate (BGP) from basal media reduced basic variants without affecting titer. Our goals for late-phase process development, improving titer and matching quality attributes to the early-phase process, were thus achieved by prolonging seed culture age and removing BGP. This process was also successfully scaled up in 500-L bioreactors. In addition, we demonstrated that higher concentrations of reactive oxygen species were present in the high-iron Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures compared to that in the low-iron cultures, suggesting a possible mechanism for the drug substance coloration caused by high-iron media. Finally, hypotheses for the mechanisms of titer improvement by both high-iron and long-term culture are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Xu
- a Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA , United States
| | - Matthew S Rehmann
- a Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA , United States
| | - Xuankuo Xu
- a Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA , United States
| | - Chao Huang
- a Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA , United States
| | - Jun Tian
- a Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA , United States
| | - Nan-Xin Qian
- a Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA , United States
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- a Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA , United States
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21
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Tang H, Miao S, Zhang X, Fan L, Liu X, Tan WS, Zhao L. Insights into the generation of monoclonal antibody acidic charge variants during Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:1203-1214. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8650-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Mora A, Zhang SS, Carson G, Nabiswa B, Hossler P, Yoon S. Sustaining an efficient and effective CHO cell line development platform by incorporation of 24-deep well plate screening and multivariate analysis. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 34:175-186. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Mora
- Cell Line Development, Process Sciences Dept.; AbbVie Bioresearch Center; Worcester MA
- Francis College of Engineering; University of Massachusetts Lowell; Lowell MA
| | - Sheng Sam Zhang
- Cell Line Development, Process Sciences Dept.; AbbVie Bioresearch Center; Worcester MA
| | - Gerald Carson
- Cell Line Development, Process Sciences Dept.; AbbVie Bioresearch Center; Worcester MA
| | - Bernard Nabiswa
- Cell Line Development, Process Sciences Dept.; AbbVie Bioresearch Center; Worcester MA
| | - Patrick Hossler
- Cell Culture, Process Sciences Dept.; AbbVie Bioresearch Center; Worcester MA
| | - Seongkyu Yoon
- Francis College of Engineering; University of Massachusetts Lowell; Lowell MA
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23
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Torkashvand F, Vaziri B. Main Quality Attributes of Monoclonal Antibodies and Effect of Cell Culture Components. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2017; 21:131-41. [PMID: 28176518 PMCID: PMC5392216 DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.ibj.21.3.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The culture media optimization is an inevitable part of upstream process development in therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) production. The quality by design (QbD) approach defines the assured quality of the final product through the development stage. An important step in QbD is determination of the main quality attributes. During the media optimization, some of the main quality attributes such as glycosylation pattern, charge variants, aggregates, and low-molecular-weight species, could be significantly altered. Here, we provide an overview of how cell culture medium components affects the main quality attributes of the mAbs. Knowing the relationship between the culture media components and the main quality attributes could be successfully utilized for a rational optimization of mammalian cell culture media for industrial mAbs production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Behrouz Vaziri
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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24
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Identification of multiple sources of the acidic charge variants in an IgG1 monoclonal antibody. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:5627-5638. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8301-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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25
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Liu H, Nowak C, Shao M, Ponniah G, Neill A. Impact of cell culture on recombinant monoclonal antibody product heterogeneity. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:1103-1112. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongcheng Liu
- Product Characterization, Global Analytical and Pharmaceutical Development; Alexion Pharmaceuticals; CT06410 Cheshire
| | - Christine Nowak
- Product Characterization, Global Analytical and Pharmaceutical Development; Alexion Pharmaceuticals; CT06410 Cheshire
| | - Mei Shao
- Late Stage Upstream Development, Global Process Development; Alexion Pharmaceuticals; CT06410 Cheshire
| | - Gomathinayagam Ponniah
- Product Characterization, Global Analytical and Pharmaceutical Development; Alexion Pharmaceuticals; CT06410 Cheshire
| | - Alyssa Neill
- Product Characterization, Global Analytical and Pharmaceutical Development; Alexion Pharmaceuticals; CT06410 Cheshire
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26
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Xie P, Niu H, Chen X, Zhang X, Miao S, Deng X, Liu X, Tan WS, Zhou Y, Fan L. Elucidating the effects of pH shift on IgG1 monoclonal antibody acidic charge variant levels in Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:10343-10353. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7749-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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27
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Improving lactate metabolism in an intensified CHO culture process: productivity and product quality considerations. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2016; 39:1689-702. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-016-1644-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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28
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Hazeltine LB, Knueven KM, Zhang Y, Lian Z, Olson DJ, Ouyang A. Chemically defined media modifications to lower tryptophan oxidation of biopharmaceuticals. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 32:178-88. [PMID: 26560440 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation of biopharmaceuticals is a major product quality issue with potential impacts on activity and immunogenicity. At Eli Lilly and Company, high tryptophan oxidation was observed for two biopharmaceuticals in development produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells. A switch from historical hydrolysate-containing media to chemically defined media with a reformulated basal powder was thought to be responsible, so mitigation efforts focused on media modification. Shake flask studies identified that increasing tryptophan, copper, and manganese and decreasing cysteine concentrations were individual approaches to lower tryptophan oxidation. When amino acid and metal changes were combined, the modified formulation had a synergistic impact that led to substantially less tryptophan oxidation for both biopharmaceuticals. Similar results were achieved in shake flasks and benchtop bioreactors, demonstrating the potential to implement these modifications at manufacturing scale. The modified formulation did not negatively impact cell growth and viability, product titer, purity, charge variants, or glycan profile. A potential mechanism of action is presented for each amino acid or metal factor based on its role in oxidation chemistry. This work served not only to mitigate the tryptophan oxidation issue in two Lilly biopharmaceuticals in development, but also to increase our knowledge and appreciation for the impact of media components on product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie B Hazeltine
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285
| | - Kristine M Knueven
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285
| | - Yan Zhang
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285
| | - Zhirui Lian
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285
| | - Donald J Olson
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285
| | - Anli Ouyang
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285
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