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Wu D, Chen L, Zhong B, Zhang Z, Huang H, Gong L, Zou X, Zhan R, Chen L. PcENO3 interacts with patchoulol synthase to positively affect the enzymatic activity and patchoulol biosynthesis in Pogostemon cablin. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14055. [PMID: 38148188 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Patchouli alcohol, a significant bioactive component of the herbal plant Pogostemon cablin, has considerable medicinal and commercial potential. Several genes and transcription factors involved in the biosynthesis pathway of patchouli alcohol have been identified. However, so far, regulatory factors directly interacting with patchouli synthase (PTS) have not been reported. This study was conducted to analyze the interaction between PcENO3 and PcPTS to explore the molecular regulation effect of PcENO3 on patchouli alcohol biosynthesis. PcENO3, a homologous protein of Arabidopsis ENO3 belonging to the enolase family, was identified and characterized. Subcellular localization experiments in Arabidopsis protoplast cells indicated that the PcENO3 protein was localized in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. The physical interaction between PcENO3 and PcPTS was confirmed through yeast two-hybrid (Y2H), GST pull-down, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. Furthermore, the Y2H assay demonstrated that PcENO3 could also interact with JAZ proteins in the JA pathway. Enzymatic assays showed that the interaction with PcENO3 increased the catalytic activity of patchoulol synthase. Additionally, suppression of PcENO3 expression with VIGS (virus-induced gene silencing) decreased patchouli alcohol content compared to the control. These findings suggest that PcENO3 interacts with patchoulol synthase and modulates patchoulol biosynthesis by enhancing the enzymatic activity of PcPTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daidi Wu
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lang Chen
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baiyang Zhong
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongsheng Zhang
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiling Huang
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lizhen Gong
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Zou
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruoting Zhan
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
| | - Likai Chen
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
- Guangdong Yintian Agricultural Technology, Yunfu, China
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Tran CD, Dräger G, Struwe HF, Siedenberg L, Vasisth S, Grunenberg J, Kirschning A. Cyclopropylmethyldiphosphates are substrates for sesquiterpene synthases: experimental and theoretical results. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:7833-7839. [PMID: 36169604 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01279k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New homo-sesquiterpenes are accessible after conversion of presilphiperfolan-8β-ol synthase (BcBOT2) with cyclopropylmethyl analogs of farnesyl diphosphate, and this biotransformation is dependent on subtle structural refinements. Two of the three cyclisation products are homo variants of germacrene D and germacrene D-4-ol while the third product reported contains a new bicyclic backbone for which no analogue in nature has been described so far. The findings on diphosphate activation are discussed and rationalised by relaxed force constants and dissociation energies computed at the DFT level of theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Duc Tran
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Gerald Dräger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Henry Frederik Struwe
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Lukas Siedenberg
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Somi Vasisth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jörg Grunenberg
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andreas Kirschning
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
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Xu H, Goldfuss B, Schnakenburg G, Dickschat JS. The enzyme mechanism of patchoulol synthase. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:13-24. [PMID: 35047079 PMCID: PMC8744462 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Different mechanisms for the cyclisation of farnesyl pyrophosphate to patchoulol by the patchoulol synthase are discussed in the literature. They are based on isotopic labelling experiments, but the results from these experiments are contradictory. The present work reports on a reinvestigation of patchoulol biosynthesis by isotopic labelling experiments and computational chemistry. The results are in favour of a pathway through the neutral intermediates germacrene A and α-bulnesene that are both reactivated by protonation for further cyclisation steps, while previously discussed intra- and intermolecular hydrogen transfers are not supported. Furthermore, the isolation of the new natural product (2S,3S,7S,10R)-guaia-1,11-dien-10-ol from patchouli oil is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houchao Xu
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernd Goldfuss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 4, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Gregor Schnakenburg
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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Zhou L, Wang Y, Han L, Wang Q, Liu H, Cheng P, Li R, Guo X, Zhou Z. Enhancement of Patchoulol Production in Escherichia coli via Multiple Engineering Strategies. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:7572-7580. [PMID: 34196182 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As a natural sesquiterpene compound with numerous biological activities, patchoulol has extensive applications in the cosmetic industry and potential usage in pharmaceuticals. Although several patchoulol-producing microbial strains have been constructed, the low productivity still hampers large-scale fermentation. Escherichia coli possesses the ease of genetic manipulation and simple nutritional requirements and does not comprise competing pathways for the farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) precursor, showing its potential for patchoulol biosynthesis. Here, combinatorial strategies were applied to produce patchoulol in E. coli. The initial strain was constructed, and it produced 14 mg/L patchoulol after fermentation optimization. Patchoulol synthase (PTS) was engineered by semirational design, resulting in improved substrate binding affinity and a patchoulol titer of 40.3 mg/L; the patchoulol titer reached 66.2 mg/L after fusing of PTS with FPP synthase. To further improve the patchoulol production, the genome of an efficient chassis strain was engineered by deleting the competitive routes for acetate, lactate, ethanol, and succinate synthesis and cumulatively enhancing the expression of efflux transporters, which improved patchoulol production to 338.6 mg/L. When tested in a bioreactor, the patchoulol titer and productivity were further improved to 970.1 mg/L and 199 mg/L/d, respectively, and were among the highest levels reported using mineral salt medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Laichuang Han
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Haili Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruoxuan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuecong Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhemin Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- Jiangnan University (Rugao) Food Biotechnology Research Institute, Rugao 226500, Jiangsu, China
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Aguilar F, Ekramzadeh K, Scheper T, Beutel S. Whole-Cell Production of Patchouli Oil Sesquiterpenes in Escherichia coli: Metabolic Engineering and Fermentation Optimization in Solid-Liquid Phase Partitioning Cultivation. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:32436-32446. [PMID: 33376881 PMCID: PMC7758989 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Patchouli oil is a major ingredient in perfumery, granting a dark-woody scent due to its main constituent (-)-patchoulol. The growing demand for patchouli oil has raised interest in the development of a biotechnological process to assure a reliable supply. Herein, we report the production of patchouli oil sesquiterpenes by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli strains, using solid-liquid phase partitioning cultivation. The (-)-patchoulol production was possible using the endogenous methylerythritol phosphate pathway and overexpressing a (-)-patchoulol synthase isoform from Pogostemon cablin but at low titers. To improve the (-)-patchoulol production, the exogenous mevalonate pathway was overexpressed in the multi-plasmid PTS + Mev strain, which increased the (-)-patchoulol titer 5-fold. Fermentation was improved further by evaluating several defined media, and optimizing the pH and temperature of culture broth, enhancing the (-)-patchoulol titer 3-fold. To augment the (-)-patchoulol recovery from fermentation, the solid-liquid phase partitioning cultivation was analyzed by screening polymeric adsorbers, where the Diaion HP20 adsorber demonstrated the highest (-)-patchoulol recovery from all tests. Fermentation was scaled-up to fed-batch bioreactors, reaching a (-)-patchoulol titer of 40.2 mg L-1 and productivity of 20.1 mg L-1 d-1. The terpene profile and aroma produced from the PTS + Mev strain were similar to the patchouli oil, comprising (-)-patchoulol as the main product, and α-bulnesene, trans-β-caryophyllene, β-patchoulene, and guaia-5,11-diene as side products. This investigation represents the first study of (-)-patchoulol production in E. coli by solid-liquid phase partitioning cultivation, which provides new insights for the development of sustainable bioprocesses for the microbial production of fragrant terpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Aguilar
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstr. 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Kimia Ekramzadeh
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstr. 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstr. 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sascha Beutel
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstr. 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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