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He C, Zhang H, Chen X, Diao R, Sun J, Mao X. Novel reaction systems for catalytic synthesis of structured phospholipids. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:1. [PMID: 38153551 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipids are distinctive, adaptable molecules that are crucial to numerous biological systems. Additionally, their various architectures and amphiphilic characteristics support their unrivaled crucial functions in scientific and industrial applications. Due to their enormous potential for use in the fields of medicine, food, cosmetics, and health, structured phospholipids, which are modified phospholipids, have garnered increased attention. Traditional extraction methods, however, are pricy, resource-intensive, and low-yielding. The process of enzyme-catalyzed conversion is effective for producing several types of structured phospholipase. However, most frequently employed catalytic procedures involve biphasic systems with organic solvents, which have a relatively large mass transfer resistance and are susceptible to solvent residues and environmental effects due to the hydrophobic nature of phospholipids. Therefore, the adoption of innovative, successful, and environmentally friendly enzyme-catalyzed conversion systems provides a new development route in the field of structured phospholipids processing. Several innovative catalytic reaction systems are discussed in this mini-review, including aqueous-solid system, mixed micelle system, water-in-oil microemulsion system, Pickering emulsion system, novel solvent system, three-liquid-phase system, and supercritical carbon dioxide solvent system. However, there is still a glaring need for a thorough examination of these systems for the enzymatic synthesis of structural phospholipids. In terms of the materials utilized, applicability, benefits and drawbacks, and comparative effectiveness of each system, this research establishes further conditions for the system's selection. To create more effective biocatalytic processes, it is still important to build green biocatalytic processes with improved performance. KEY POINTS: • The latest catalytic systems of phospholipase D are thoroughly summarized. • The various systems are contrasted, and their traits are enumerated. • Different catalytic systems' areas of applicability and limitations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi He
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266404, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao, 266404, China
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266404, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao, 266404, China
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266404, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao, 266404, China
| | - Rujing Diao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266404, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao, 266404, China
| | - Jianan Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266404, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao, 266404, China.
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266404, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao, 266404, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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Thimm JS, Hofmann V, Bartel M, Sundermann TR. Phospholipid metabolites of GHB as potential biomarkers in whole blood: Synthesis, analytics, and in vitro formation of homolog 16:0/18:1. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:192-203. [PMID: 36229420 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is a common drug of abuse, and the detection of a consumption or administration is a longstanding research objective in clinical and forensic toxicology. However, until now, the short detection window of GHB could not be enlarged by the use of GHB metabolites. Therefore, new biomarkers for the detection of a GHB intake are needed. In analogy to phosphatidylethanols as long-time biomarkers of ethanol, phospholipids with GHB might represent a promising compound class. While the availability of reference compounds often represents a bottleneck in clinical and forensic toxicological research, two phospholipids-phosphatidyl-GHB (16:0/18:1) and its isomer phosphatidyl beta-hydroxybutyric acid (16:0/18:1)-were successfully synthesized by a new highly versatile synthetic route. Structural characterization data, together with 1 H-, 13 C-, and 31 P-NMR and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) spectra, are reported. Subsequently, a HPLC-MS/MS method was established for the determination of both compounds (limits of detection [LOD] ≤ 2 ng/ml), and the formation of these metabolites was investigated in two in vitro experiments. The formation of phosphatidyl-GHB (16:0/18:1) was observed in an incubation experiment by converting phosphatidylcholine (16:0/18:1) and GHB with phospholipase D and in whole blood samples spiked with 50 mM GHB, respectively. Therefore, phosphatidyl-GHB (16:0/18:1) might represent a valuable new metabolite of GHB with the potential for an extension of the detection window as GHB biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian S Thimm
- Institute of Forensic and Traffic Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Hofmann
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Bartel
- Institute of Forensic and Traffic Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tom R Sundermann
- Institute of Forensic and Traffic Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Wang D, Guo M, Li J, Li B, Wang J. Efficient immobilized phospholipase A1 on Mo-basing nanomaterials for enzymatic degumming. Biotechnol Prog 2022; 38:e3256. [PMID: 35384416 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Six kinds of Mo-basing nanomaterials (MoO3 , MoO3 @Ru, Mo-PDA, MoPC , MoP, CNT@MoS2 ) were successfully synthesized, which were employed as carriers to immobilize phospholipase A1 (PLA1) for the hydrolysis of phospholipids (PLs). PLA1 was immobilized by a simple adsorption-precipitation-cross-linking to form an "enzyme net" covering on nanoparticles. The greatest advantage of these nanoparticles was their strong hydrophilic surface. It not only permitted their dispersion in the aqueous phase, but also showed the strong affinity for PLs in the organic phase, because amphiphilic PLs had the polar head group and higher hydrophilicity than other oils components. Michaelis-Menten analysis revealed that higher catalytic activity and enzyme-substrate affinity were observed in several immobilized PLA1 than its free form. MoO3 was confirmed to be the best candidate for carrier. The highest specific activity of MoO3 -immobilized PLA1 reached 43.1 U/mg, which was about 1.8 times higher than that of free PLA1 (24.4 U/mg). In addition, the stability and recycling were also enhanced. The robust immobilized PLA1 was prepared in this work, showing great potential for the enzymatic degumming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duanhao Wang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, China
| | - Meijing Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiachen Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Binglin Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Allegretti C, Bono A, D'Arrigo P, Gatti FG, Marzorati S, Rossato LAM, Serra S, Strini A, Tessaro D. Exploitation of Soybean Oil Acid Degumming Waste: Biocatalytic Synthesis of High Value Phospholipids. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Allegretti
- Department of Chemistry Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano p.zza L. da Vinci 32 Milano 20133 Italy
| | - Andrea Bono
- Department of Chemistry Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano p.zza L. da Vinci 32 Milano 20133 Italy
| | - Paola D'Arrigo
- Department of Chemistry Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano p.zza L. da Vinci 32 Milano 20133 Italy
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche“Giulio Natta” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (SCITEC-CNR) via Luigi Mancinelli 7 Milano 20131 Italy
| | - Francesco G. Gatti
- Department of Chemistry Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano p.zza L. da Vinci 32 Milano 20133 Italy
| | - Stefano Marzorati
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche“Giulio Natta” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (SCITEC-CNR) via Luigi Mancinelli 7 Milano 20131 Italy
| | - Letizia A. M. Rossato
- Department of Chemistry Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano p.zza L. da Vinci 32 Milano 20133 Italy
| | - Stefano Serra
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche“Giulio Natta” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (SCITEC-CNR) via Luigi Mancinelli 7 Milano 20131 Italy
| | - Alberto Strini
- Istituto per le Tecnologie della Costruzione Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ITC-CNR) via Lombardia 49 San Giuliano Milanese MI 20098 Italy
| | - Davide Tessaro
- Department of Chemistry Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano p.zza L. da Vinci 32 Milano 20133 Italy
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Wang J, Qi X, Yu W, Zhang X, Zhang T, Li B. Highly efficient biosynthesis of phosphatidylserine by the surface adsorption-catalysis in purely aqueous media and mechanism study by biomolecular simulation. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Polar Head Modified Phospholipids by Phospholipase D-Catalyzed Transformations of Natural Phosphatidylcholine for Targeted Applications: An Overview. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10090997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes the use of phospholipase D (PLD) to perform the transphosphatidylation of the most common natural phospholipid (PL), phosphatidylcholine (PC) to obtain polar head modified phospholipids with real targeted applications. The introduction of different polar heads with distinctive physical and chemical properties such as charge, polarity and dimensions allows the obtainment of very different PLs, which can be exploited in very diverse fields of application. Moreover, the inclusions of a bioactive moiety in the PL polar head constitutes a powerful tool for the stabilization and administration of active ingredients. The use of this biocatalytic approach allows the preparation of compounds which cannot be easily obtained by classical chemical methods, by using mild and green reaction conditions. PLD is a very versatile enzyme, able to catalyze both the hydrolysis of PC to choline and phosphatidic acid (PA), and the transphosphatidylation reaction in the presence of an appropriate alcohol. The yield of production of the desired product and the ratio with the collateral PA formation is highly dependent on parameters such as the nature and concentration of the alcohol and the enzymatic source. The application of PLD catalyzed transformations for the production of a great number of PLs with important uses in medical, nutraceutical and cosmetic sectors will be discussed in this work.
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Wang J, Yu W, Zhang X, Zhang T, Wang H, Shu W, Liu L, Zhao B, Li B. Two-step modification of silica for efficient adsorption of phosphatidylcholine in water and application in phospholipase D-catalyzed transphosphatidylation. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 36:e2949. [PMID: 31845503 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and green aqueous-solid system was introduced for phospholipase D-mediated transphosphatidylation. γ-(2,3-epoxypropoxy) propytrimethoxysilane was covalently bound to silica and esterified by acetic acid, which acted as an anchor molecule to facilitate the adsorption of phosphatidylcholine (PC) in aqueous solutions. Obtained silica-adsorbed PC was successfully used for transphosphatidylation to produce phosphatidylserine (PS). The PC loading and PS yield reached 98.8 and 98.3%, respectively. A new model was proposed to illustrate the adsorption and enzymatic processes. Moreover, this aqueous-solid system provides a promising way for the continuous production. Four kinds of phospholipids were biosynthesized in the pack-bed reactor. The stability of the aqueous-solid system was excellent, as demonstrated by its use 30 times without any loss of the productivity. The product was eluted by coconut oil and manufactured into microcapsules. Toxic agents were completely avoided in the whole production process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenyu Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huan Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenfang Shu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Binxia Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Binglin Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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