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Chen G, Wang W, Li Y. Comparative study of OCTA algorithms with a high-sensitivity multi-contrast Jones matrix OCT system for human skin imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:4718-4736. [PMID: 36187265 PMCID: PMC9484425 DOI: 10.1364/boe.462941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The multi-contrast Jones matrix OCT (JMT) system can not only improve the tissue-specific contrast but also enhance the sensitivity of detecting flow, which is gaining increasing attention. However, for the JMT system, there is currently a lack of studies evaluating and guiding the selection of suitable angiography algorithms to map the most appealing quality of angiograms for clinical use. In this paper, by a homemade high-sensitivity multi-contrast JMT system based 200 kHz swept source, the performance of two complex-signal-based OCTA methods that are insensitive to phase instability and one amplitude-signal-based OCTA method are compared for in-vivo imaging of human skin qualitatively and quantitatively. Six metrics, including vascular connectivity, image contrast-to-noise ratio, image signal-to-noise ratio, vessel diameter index, blood vessel density, and processing time, are assessed. The results show that the vascular networks processed by all OCTA methods and the texture of skin could be visualized simultaneously and markedly. Additionally, the complex-signal-based OCTA methods successfully suppress phase instabilities and even outperform the amplitude-signal-based OCTA algorithm in some indicators. This paper has a certain guiding significance for selecting an appropriate angiography algorithm and expanding the application field with this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Imaging Technology and System of Ministry of Education of China, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wen’ai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Imaging Technology and System of Ministry of Education of China, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing 100081, China
- Institute of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yanqiu Li
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Imaging Technology and System of Ministry of Education of China, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing 100081, China
- Institute of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing 100081, China
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Sugrue R, Efstathiades A, O'Shaughnessy M. Trifurcation of the recurrent motor branch discovered during carpal tunnel release. BMJ Case Rep 2020; 13:13/3/e230155. [PMID: 32169974 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-230155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Sugrue
- Plastic Surgery Department, Cork University Hospital Group, Cork, Ireland
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Riegler G, Pivec C, Platzgummer H, Lieba-Samal D, Brugger P, Jengojan S, Vierhapper M, Bodner G. High-resolution ultrasound visualization of the recurrent motor branch of the median nerve: normal and first pathological findings. Eur Radiol 2016; 27:2941-2949. [PMID: 27957641 PMCID: PMC5486794 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-016-4671-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate in a prospective study the possibility of visualization and diagnostic assessment of the recurrent motor branch (RMB) of the median nerve with high-resolution ultrasound (HRUS). Materials and methods HRUS with high-frequency probes (18–22 MhZ) was used to locate the RMB in eight fresh cadaveric hands. To verify correct identification, ink-marking and consecutive dissection were performed. Measurement of the RMB maximum transverse-diameter, an evaluation of the origin from the median nerve and its course in relation to the transverse carpal ligament, was performed in both hands of ten healthy volunteers (n = 20). Cases referred for HRUS examinations for suspected RMB lesions were also assessed. Results The RMB was clearly visible in all anatomical specimens and all volunteers. Dissection confirmed HRUS findings in all anatomical specimens. Mean RMB diameter in volunteers was 0.7 mm ± 0.1 (range, 0.6–1). The RMB originated from the radial aspect in 11 (55%), central aspect in eight (40%) and ulnar aspect in one (5%) hand. Nineteen (95%) extraligamentous courses and one (5%) subligamentous course were detected. Three patients with visible RMB abnormalities on HRUS were identified. Conclusion HRUS is able to reliably visualize the RMB, its variations and pathologies. Key Points • Ultrasound allows visualization of the recurrent motor branch of the median nerve. • Ultrasound may help clinicians to assess patients with recurrent motor branch pathologies. • Patient management may become more appropriate and targeted therapy could be improved. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00330-016-4671-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Riegler
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Währingergürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christopher Pivec
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Währingergürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannes Platzgummer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Währingergürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Lieba-Samal
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Währingergürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Brugger
- Department of Anatomy, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 13, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Suren Jengojan
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Währingergürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Vierhapper
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währingergürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerd Bodner
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Währingergürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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Smith J, Barnes DE, Barnes KJ, Strakowski JA, Lachman N, Kakar S, Martinoli C. Sonographic Visualization of Thenar Motor Branch of the Median Nerve: A Cadaveric Validation Study. PM R 2016; 9:159-169. [PMID: 27210237 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The thenar motor branch (TMB) of the median nerve may be affected in carpal tunnel syndrome and can be injured during carpal tunnel surgery. Although ultrasound has been used to identify small nerves throughout the body, the sonographic evaluation of the TMB has not been investigated formally. OBJECTIVE To document the ability of ultrasound to visualize the TMB of the median nerve in an unembalmed cadaveric model. DESIGN Prospective laboratory investigation. SETTING Procedural skills laboratory at a tertiary medical center. METHODS On the basis of anatomical descriptions, dissection and clinical experience, a technique was developed to sonographically identify the presumed TMB of the median nerve at the distal carpal tunnel. A single, experienced examiner then identified the presumed TMB in 10 unembalmed, cadaveric upper limb specimens (4 right, 6 left) obtained from 9 donors (4 male, 5 female) ages 76-85 years with body mass indices of 18.2-29.5 kg/m2 with both 12-3 MHZ and 16-7 MHz linear array transducers. The same examiner then injected 0.2-0.3 mL of diluted colored latex into and around the presumed TMB using direct ultrasound guidance. At a minimum of 24 hours postinjection, specimens were dissected under loupe magnification to determine the location of the latex injectate. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The location of latex injectate relative to the anatomically identified TMB. RESULTS A vertical, linear, hypoechogenic region was sonographically identified arising from the median nerve at the distal carpal tunnel in all 10 specimens and was hypothesized to represent the vertical segment of the TMB. Both transducers allowed identification of the TMB, although localization was subjectively facilitated by the higher frequency transducer. All 10 sonographically guided injections placed latex into and around the TMB of the median nerve, confirming that ultrasound had accurately identified the TMB. CONCLUSIONS Sonographic evaluation of the TMB of the median nerve is technically feasible and should be considered when clinically indicated. Further research and clinical experience is necessary to define the role of sonographic TMB imaging in the evaluation and management of patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Smith
- Departments of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Radiology, and Anatomy, Mayo Clinic Sports Medicine Center, Mayo Clinic, W14, Mayo Building, 200 1st St, SW, Rochester, MN 55905(∗).
| | - Darryl E Barnes
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Austin, MN(†)
| | | | - Jeffrey A Strakowski
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH(§)
| | - Nirusha Lachman
- Departments of Anatomy and Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN(¶)
| | - Sanjeev Kakar
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN(#)
| | - Carlo Martinoli
- Cattedra "R" di Radiologia-DIMI, Universita' di Genova, Genoa, Italy(∗∗)
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Henry BM, Zwinczewska H, Roy J, Vikse J, Ramakrishnan PK, Walocha JA, Tomaszewski KA. The Prevalence of Anatomical Variations of the Median Nerve in the Carpal Tunnel: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136477. [PMID: 26305098 PMCID: PMC4549253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The course and branches of the median nerve (MN) in the wrist vary widely among the population. Due to significant differences in the reported prevalence of such variations, extensive knowledge on the anatomy of the MN is essential to avoid iatrogenic nerve injury. Our aim was to determine the prevalence rates of anatomical variations of the MN in the carpal tunnel and the most common course patterns and variations in its thenar motor branch (TMB). STUDY DESIGN A systematic search of all major databases was performed to identify articles that studied the prevalence of MN variations in the carpal tunnel and the TMB. No date or language restrictions were set. Extracted data was classified according to Lanz's classification system: variations in the course of the single TMB--extraligamentous, subligamentous, and transligamentous (type 1); accessory branches of the MN at the distal carpal tunnel (type 2); high division of the MN (type 3); and the MN and its accessory branches proximal to the carpal tunnel (type 4). Pooled prevalence rates were calculated using MetaXL 2.0. RESULTS Thirty-one studies (n = 3918 hands) were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence rates of the extraligamentous, subligamentous, and transligamentous courses were 75.2% (95%CI:55.4%-84.7%), 13.5% (95%CI:3.6%-25.7%), and 11.3% (95%CI:2.4%-23.0%), respectively. The prevalence of Lanz group 2, 3, and 4 were 4.6% (95%CI:1.6%-9.1%), 2.6% (95%CI:0.1%-2.8%), and 2.3% (95%CI:0.3%-5.6%), respectively. Ulnar side of branching of the TMB was found in 2.1% (95%CI:0.9%-3.6%) of hands. The prevalence of hypertrophic thenar muscles over the transverse carpal ligament was 18.2% (95%CI:6.8%-33.0%). A transligamentous course of the TMB was more commonly found in hands with hypertrophic thenar muscles (23.4%, 95%CI:5.0%-43.4%) compared to those without hypertrophic musculature (1.7%, 95%CI:0%-100%). In four studies (n = 423 hands), identical bilateral course of the TMB was found in 72.3% (95%CI:58.4%-84.4%) of patients. CONCLUSIONS Anatomical variations in the course of the TMB and the MN in the carpal tunnel are common in the population. Thus, we recommend an ulnar side approach to carpal tunnel release, with a careful layer by layer dissection, to avoid iatrogenic damage to the TMB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Michael Henry
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 12 Kopernika Street, 31–034, Krakow, Poland
| | - Helena Zwinczewska
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 12 Kopernika Street, 31–034, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joyeeta Roy
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 12 Kopernika Street, 31–034, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jens Vikse
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 12 Kopernika Street, 31–034, Krakow, Poland
| | - Piravin Kumar Ramakrishnan
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 12 Kopernika Street, 31–034, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy A. Walocha
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 12 Kopernika Street, 31–034, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof A. Tomaszewski
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 12 Kopernika Street, 31–034, Krakow, Poland
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
PURPOSE To report an electrophysiological study on thenar motor neuropathy of the median nerve. METHODS Twenty-eight consecutive patients (mean age, 48.8 years; 17 men) with dominant hand thenar muscle weakness without sensory symptoms were enrolled in this study. Electromyography of hand and forearm muscles and neurography of median, ulnar, radial, and palmar nerves, including distal motor latency recording from the second interosseous-lumbrical muscles, were performed. RESULTS Complete denervation of the abductor pollicis brevis muscle was observed in one case and delayed median abductor pollicis brevis-distal motor latency was observed in the others. Other neurographic findings were normal. CONCLUSIONS Thenar motor neuropathy may have different pathogeneses. It may be considered a variant of carpal tunnel syndrome involving the motor branch only or more likely due to chronic direct compression of the branch, because it preferentially affects males, dominant hand, and persons doing manual work. In both cases, anatomic origin and variations in the course of the branch may favor thenar motor neuropathy.
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Mondelli M, Baldasseroni A, Aretini A, Ginanneschi F, Padua L. Prevalent involvement of thenar motor fibres in vineyard workers with carpal tunnel syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol 2010; 121:1251-5. [PMID: 20231111 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2010.02.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 01/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) has a high prevalence in agricultural workers, especially those engaged in vineyards. We postulated that vineyard CTS was electrophysiologically different from CTS of other subjects. We performed a retrospective cross-sectional electrophysiological study of two cohorts of consecutive patients with CTS, the first consisting of vineyard workers and the second, of other unselected types of workers, housewives and pensioners. METHODS Thirty-three vineyard workers (mean age 46.8years, 42% women) and 205 patients with other occupations (mean age 53.7years; 66% women) were enrolled. All patients underwent sensory and motor neurography of the median and ulnar nerves. Differences in demographic and electrophysiological findings between groups were calculated and multiple linear regression analysis was performed to eliminate the influence of potential confounding factors (age, sex, BMI, clinical severity of CTS) on the results of univariate difference analysis. RESULTS Univariate analysis showed that DML was longer and compound muscle action potential amplitude of the median nerve, recorded from the abductor pollicis brevis muscle, was smaller in vineyard workers than in the other CTS patients. These differences remained significant after adjusting the results for confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS The vineyard workers showed a different pattern of CTS than the other patients: thenar motor fibres were more affected, presumably due to chronic compression on the thenar branch. This suggests an association between "common" CTS and thenar mononeuropathy. SIGNIFICANCE Occupational physiologists should clarify the mechanisms of neuromuscular engagement in particular jobs and ergonomists design suitable working tools, because many "individual" risk factors are difficult to change, but workplace-related risk factors can be modified.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mondelli
- EMG Service, Local Health Unit 7, Siena, Italy.
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Sacks JM, Kuo YR, Mclean K, Wollstein R, Lee WPA. Anatomical relationships among the median nerve thenar branch, superficial palmar arch, and transverse carpal ligament. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007; 120:713-718. [PMID: 17700123 DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000270305.37677.e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A possible complication of open, limited incision or endoscopic carpal tunnel release is transection of the thenar branch of the median nerve or the superficial palmar arch. Knowledge of the anatomy of these structures in relationship to the transverse carpal ligament is critical in preventing these complications. The authors investigated these anatomical relationships using cadaveric dissections. METHODS Forty-eight fresh cadaver hands were analyzed. The distance between the distal transverse carpal ligament and the superficial palmar arch, the distance between the distal transverse carpal ligament and the origin of the thenar branch of the median nerve, and the length of the transverse carpal ligament were measured. RESULTS In the 48 specimens, the thenar branch of the median nerve was extraligamentous in 44 (92 percent), subligamentous zero (0 percent), and transligamentous in four (8 percent). The thenar branch of the median nerve contained one branch in 28 (58 percent) and multiple branches in 20 specimens (42 percent). The average distance from the distal transverse carpal ligament to the superficial palmar arch was 18.8 +/- 0.6 mm (95 percent CI, 17.6 to 20.1 mm) and that to the thenar branch of the median nerve was 6.9 +/- 0.4 mm (95 percent CI, 6.0 to 7.8 mm) (p < 0.0001). The average length of the transverse carpal ligament was 28.5 +/- 0.8 mm (95 percent CI, 26.9 to 30.1 mm). CONCLUSIONS The anatomical relationships among the superficial palmar arch, thenar branch of the median nerve, and distal transverse carpal ligament were found to be consistent. This will assist the hand surgeon in preventing specific complications regardless of the method of carpal tunnel release chosen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Sacks
- Pittsburgh, Pa.; and Kaohsiung, Taiwan From the Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, and Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Kaohsiung, Chang Gung University
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